Cov tub ntxhais hluas hauv lub tsho ntsev, nrog lub swaying gait thiab tus cwj pwm ntawm cov txiv neej seasoned… Jung yog ib hom cim ntawm nyob mus ib txhis thiab inviolability ntawm naval kab lis kev cai. Yog muaj ib tug tub uas npaj tsis tau tawm hauv qhov cub, ces yuav muaj ib lub nkoj!
Cov kab lus yuav tsom mus rau Solovetsky Jung Tsev Kawm Ntawv, keeb kwm ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv no, nws tsim, kawm tiav thiab nco.
Cov tub ntxhais kawm ntawm Petrova
Jungs tshwm sim hauv Russia yuav luag ib txhij nrog lub nkoj - xyoo 1707, Peter the Great tau tsim lub teb chaws thawj lub tsev kawm ntawv, uas cov tub ntxhais hluas tau txais kev cob qhia ua cov neeg tsav nkoj. Lub tsev kawm ntawv no tau ua haujlwm hauv Kronstadt, tab sis tsis ntev. Tom qab ntawd muaj ib lub tsev kawm ntawv zoo sib xws ntawm Navigation School, thiab xyoo 1912 tau sim ua kom rov kho lub tsev kawm ntawv Kronstadt.
Yog vim li cas rau kev tsim cov tsev kawm ntawv (los ntawm txoj kev, ntev lub npe tau sau ua txhaum cai ntawm Lavxias teb sab lus - "cadet school", vim lo lus "cadet" nws tus kheej yog Dutch. keeb kwm) yog qhov xav tau los muab cov neeg tsav nkoj yav tom ntej nrog kev cob qhia kev tshaj lij. Tus neeg tsav nkoj yuav tsum paub thiab muaj peev xwm ua tau ntau tshaj li tub rog, thiab npaj kom zooCov neeg tsav nkoj los ntawm cov neeg nrhiav neeg ua haujlwm lossis cov neeg ua haujlwm tsis yooj yim - nws siv sijhawm ntau heev.
Cov tub ceev xwm Soviet kuj nkag siab qhov no, thiab xyoo 1940 lawv tau tsim lawv lub tsev kawm Jung ntawm cov kob ntawm Valaam. Yog lawm, tsuas yog nws cov tub ntxhais kawm tsis muaj sijhawm kom tau txais kev cob qhia zoo - kev ua tsov rog tsis tau tos lawv. Lub luag haujlwm ntawm Solovetsky Jung tsev kawm ntawv yog dab tsi? Peb yuav tham txog qhov no tom qab.
Cov phooj ywg hloov pauv
Valaam cov tub hluas tuag yuav luag tag nrho (tawm ntawm 200 tus neeg, tsis muaj ntau tshaj li kaum ob tus neeg muaj sia nyob), sib ntaus sib tua rau lub npe hu ua "Nevsky Piglet". Lawv tau ua pov thawj tias yog cov neeg hlub thiab tus phab ej, tab sis lawv tsis ua tiav lawv lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb - lawv tsis tuaj yeem dhau los ua cov neeg ua haujlwm tshwj xeeb rau lub nkoj. Thiab qhov teeb meem tau loj hlob sai heev - hauv thawj xyoo ua tsov ua rog, cov neeg tsav nkoj uas paub txog tuag en masse, thiab nws tsis tuaj yeem hloov lawv nrog cov tub rog los ntawm thaj chaw deb uas lawv tsis tau pom hiav txwv. Cov neeg kawm ntawv tsis zoo kuj tsis tsim nyog - lawv tsis muaj peev xwm tiv nrog cov khoom siv nkoj yooj yim.
Cov neeg khaws tseg uas tau ua haujlwm dhau los tau raug xa mus rau lub nkoj, tab sis lawv kuj tau tswj tsis nco qab ntau, thiab cov cuab yeej siv tsis tau nyob. Cov tub rog, ntau tus uas twb tau zoo tshaj peb caug, tsis tuaj yeem suav hais tias yog cov neeg tsav nkoj uas muaj peev xwm ua tiav. Yuav tsum tau tsim lub tsev kawm ntawv tshiab rau kev cob qhia cov neeg tsav nkoj uas tuaj yeem ua haujlwm hauv kev ua tsov rog thiab tiv nrog cov khoom siv nkoj.
