Nws yog ib qho nyuaj rau overestimate lub luag hauj lwm ntawm hlau rau tib neeg lub cev, vim hais tias nws pab "tsim" ntshav, nws cov ntsiab lus cuam tshuam rau theem ntawm hemoglobin thiab myoglobin, hlau normalizes kev ua hauj lwm ntawm lub enzyme system. Tab sis dab tsi yog lub ntsiab lus ntawm chemistry? Lub valency ntawm hlau yog dab tsi? Qhov no yuav tham hauv kab lus no.
keeb kwm me ntsis
Txiv neej paub txog cov tshuaj no thiab txawm tias muaj cov khoom lag luam los ntawm nws thaum ntxov li xyoo pua 4 BC. Cov no yog cov neeg ntawm Ancient Egypt thiab Sumerians. Nws yog lawv thawj zaug pib ua cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub, riam phom los ntawm cov hlau alloy thiab npib tsib xee, uas tau pom thaum lub sij hawm archaeological excavations thiab ua tib zoo tshuaj xyuas los ntawm chemists.
Nom me ntsis tom qab, cov pab pawg neeg ntawm Aryans uas tsiv mus rau Asia tau kawm yuav ua li cas rho cov hlau los ntawm cov ore. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev rau cov neeg ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd cov khoom tau them nrog kub!
Iron yam ntxwv
Iron (Fe) yog nyob rau hauv plaub qhov chaw nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm nws cov ntsiab lus nyob rau hauv lub plab hnyuv ntawm lub ntiaj teb crust. Nws nyob ib qho chaw hauv pawg 7th ntawm lub sijhawm thib 4 thiab muaj tus lej 26 hauvChemical table ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm Mendeleev. Lub valency ntawm hlau yog ncaj qha nyob ntawm nws txoj hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub rooj. Tab sis ntxiv rau qhov ntawd tom qab.
Cov hlau no feem ntau muaj nyob hauv cov xwm txheej hauv daim ntawv ore, pom hauv dej ua cov ntxhia, nrog rau ntau lub tebchaw.
Qhov loj tshaj plaws hlau ore reserves yog nyob rau hauv Russia, Australia, Ukraine, Brazil, USA, India, Canada.
Lub cev muaj zog
Ua ntej yuav mus rau qhov muaj nuj nqis ntawm hlau, yuav tsum tau ua tib zoo saib nws lub cev lub cev, yog li hais, ua tib zoo saib nws.
Cov hlau no muaj cov xim silvery, yog ductile heev, tab sis muaj peev xwm nce hardness los ntawm nws cov kev cuam tshuam nrog lwm cov ntsiab lus (piv txwv li, nrog carbon). Nws kuj muaj cov khoom sib nqus.
Nyob hauv ib puag ncig ntub, hlau tuaj yeem corrode, uas yog, xeb. Txawm hais tias cov hlau ntshiab yog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntau dua rau cov dej noo, tab sis yog tias nws muaj cov impurities, nws yog lawv ua rau corrosion.
Iron interacts zoo nrog acidic ib puag ncig, nws muaj peev xwm txawm tsim ntsev ntawm hlau acid (muab ib tug muaj zog oxidizing neeg sawv cev).
Nyob rau hauv huab cua, nws sai sai tau npog nrog oxide zaj duab xis uas tiv thaiv nws los ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam.
tshuaj muaj zog
Tsis tas li, cov khoom no muaj ntau yam tshuaj lom neeg. Hlau, zoo li tag nrho cov ntsiab lus ntawm lub sij hawm lub sij hawm, muaj tus nqi ntawm lub atomic nucleus, uas sib haum mus rau lub serial tooj +26. Thiab nyob ib ncig ntawm lub nucleus, 26 electrons tig.
Feem ntau, yog tias peb xav txog cov khoom ntawm hlau - cov khoom siv tshuaj, ces nws yog cov hlau uas muaj peev xwm ua haujlwm qis.
Kev sib cuam tshuam nrog cov neeg ua haujlwm tsis muaj zog oxidizing, hlau cov ntaub ntawv sib txuas qhov twg nws yog divalent (uas yog, nws lub xeev oxidation yog +2). Thiab yog tias muaj cov oxidizing muaj zog, ces lub xeev oxidation ntawm hlau nce mus txog +3 (uas yog, nws valence yuav sib npaug rau 3).
Thaum cuam tshuam nrog cov tshuaj lom neeg uas tsis yog hlau, Fe ua raws li tus neeg sawv cev txo qis hauv kev sib raug zoo rau lawv, thaum nws lub xeev oxidation dhau los, ntxiv rau +2 thiab +3, txawm +4, +5, +6. Cov tebchaw no muaj zog oxidizing zoo heev.
