Kev ntxhov siab yog suav tias yog qhov tsis muaj qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm lub cev rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm sab hauv lossis sab nraud. Qhov kev txhais no tau muab tso rau hauv kev xyaum los ntawm G. Selye (tus kws kho mob hauv tebchaws Canada). Txhua qhov kev ua lossis qhov xwm txheej tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev ntxhov siab. Txawm li cas los xij, nws tsis tuaj yeem ua ib qho tseem ceeb thiab hu nws ua qhov tseem ceeb ntawm lub cev cov tshuaj tiv thaiv.
Qhov txawv ntawm
Thaum soj ntsuam cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, qhov xwm txheej ntawm qhov xwm txheej (txawm nws zoo siab lossis tsis zoo) uas lub cev nyob tsis muaj teeb meem. Dab tsi yog qhov txaus siab yog qhov kev siv zog ntawm qhov xav tau los hloov kho lossis hloov kho raws li cov xwm txheej. Cov kab mob ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov tawm tsam qhov cuam tshuam ntawm tus neeg sawv cev irritating nrog nws lub peev xwm los teb thiab yoog raws qhov xwm txheej. Yog li, cov lus xaus hauv qab no tuaj yeem kos tau. Kev ntxhov siab yog ib txheej ntawm kev hloov kho cov lus teb uas tsim los ntawm lub cev thaum muaj kev cuam tshuam ntawm qhov tshwm sim. Qhov tshwm sim no yog hu ua science the general adaptation syndrome.
Stages
Txoj Kev Kho Mobua hauv theem. Ua ntej los txog theem ntawm kev ntxhov siab. Lub cev ntawm theem no qhia ncaj qha rau kev cuam tshuam. Qhov thib ob theem yog tsis kam. Nyob rau theem no, lub cev feem ntau zoo adapts rau tej yam kev mob. Qhov kawg theem yog qaug zog. Yuav kom dhau cov theem dhau los, lub cev siv nws cov khoom cia. Raws li, los ntawm theem kawg lawv yog depleted heev. Yog li ntawd, cov qauv kev hloov pauv pib hauv lub cev. Txawm li cas los xij, hauv ntau qhov no tsis txaus rau kev ciaj sia. Yog li ntawd, lub zog tsis tuaj yeem hloov pauv tau ploj mus, thiab lub cev tsis hloov pauv.
Oxidative stress
Antioxidant systems thiab prooxidants nyob rau hauv qee yam mob tuaj rau hauv lub xeev tsis ruaj khov. Cov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov ntsiab lus tom kawg suav nrog txhua yam uas ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev txhim kho kev tsim cov dawb radicals lossis lwm yam oxygen ntawm hom reactive. Cov txheej txheem tseem ceeb ntawm kev puas tsuaj ntawm oxidative kev nyuaj siab tuaj yeem sawv cev los ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm sib txawv. Cov no tuaj yeem yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm tes: qhov tsis xws luag hauv mitochondrial ua pa, tshwj xeeb enzymes. Cov txheej txheem ntawm oxidative kev nyuaj siab kuj tuaj yeem yog sab nraud. Cov no suav nrog, tshwj xeeb, haus luam yeeb, tshuaj noj, ua pa phem, thiab lwm yam.
dawb radicals
Lawv tau tsim nyob rau hauv tib neeg lub cev. Qee zaum, qhov no yog vim muaj cov txheej txheem tshuaj lom neeg. Piv txwv li, hydroxyl radicals (OH) yog tsim. Lawv qhov tsos yog txuam nrogtsis tu ncua raug rau cov hluav taws xob qis ionizing thiab tso tawm ntawm superoxide vim qhov xau ntawm electrons thiab lawv cov saw hlau thauj. Hauv lwm qhov xwm txheej, qhov tshwm sim ntawm radicals yog vim kev ua kom phagocytes thiab tsim cov nitric oxide los ntawm endothelial hlwb.