Admiral's decree tsim ib lub tsev kawm ntawv
Qhov kev txiav txim siab sib xws tau ua los ntawm Cov Neeg Commissar ntawm Navy ntawm USSR, Admiral N. G. Kuznetsov. Nws yog nyob rau hauv nws hwm uas tam sim no nto moo Lavxias teb sab aircraft carrier muaj npe, uas uatsis ntev los no ib qho kev mus rau Syrian shores. Lub Tsib Hlis 25, 1942, tus thawj tswj hwm tau kos npe rau tsab cai tsim ib lub tsev kawm ntawv me nyuam tub ntawm Solovetsky Islands.
Lub tsev kawm ntawv yuav tsum tau cob qhia cov neeg tsav nkoj ntawm cov kev tshwj xeeb tseem ceeb tshaj plaws rau kev ua tsov ua rog: cov neeg ua haujlwm hauv xov tooj cua, cov neeg xa xov tooj cua, cov neeg ua haujlwm, cov neeg ua haujlwm, cov kws ua hluav taws xob, cov tshuab hluav taws xob, kev xav, nrog rau cov nkoj nkoj nkoj.
Solovki tau yooj yim rau ntau qhov laj thawj - ob qho tib si ze rau thaj tsam kev ua tsov ua rog, thiab muaj kev nyab xeeb, thiab muaj qee qhov kev qhia, thiab nws yooj yim los hloov cov qub tsev teev ntuj rau cov chav kawm thiab barracks. Lub xyoo kawm ntawv tau npaj pib rau lub Cuaj Hlis 1, yog li tawm sijhawm rau kev tshaj tawm kev nkag mus kawm thiab kev npaj cov kev kawm. Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog los nrhiav neeg ua haujlwm tshwj xeeb los ntawm lub koom haum Komsomol. Txawm li cas los xij, Admiral N. G. Kuznetsov tau qhia tshwj xeeb hauv nws qhov kev txiav txim kom cov tswv cuab tsis yog Komsomol tuaj yeem dhau los ua tub rog.
Cov neeg ua txhaum cai ntawm Geneva Convention
Kuv yuav tsum hais tias, ntau tus tub ntxhais kawm hauv tsev kawm ntawv tau coj tus neeg saib xyuas qhov kev piav qhia ntawm qhov tshwj xeeb. Txawm hais tias cov tub ntxhais hluas hnub nyoog 15-16 xyoo raug xaiv mus rau lub tsev kawm ntawv, tab sis yuav luag tam sim ntawd, los ntawm kev sib txuas lossis kev sib tw, cov tub ntxhais kawm tau tshwm sim rau qhov ntawd uas tsis muaj hnub nyoog Komsomol. Thaum tsov rog, muaj ntau qhov kev poob lossis kev puas tsuaj rau cov ntaub ntawv, thiab nws tsis tuaj yeem txheeb xyuas cov ntaub ntawv ib txwm muaj. Tus tub hluas Solovki cabin thaum lub sijhawm nkag mus kawm tsuas yog … 11 xyoo!
Yog, qhov kev xaiv cov tub hluas hnub nyoog 15 xyoo ua cov tub hluas hauv cabin (thiab ib xyoos tom qab lawv yuav tsum mus ua haujlwm!) qhia meej meejcov qauv ntawm Humanitarian Geneva Convention, uas txwv tsis pub siv cov neeg muaj hnub nyoog qis dua 18 xyoo hauv kev ua tub rog tsis tu ncua. Tab sis ntawm qhov tod tes, cov kev ua no tau ua raws li cov qauv ntawm kev coj ncaj ncees thiab kev nyiam kev nyiam ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas hauv tebchaws Soviet.