Raws li tau sau tseg saum toj no, hlau hauv huab cua yog npog nrog oxide zaj duab xis. Thiab thaum cua sov, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nce ntxiv thiab hlau oxide nrog valence 2 (kub tsawg dua 570 degrees Celsius) lossis oxide nrog valence 3 (kub ntsuas ntau dua 570 degrees) tuaj yeem tsim.
Kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm Fe nrog halogens ua rau tsim cov ntsev. Cov ntsiab lus fluorine thiab chlorine oxidize nws mus rau +3. Bromine nce mus txog +2 lossis +3 (nws tag nrho yog nyob ntawm cov xwm txheej rau kev siv tshuaj hloov pauv thaum cuam tshuam nrog hlau).
Kev cuam tshuam nrog iodine, lub caij yog oxidized rau +2.
cua sov hlau thiab sulfur tsim hlau sulfide nrog valence ntawm 2.
Yog tias koj yaj ferrum thiab muab nws nrog carbon, phosphorus, silicon, boron, nitrogen, koj tau txais cov tebchaw hu ua alloys.
Hlau yog hlau,Yog li ntawd, nws kuj cuam tshuam nrog acids (qhov no kuj tau luv luv tham me ntsis siab dua). Piv txwv li, sulfuric thiab nitric acids, muaj ib tug siab concentration, nyob rau hauv ib qho chaw uas tsis muaj kub, tsis cuam tshuam rau hlau. Tab sis sai li sai tau thaum nws nce, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tshwm sim, vim tias cov hlau yog oxidized rau +3.
Qhov siab dua cov kua qaub, qhov siab dua yuav tsum tau muab.
Cua sov 2-valent hlau hauv dej, peb tau txais nws cov oxide thiab hydrogen.
Tsis tas li, Fe muaj peev xwm tshem tawm cov hlau uas txo qis kev ua haujlwm los ntawm cov dej daws cov ntsev. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nws yog oxidized rau +2.
Thaum kub nce, hlau rov ua cov hlau los ntawm oxides.
yog dab tsi valency
Tam sim no hauv ntu dhau los, lub tswv yim ntawm valence, nrog rau qib ntawm oxidation, tau ntsib me ntsis. Nws yog lub sijhawm los xav txog qhov muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm hlau.
Tab sis ua ntej koj yuav tsum nkag siab tias yam khoom dab tsi ntawm cov tshuaj nws yog.
Tshuaj lom neeg yuav luag tas li nyob rau hauv lawv cov muaj pes tsawg leeg. Piv txwv li, hauv cov mis rau dej H2O - 1 oxygen atom thiab 2 hydrogen atoms. Tib yam muaj tseeb nrog rau lwm cov tebchaw uas muaj ob yam tshuaj muaj feem cuam tshuam, ib qho yog hydrogen: 1-4 hydrogen atoms tuaj yeem muab ntxiv rau 1 atom ntawm cov khoom siv tshuaj. Tab sis tsis vice versa! Yog li ntawd, nws yog tseeb hais tias hydrogen txuas tsuas yog 1 atom ntawm lwm yam khoom rau nws tus kheej. Thiab nws yog qhov tshwm sim no uas yog hu ua valence - lub peev xwm ntawm atoms ntawm cov khoom siv tshuaj los txuas ib qho tshwj xeeb.tus naj npawb ntawm atoms ntawm lwm yam.
Valence tus nqi thiab graphical formula
Muaj cov ntsiab lus ntawm lub rooj ntu uas muaj qhov tsis tu ncua - cov no yog oxygen thiab hydrogen.
Thiab muaj cov tshuaj lom neeg uas nws hloov pauv. Piv txwv li, hlau feem ntau yog 2 thiab 3 valent, sulfur 2, 4, 6, carbon 2 thiab 4. Cov no yog cov ntsiab lus uas muaj peev xwm sib txawv.
Ntxiv mus, nkag siab tias qhov tseem ceeb yog dab tsi, koj tuaj yeem sau cov qauv duab ntawm cov ntsiab lus kom raug. Nws qhia qhov sib lawv liag ntawm kev sib txuas ntawm atoms hauv molecule.
Kuj paub qhov muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm ib qho ntawm cov ntsiab lus hauv qhov sib xyaw, koj tuaj yeem txiav txim siab qhov muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm lwm tus.
Iron valency
Raws li tau sau tseg, hlau yog hais txog cov khoom uas muaj qhov sib txawv. Thiab nws tuaj yeem hloov pauv tsis yog ntawm 2 txog 3, tab sis kuj ncav cuag 4, 5 thiab txawm 6.
Tau kawg, inorganic chemistry kawm txog hlau valency nyob rau hauv kom meej ntxiv. Cia peb luv luv los txiav txim siab qhov txheej txheem no ntawm theem ntawm cov khoom yooj yim tshaj plaws.