Mechanisms of oxidative stress
Cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tsim dawb radical thiab cov lus teb los ntawm lub cev yog kwv yees li sib npaug. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, nws yog heev yooj yim mus hloov no txheeb ze equilibrium nyob rau hauv txaus siab ntawm lub radicals. Yog li ntawd, cell biochemistry cuam tshuam thiab oxidative kev nyuaj siab tshwm sim. Feem ntau ntawm cov ntsiab lus muaj peev xwm zam tau qhov nruab nrab ntawm qhov tsis sib xws. Qhov no yog vim muaj cov qauv kho dua tshiab hauv cov hlwb. Lawv txheeb xyuas thiab tshem tawm cov molecules puas. Cov ntsiab lus tshiab coj lawv qhov chaw. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov hlwb muaj peev xwm txhim kho kev tiv thaiv los ntawm kev teb rau oxidative kev nyuaj siab. Piv txwv li, nas tso rau hauv cov xwm txheej uas muaj cov pa ntshiab huv tuag tom qab ob peb hnub. Nws yog tsim nyog hais tias txog 21% O 2 yog tam sim no nyob rau hauv cov huab cua zoo tib yam. Yog tias cov tsiaj raug nthuav tawm cov tshuaj oxygen maj mam, lawv cov kev tiv thaiv yuav raug txhim kho. Yog li ntawd, nws muaj peev xwm ua tiav tau tias nas yuav tuaj yeem zam tau 100% concentration ntawm O2. Txawm li cas los xij, kev ntxhov siab oxidative hnyav tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj loj lossis kev tuag ntawm tes.
Txhob Cia Siab
Raws li tau hais los saum no, lub cev tswj hwm qhov sib npaug ntawm cov dawb radicals thiab kev tiv thaiv. Los ntawm qhov no nws tuaj yeem xaus lustias oxidative kev nyuaj siab yog tshwm sim los ntawm tsawg kawg yog ob qho laj thawj. Thawj yog kom txo cov kev tiv thaiv. Qhov thib ob yog txhawm rau tsim cov radicals mus rau qhov uas cov tshuaj antioxidants yuav tsis tuaj yeem ua rau lawv tsis zoo.
Txoj kev tiv thaiv tiv thaiv
Nws paub tias cov kab mob antioxidant yog nyob ntawm cov khoom noj ib txwm muaj. Raws li, peb tuaj yeem xaus tias qhov txo qis hauv kev tiv thaiv hauv lub cev yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev noj zaub mov tsis zoo. Nyob rau hauv txhua rooj plaub, ntau cov kab mob tib neeg yog tshwm sim los ntawm qhov tsis txaus ntawm cov khoom noj antioxidant. Piv txwv li, neurodegeneration raug kuaj pom vim qhov tsis txaus ntawm cov vitamin E hauv cov neeg mob uas lub cev tsis tuaj yeem nqus cov rog kom zoo. Kuj tseem muaj pov thawj tias glutathione txo qis hauv lymphocytes hauv qhov tsis tshua muaj siab tau kuaj pom hauv cov neeg muaj tus kabmob HIV.
Smoking
Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas ua rau muaj kev ntxhov siab oxidative hauv lub ntsws thiab ntau lwm cov ntaub so ntswg ntawm lub cev. Cov pa luam yeeb thiab tar yog nplua nuj nyob rau hauv radicals. Qee tus ntawm lawv muaj peev xwm tua cov molecules thiab txo cov concentration ntawm cov vitamins E thiab C. Haus luam yeeb irritates lub microphages ntawm lub ntsws, uas ua rau cov tsim ntawm superoxide. Muaj ntau cov neutrophils hauv lub ntsws ntawm cov neeg haus luam yeeb ntau dua li cov neeg tsis haus luam yeeb. Cov neeg uas haus luam yeeb feem ntau tsis noj zaub mov thiab haus cawv. Yog li ntawd, lawv txoj kev tiv thaiv tsis muaj zog. Kev ntxhov siab oxidative ntev provokes mob hnyav ntawm cellular metabolism.