Cov tub hluas Nyablaj paub tseeb: tus fascist yuav tsum raug ntaus kom txog thaum nws raug tua tag! Tab sis feem coob ntawm lawv tsis paub txog qhov muaj nyob ntawm Geneva Convention thiab tsis xav kom muaj. Cov menyuam yaus ntawm USSR uas hloov lawv lub xyoo yug los ntawm 1925 txog 1923 hauv lawv daim ntawv hla tebchaws tshiab kom tau mus rau pem hauv ntej sai dua lossis cog lus thaum muaj hnub nyoog 11 xyoos uas lawv twb muaj 15 xyoos tau txawv los ntawm qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov tsiaj zoo. tus me nyuam - lub siab xav ua neeg laus sai li sai tau. Thiab lawv to taub loj hlob kom raug - raws li lub luag haujlwm, ua haujlwm thiab lub luag haujlwm.
Kev sib tw hnyav
Thiab muaj cov tub ntxhais hluas zoo li no hauv USSR! Cov tub hluas hauv tsev laus lawv tus kheej tau hais tias, piv txwv li, hauv Moscow, nrog kev faib 500 qhov chaw rau thawj zaug, 3,500 daim ntawv thov raug xa hauv ob peb hnub.
Txawm li cas los xij, lawv xaiv nruj me ntsis. Nws yog ib qho yuam kev uas xav tias thaum tsov rog tsuas yog cov menyuam tsis muaj tsev nyob raug xa mus rau cov tsev kawm ntawv Suvorov lossis Jung tsev kawm ntawv. Qhov no kuj tau ua tiav, tab sis tsuas yog nrog cov me nyuam vagrant uas yeej tsis stain lawv tus kheej nrog kev ua txhaum cai. Ntau zaus, cov neeg sib tw yog cov neeg ua haujlwm hluas, yav dhau los cov koom haum me me thiab cov tub rog ntawm cov tub rog, nrog rau cov menyuam yaus ntawm cov tub rog tuag.
Lawv yuav tsum muaj kev kawm tsawg kawg yog 6 chav kawm (qee tus neeg txawj ntse tswj kom tau txais cov qauv no) thiab noj qab nyob zoo (nws nyuaj dua ntawm no - cov ntawv kho mob "pob" ntau). Qhia lawv los ntawm 9 mus rau11 lub hlis, hnyav heev, thiab qhov kev zov me nyuam tsis yog tsuas yog cov kev qhuab qhia ntawm cov kws tshwj xeeb, tab sis kuj tseem muaj cov lus Lavxias, lej, sciences ntuj. Lawv txawm npaj lub tsev kawm ua las voos nyob rau hauv cov kev cai zoo tshaj plaws ntawm Lavxias teb sab fleet (nrog ib tug hint tias tus thawj coj tseem yuav loj hlob tawm ntawm lub cabin tub hluas - lub peev xwm mus ua las voos yog suav hais tias yuav tsum tau rau "tsim" naval tub ceev xwm). Cov tub ntxhais hluas npaj tau los ua cov neeg ua haujlwm muaj txiaj ntsig tiag tiag.
Unrecognized Veterans of Jung School
Lub Tsev Kawm Solovetsky Navy Jung tau tsim 5 qhov kev kawm tiav (3 lub sijhawm ua tsov rog, thiab 2 tom qab nws xaus - cov kawm tiav no feem ntau raug xa mus rau minesweepers, tshem tawm cov hiav txwv ntawm mines). Tom qab ntawd, lub tsev kawm ntawv raug xa mus rau Kronstadt, thiab cov tub Solovki lub cabin xaus - Kronstadt sawv daws tuaj.
Lub tsev kawm ntawv ntawm Solovetsky Jung thaum tsov rog tso tawm 4111 cov neeg uas tom qab ntawd ua haujlwm hauv txhua lub nkoj (muab faib nruj, vim qhov tsim nyog). Yuav luag 1,000 tus tub hluas tsis rov qab los tsev, tau muab lawv lub neej los tiv thaiv Niam Txiv. Feem ntau ntawm lawv yog cov neeg ua haujlwm hauv xov tooj cua, tab sis muaj ob peb tus neeg ua haujlwm thiab cov tub rog hluav taws xob. Muaj helmsmen, signalmen thiab cov neeg sawv cev ntawm lwm yam marine speci alties.