Iron yog ib qho d-element, uas 31 ntxiv cov ntsiab lus ntawm lub sijhawm teem sijhawm ntxiv (cov no yog 4-7 lub sijhawm). Raws li tus lej atomic nce, cov khoom ntawm d-cov ntsiab lus tau txais kev hloov pauv me ntsis. Lub atomic radius ntawm cov tshuaj no kuj maj mam nce. Lawv muaj qhov sib txawv valence, uas nyob ntawm qhov tseeb tias qhov pre-outer d-electron sublevel tsis tiav.
Vim rau cov hlau, tsis tsuas yog c-electrons nyob rau hauv txheej txheej yog valence, tab sis kuj unpaired 3d-electrons ntawm lub pre-txheej txheej. Thiab, raws li qhov tshwm sim, qhov valency ntawm Fe hauv tshuajCov tebchaw tuaj yeem sib npaug rau 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. Yeej, nws yog sib npaug rau 2 thiab 3 - cov no yog cov sib txuas ruaj khov ntawm cov hlau nrog lwm cov tshuaj. Hauv cov uas tsis tshua muaj kev ruaj ntseg, nws nthuav tawm qhov muaj txiaj ntsig 4, 5, 6. Tab sis, cov ntsiab lus zoo li no tsawg dua.
Bivalent ferrum
Thaum 2 valence hlau cuam tshuam nrog dej, hlau oxide (2) tau txais. Qhov kev sib txuas no yog dub. Reacts yooj yim heev nrog hydrochloric (tsawg concentration) thiab nitric (siab concentration) acids.
Yog hais tias xws li oxide ntawm 2-valent hlau cuam tshuam nrog hydrogen (kub 350 degrees Celsius) lossis carbon (coke) ntawm 1000 degrees, ces nws yuav rov qab mus rau lub xeev ntshiab.
Extract ferrous oxide ntawm 2-valent hlau raws li hauv qab no:
- dhau ntawm kev sib xyaw ntawm ferrous oxide nrog carbon monoxide;
- thaum ntshiab Fe yog cua sov, thaum oxygen siab tsawg;
- thaum decomposing ferrous oxalate hauv ib puag ncig lub tshuab nqus tsev;
- thaum cov hlau ntshiab cuam tshuam nrog nws cov oxides, qhov kub yog 900-1000 degrees Celsius.
Raws li ib puag ncig ntuj, ferric oxide yog divalent, tam sim no raws li cov ntxhia wuestite.
Muaj lwm txoj hauv kev los txiav txim siab qhov valence ntawm cov hlau hauv kev daws - qhov no, muaj nws qhov Performance index 2. Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum ua kom muaj kev cuam tshuam nrog ntsev liab (potassium hexacyanoferrate) thiab nrog alkali. Nyob rau hauv thawj rooj plaub, ib tug tsaus xiav precipitate yog pom - ib tug complex ntsev ntawm ferric 2-valent. HauvQhov thib ob - tau txais ib qho tsaus grey-ntsuab precipitate - hlau hydroxide kuj yog 2-valent, thaum 3-valent hlau hydroxide muaj xim av tsaus nti hauv kev daws.
Trivalent hlau
3-valent ferrum oxide muaj cov qauv hmoov, cov xim uas yog xim liab-xim av. Nws kuj muaj cov npe: hlau oxide, hlau minium, liab pigment, zaub mov xim, crocus.
Nyob rau hauv xwm, cov tshuaj no tshwm sim nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug mineral - hematite.
Cov oxide ntawm cov hlau no tsis cuam tshuam nrog dej. Tab sis nws ua ke nrog acids thiab alkalis.
Iron oxide (3) yog siv rau xim cov ntaub ntawv siv hauv kev tsim kho:
- bricks;
- cement;
- cov khoom siv ceramic;
- paj;
- paving slabs;
- flooring (linoleum).
Hlau hauv tib neeg lub cev
Raws li tau hais nyob rau hauv qhov pib ntawm tsab xov xwm, cov tshuaj hlau yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm tib neeg lub cev.
Thaum lub caij no tsis txaus, qhov tshwm sim hauv qab no yuav tshwm sim:
- nce qaug zog thiab rhiab rau qhov txias;
- tawv nqaij;
- txo qis lub hlwb ua haujlwm;
- kev ua kom lub zog ntawm tus ntsia thawv phaj;
- kiv taub hau;
- teeb meem digestion;
- plaub hau daj thiab plaub hau poob.
Iron accumulates, feem ntau nyob rau hauv tus po thiab daim siab, nrog rau lub raum thiab txiav.
Tib neeg noj zaub mov yuav tsum muaj cov khoom noj uas muaj hlau:
- nqaij siab;
- txiv laum huab xeeb;
- pistachios;
- kaus poom ntsuab peas;
- dried porcini nceb;
- qe qaib;
- spinach;
- dogwood;
- apples;
- pears;
- peaches;
- beets;
Tsis muaj hlau hauv cov ntshav ua rau txo qis hauv hemoglobin thiab kev loj hlob ntawm cov kab mob xws li hlau deficiency anemia.