Hloov pauv hauv lub cev
Cov cim sib txawv ntawm oxidative kev nyuaj siab yog siv rau kev kuaj mob. Cov no lossis lwm yam kev hloov pauv hauv lub cev qhia txog qhov chaw tshwj xeeb ntawm kev ua txhaum cai thiab qhov ua rau nws ua rau nws. Thaum kawm txog cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tsim cov dawb radicals nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm ntau yam sclerosis, cov nram qab no qhia ntawm oxidative kev nyuaj siab yog siv:
- Malonic dialdehyde. Nws ua raws li cov khoom lag luam thib ob ntawm cov dawb radical oxidation (FRO) ntawm lipids thiab muaj kev puas tsuaj rau cov txheej txheem thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm daim nyias nyias. Qhov no, nyob rau hauv lem, ua rau kom nce nyob rau hauv lawv permeability rau calcium ions. Ib qho kev nce hauv cov concentration ntawm malondialdehyde thaum lub sij hawm thawj thiab theem nrab kev loj hlob ntau yam sclerosis tau lees paub thawj theem ntawm oxidative kev nyuaj siab - ua kom dawb radical oxidation.
- Schiff puag yog qhov khoom kawg ntawm CPO proteins thiab lipids. Ib qho kev nce hauv qhov concentration ntawm Schiff lub hauv paus tau lees paub qhov nyiam ntawm kev ua kom dawb radical oxidation mus ntev. Nrog rau kev nce siab ntawm malondialdehyde ntxiv rau cov khoom no hauv thawj thiab theem nrab kev loj hlob sclerosis, qhov pib ntawm kev puas tsuaj yuav raug sau tseg. Nws muaj nyob rau hauv fragmentation thiab tom qab kev puas tsuaj ntawm daim nyias nyias. Elevated Schiff bases kuj qhia thawj theem ntawm oxidative stress.
- Vitamin E. Nws yog cov tshuaj tua kab mob lom neeg uas cuam tshuam nrog dawb radicals ntawm peroxides thiab lipids. Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, cov khoom ballast raug tsim. Vitamin E yog oxidized. Nws raug txiav txim siabzoo neutralizer ntawm singlet oxygen. Kev txo qis hauv cov haujlwm ntawm cov vitamin E hauv cov ntshav qhia tau tias qhov tsis sib xws hauv qhov tsis yog-enzymatic txuas ntawm AO3 system - nyob rau hauv qhov thib ob thaiv hauv kev loj hlob ntawm oxidative stress.
Txhais tau
Lub luag haujlwm ntawm oxidative stress yog dab tsi? Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias tsis yog tsuas yog membrane lipids thiab cov proteins, tab sis kuj carbohydrates. Tsis tas li ntawd, kev hloov pauv pib hauv hormonal thiab endocrine systems. Kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov qauv enzyme ntawm thymus lymphocytes txo qis, qib ntawm neurotransmitters nce, thiab cov tshuaj hormones pib tawm. Hauv kev ntxhov siab, oxidation ntawm nucleic acids, proteins, carbons pib, thiab tag nrho cov ntsiab lus ntawm lipids hauv cov ntshav nce. Kev tso tawm ntawm adrenocorticotropic cov tshuaj hormones yog txhim kho vim muaj kev cuam tshuam hnyav ntawm ATP thiab tshwm sim ntawm cAMP. Cov tom kawg activates protein kinase. Nws, nyob rau hauv lem, nrog kev koom tes ntawm ATP, txhawb phosphorylation ntawm cholinesterase, uas hloov cov roj cholesterol esters rau hauv cov roj cholesterol dawb. Ntxiv dag zog rau biosynthesis ntawm cov protein, RNA, DNA, glycogen nrog kev sib koom ua ke los ntawm cov rog rog, kev tawg ntawm fatty acids (siab dua) thiab qabzib hauv cov ntaub so ntswg kuj ua rau oxidative kev nyuaj siab. Kev laus yog suav tias yog ib qho ntawm qhov tshwm sim loj tshaj ntawm cov txheej txheem. Kuj tseem muaj qhov nce hauv qhov kev ua ntawm cov thyroid hormones. Nws muab kev tswj hwm tus nqi ntawm cov metabolism hauv basal - kev loj hlob thiab kev sib txawv ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg, protein, lipid, carbohydrate metabolism. Glucagon thiab insulin ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb. Raws li qee tus kws tshaj lij, qabzibua raws li lub teeb liab rau kev ua kom cov adenylate cyclase, thiab cMAF rau kev tsim cov tshuaj insulin. Tag nrho cov no ua rau muaj kev sib zog ntawm kev tawg ntawm glycogen hauv cov leeg thiab daim siab, qeeb hauv biosynthesis ntawm carbohydrates thiab cov protein, thiab qeeb hauv oxidation ntawm qabzib. Qhov tsis zoo nitrogen tshuav nyiaj li cas tsim, qhov concentration ntawm cov cholesterol thiab lwm yam lipids hauv cov ntshav nce. Glycagon txhawb kev tsim cov piam thaj, inhibits nws qhov kev puas tsuaj rau lactic acid. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nws cov kev siv nyiaj ntau dhau ua rau muaj zog gluconeogenesis. Cov txheej txheem no yog kev sib txuas ntawm cov khoom tsis-carbohydrate thiab qabzib. Thawj yog pyruvic thiab lactic acids, glycerol, nrog rau txhua qhov sib txuas uas, thaum lub sijhawm catabolism, tuaj yeem hloov mus rau hauv pyruvate lossis ib qho ntawm cov ntsiab lus nruab nrab ntawm lub voj voog tricarboxylic acid.