Ntau zaus, ntawm cov nkoj, cov kawm tiav ntawm Solovetsky Jung School tau dhau los ua cov neeg kawm ntawv thiab cov neeg kawm ntawv tshaj plaws ntawm pab pawg (nrog cov neeg ua haujlwm txuas ntxiv mus txog thaum kawg ntawm kev ua tsov ua rog). Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, ib tug paradoxical teeb meem tsim - 16-17-xyoo-laus cov tub hluas pom lawv tus kheej nyob rau hauv lub luag hauj lwm ntawm tus cob qhia thiab cov thawj coj ntawm 40-xyoo-laus txiv ntxawm. Tau kawg, lawv tsis tau hnov qab ceeb toom rau cov tub hluas hauv tsev hais txog kev ua tsis ncaj ncees, tab sis tseem lawv tau kawm txog kev ntseeg. Txawm li cas los xij, cov neeg sau ntawv qub tseem nco txog qhov kev sib tw zoo.tshem tawm cov neeg laus tsis nyeem ntawv, thaum 10-xyoo-laus pioneers kuj ua tus kws qhia ntawv rau niam tais yawm txiv. Yog li ntawd, cov neeg tsav nkoj hauv Soviet tau nkag siab zoo: cov tub ntxhais hluas tsis txhais hais tias kev paub me me.
Lawv tsis tau txais nqi zog txaus siab, tab sis lawv tau txais nqi zog. Solovetsky kawm tiav V. Moiseenko nyob rau hauv 1945 tau txais lub title ntawm Hero ntawm lub Soviet Union. Sasha Kovalev (nws tsis yog Alexander tseem - Sasha!) muaj Order of the Red Star thiab Order of the Patriotic War; ntau tau puav pheej puav pheej. Tab sis nrog kev lees paub tom qab ua tsov rog, tej yam tsis ua haujlwm. Txog xyoo 1985, Solovetsky cov tub hluas hauv tsev tsis tau suav tias yog cov koom nrog hauv Great Patriotic War! Muaj kev txhob txwm zais ntawm qhov tseeb tias lawv tau cog lus ua tub rog (tej zaum tib lub Geneva Convention yog los liam, uas cov tub rog hnub nyoog kaum tsib xyoos yuav tsum tau muab zais). Thiab tsuas yog qhov kev pheej hmoo ntawm Marshal Akhromeev ua rau nws tuaj yeem kho qhov tsis ncaj ncees.
Tab sis lub cim xeeb tau khaws cia yam tsis xav txog bureaucratic liab daim kab xev. Twb tau nyob rau hauv 1972 (30th hnub tseem ceeb ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv), thawj monuments rau cov tub los ntawm Solovki pib tshwm sim, thiab lub rooj sib tham ntawm yav tas los cov tub hluas cabin ua ib txwm.
Nyob zoo kwv tij
Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas nyob rau hauv cov tub ceev xwm uas dim ntawm tsov rog, muaj ntau ntau yam khoom plig uas tau ua tiav ntau yam tshwj xeeb.
B. Korobov, Y. Pandorin thiab N. Usenko tau txuas nrog lub nkoj tag nrho lawv lub neej, nce mus rau qib ntawm admiral, rear admiral thiab tus thawj coj ntawm qib 2, feem. Peb tus neeg tsav nkoj no tau txais lub npe ntawm Heroes ntawm Soviet Union tom qab tsov rog nyob rau hauv ntau yam xwm txheej. Plaub tus neeg kawm tiav yav dhau los tau txais khoom plighnub qub ntawm Heroes ntawm Socialist Labor.
I. K. Peretrukhin xaiv ua tub rog nyob rau lwm thaj chaw - nws tau los ua tub ceev xwm tiv thaiv. Cov tub hluas hauv tsev uas tau txiav txim siab hloov lawv cov khaub ncaws nrog lub kaus mom peakless rau cov pej xeem hnav kuj pom lawv tus kheej zoo kawg nkaus. B. T. Shtokolov tau txais lub npe ntawm Cov Neeg Artist ntawm lub USSR - nws yog ib tug naas ej opera singer, ua yeeb yam ntawm bass qhov chaw. V. V. Leonov starred nyob rau hauv ntau lub kaum os films; Tsis tas li ntawd, nws yog ib tug bard, amateur ua yeeb yam ntawm nws tus kheej zaj nkauj. G. N. Matyushin tau tawm tsam rau kev khaws cia ntawm keeb kwm ntawm nws haiv neeg lub teb chaws raws li nws tiv thaiv nws los ntawm tus yeeb ncuab - archaeologist tau txais lub npe ntawm kev kawm. V. G. Guzanov tau sau ntawv rau cov yeeb yaj kiab thiab phau ntawv; nws kuj tau ua ntau yam los tsim kev coj noj coj ua ntawm Lavxias-Japanese kev sib raug zoo, yog ib tus kws paub txog kev kawm hauv Nyij Pooj. Ib txhia ntawm nws phau ntawv sau ua lus Nyij Pooj.
Tab sis ib qho ntawm cov neeg ua txhaum cai tshaj plaws ntawm Geneva Convention tau txais qhov nrov tshaj plaws. Valentin Savich Pikul, thaum nkag mus rau Solovetsky School, ntaus nqi ib xyoos rau nws tus kheej. Nws tshwm sim los ua tub rog, tab sis txoj hmoo yog qhov zoo - tus neeg tsav nkoj hluas tau dim. Thiab tom qab ntawd, V. S. Pikul los ua nto moo zoo li tej zaum tus kws sau ntawv Soviet thiab Lavxias nto moo tshaj plaws tshwj xeeb hauv keeb kwm dab neeg. Cov neeg nyeem ntawv Soviet (yuav ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv zoo) sawv hauv kab rau nws cov phau ntawv thiab rov ntaus ntawv rau lawv tus kheej ntawm lub tshuab ntaus ntawv. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, yuav luag ib nrab ntawm Pikul cov dab neeg yog qee yam txuas nrog lub ntsiab lus marine.
Phau ntawv hais txog lub tsev kawm Solovetsky Jung "Cov Tub nrogbows"
Tus kws sau ntawv tsis nco qab nws cov tub ntxhais hluas uas muaj kev kub ntxhov hauv Solovki. Nws mob siab rau qhov tshiab "Cov Tub Hluas nrog Hneev" rau nws cov phooj ywg kawm ntawv thiab lawv txoj hmoo nyuaj. Piav qhia txog lub neej ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv Solovetsky thiab txoj hmoo ntawm nws cov kawm tiav hauv nws txoj haujlwm thiab V. G. Guzanov.
Yog tias tej hauj lwm ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas yav dhau los yog cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm tseem ceeb, ces kuj muaj cov ntaub ntawv nrov, tsim los qhia rau cov hluas niaj hnub no nco txog kev ua yeeb yam ntawm lawv cov phooj ywg. Ib qho piv txwv yog qhov sau "Hiav Txwv Hu Ua Bold". Nws yog noteworthy tias nws tau luam tawm nyob rau hauv Yaroslavl - Yaroslavl nyob qhov twg, thiab nyob qhov twg Solovki!
Keeb kwm ntawm Solovetsky Jung tsev kawm ntawv kuj tau tshwm sim hauv Soviet xinesmas - raws li nws cov yeeb yaj kiab "Jung of the Northern Fleet" raug tua.
Nco hauv pob zeb hais txog lub tsev kawm nto moo
Cov khoom siv txhim khu kev qha no kuj tseem khaws cov kev ua yeeb yam ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas heroes hauv tsho khuam. Thawj monument tshwm sim nyob rau hauv Solovki nyob rau hauv Honor ntawm lub 30th hnub tseem ceeb ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv. Nws tau tsim los ntawm cov tub hluas qub txeeg qub teg, ntawm lawv tus kheej thiab ntawm lawv tus kheej.
Tom qab ntawd, tom qab kev lees paub ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas Solovki ua cov qub tub rog ntawm Kev Ua Tsov Rog Loj, ob qho tib si cov tub ceev xwm thiab cov pej xeem sawv daws tau koom nrog hauv kev ua kom lawv nco qab. Nyob rau hauv Moscow nyob rau hauv 1995, lub Solovetsky Yung Square tshwm. Nyob rau hauv 1993, ib tug monument rau tub hluas sailors tau tsa nyob rau hauv lub embankment ntawm lub Northern Dvina, thiab nyob rau hauv 2005, nyob rau hauv lub square muaj npe tom qab lawv (nyob rau hauv ob qho tib si, tus sau yog tus sculptor F. Sogayan).