Cov substrates tseem ceeb kuj yog cov amino acids thiab lactate. Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev hloov pauv ntawm carbohydrates yog cov piam thaj-6-phosphate. Cov tshuaj no ua rau qeeb qeeb ntawm cov txheej txheem ntawm phospholiritic kev puas tsuaj ntawm glycogen. Glucose-6-phosphate activates lub enzymatic thauj cov piam thaj los ntawm uridine diphosphoglucose mus rau synthesized glycogen. Lub compound kuj ua raws li lub substrate rau tom ntej glycolytic transformations. Nrog rau qhov no, muaj kev nce hauv cov synthesis ntawm gluconeogenesis enzymes. Qhov no yog qhov tseeb tshwj xeeb rau phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase. Nws txiav txim siab tus nqi ntawm cov txheej txheem hauv ob lub raum thiab lub siab. Qhov piv ntawm gluconeogenesis thiab glycolysis hloov mus rau sab xis. Glucocorticoids ua raws li inducers ntawm enzymatic synthesis.
Ketonelub cev
Lawv ua ib yam khoom siv roj rau lub raum, cov leeg. Nyob rau hauv oxidative kev nyuaj siab, tus naj npawb ntawm ketone lub cev nce. Lawv ua haujlwm raws li tus tswj hwm kev tiv thaiv kev sib koom ua ke ntawm cov roj fatty acids los ntawm cov depot. Qhov no yog vim qhov tseeb tias lub zog tshaib plab pib hauv ntau cov ntaub so ntswg vim qhov tseeb tias qabzib, vim tsis muaj insulin, tsis tuaj yeem nkag mus rau hauv lub cell. Nyob rau hauv siab plasma concentrations ntawm fatty acids, lawv nqus los ntawm lub siab thiab oxidation nce, thiab kev siv ntawm triglyceride synthesis nce. Tag nrho cov no ua rau muaj qhov nce ntawm cov ketone lub cev.
Extra
Kev tshawb fawb paub xws li qhov tshwm sim xws li "cog oxidative stress". Nws yog tsim nyog hais tias cov lus nug ntawm qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm kev yoog ntawm kab lis kev cai rau ntau yam tseem ceeb niaj hnub no. Qee tus kws sau ntawv ntseeg hais tias nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej tsis zoo, cov kev cuam tshuam ntawm kev xav muaj lub cim thoob ntiaj teb. Nws cov dej num tsis nyob ntawm qhov xwm txheej. Lwm tus kws tshaj lij sib cav tias qhov kev tiv thaiv ntawm cov qoob loo yog txiav txim siab los ntawm cov lus teb tshwj xeeb. Ntawd yog, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog tsim nyog rau qhov zoo. Lub caij no, cov kws tshawb fawb feem ntau pom zoo tias nrog rau cov lus teb tsis tshwj xeeb, cov lus tshwj xeeb kuj tshwm sim. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, qhov kawg tsis tuaj yeem raug txheeb xyuas los ntawm keeb kwm yav dhau los ntawm ntau qhov kev tawm tsam thoob ntiaj teb.