Tab sis qhov nthuav tshaj plaws monument sawv hauv thaj chaw ntawm ib lub tsev kawm ntawv Moscow (tam sim no Vertikal gymnasium). Nws tshwm sim hauv 1988, thiabTus sau ntawm qhov project kuj yog ib tug kawm tiav Solovki - artist E. N. Goryachev. Lub tsev kawm ntawv Moscow tau nto moo rau qhov tseeb tias nws tsim lub teb chaws thawj lub tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Solovki cov tub ntxhais hluas - nrog kev pab los ntawm cov qub tub rog lawv tus kheej thiab kev txaus siab ntawm cov kws qhia ntawv thiab cov tub ntxhais kawm. Nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg tias Komsomol kuj tau ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv nws lub koom haum - lub koom haum cov tub ntxhais hluas hauv pawg ntseeg tau koom nrog tsis yog hauv kev tshaj tawm xwb, tab sis kuj (rau ntau qhov ntau) hauv kev coj ncaj ncees thiab kev hlub. Lub tsev khaws puav pheej tau tshwm sim hauv xyoo 1983, thiab txog rau xyoo 2012 nws tau coj los ntawm Tus Thawj Tub Rog 1st Rank (retired) N. V. Osokin, ib tug qub tub hluas Solovki cabin.
"Kuv tsis tau xav, cov phooj ywg, tias lub tsev khaws puav pheej yuav qhib txog cov tub hluas," bard VV Leonov tau sau rau lub sijhawm no. Nws cov paj huam tau dhau los ua lub ntsiab lus ntawm lub koom haum tshwj xeeb no.
Zoo siab hnub yug, phooj ywg
Nyob rau xyoo 2017, Lub Tsev Kawm Solovetsky Jung ua kev zoo siab rau nws 75 xyoos. Kev ua koob tsheej rau lub sijhawm no tau muaj nyob hauv Moscow, Arkhangelsk thiab, ntawm chav kawm, ntawm Solovki. Nyob rau hauv xyoo tas los no, txoj hmoo ntawm yav dhau los cadets (13 ntawm lawv tam sim no nyob rau hauv lub Arkhangelsk cheeb tsam) thiab lub tsev kawm ntawv ntawm Solovetsky cov tub ntxhais hluas nyob rau hauv Arkhangelsk thiab nws cov thawj coj tau ua heev nthuav. Lub rooj sib tham ib txwm muaj ntawm ob peb tus neeg kawm tiav uas tseem tshuav tau muaj nyob rau hauv ib qho chaw solemn. Cov thawj coj ntawm cheeb tsam tau hais txog qhov yuav tsum tau tsim ib lub tsev cia puav pheej thiab nco txog Solovki.
Tiag - Solovetsky Islands, qhov chaw Jung tsev kawm ntawv nyob, yuav tsum txaj muag tias hauv qhov kev hwm no lawv poob kev sib tw rau Moscow. Tsis tas li ntawd, kev coj noj coj ua ntawm Solovetsky Monastery tam sim no ua rau kev pib tsim lub Tsev khaws puav pheej Jung nrog kev nkag siab thiab kev txhawb nqa. Rau qhov noRau qhov laj thawj zoo, cov txiv plig pom zoo "tsav me ntsis" thiab muab kev pab cuam hauv kev tshawb fawb thiab kev koom tes.
Thiab lub tsev kawm ntawv nws tus kheej kuj tuaj yeem kho tau. Daim ntawv thov raug xa mus rau Thawj Tswj Hwm ntawm Russia kom hloov qee cov qauv ntawm cov tub rog tub rog tub rog mus rau Solovki kom cov tub rog tub rog Solovki yuav rov ua haujlwm ntawm cov nkoj Lavxias. Leej twg paub. Tej zaum keeb kwm ntawm Solovetsky Jung Tsev Kawm Ntawv nto moo tseem tsis tau xaus…
