Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm lub zog hauv txoj hauv kev metabolic nyob ntawm cov txheej txheem, cov ntsiab lus uas yog oxidative phosphorylation. Cov khoom noj muaj oxidized, yog li tsim lub zog uas lub cev khaws cia hauv mitochondria ntawm cov hlwb li ATP. Txhua daim ntawv ntawm lub neej hauv av muaj nws tus kheej nyiam cov as-ham, tab sis ATP yog cov khoom siv thoob ntiaj teb, thiab lub zog uas oxidative phosphorylation tsim tau khaws cia siv rau cov txheej txheem metabolic.
Bacteria
Ntau tshaj peb thiab ib nrab billion xyoo dhau los, thawj cov kab mob nyob hauv peb lub ntiaj teb. Lub neej tau tshwm sim los ntawm lub ntiaj teb vim qhov tseeb tias cov kab mob tshwm sim - cov kab mob prokaryotic (tsis muaj nucleus) tau muab faib ua ob hom raws li lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev ua pa thiab kev noj haus. Los ntawm kev ua pa - mus rau hauv aerobic thiab anaerobic, thiab los ntawm kev noj haus - rau hauv heterotrophic thiab autotrophic prokaryotes. Qhov kev ceeb toom no tsis tshua muaj tshwm sim, vim oxidative phosphorylation tsis tuaj yeem piav qhia yam tsis muaj cov ntsiab lus yooj yim.
Yog li, prokaryotes cuam tshuam rau oxygen(kev faib tawm lub cev) tau muab faib ua cov kab mob aerobic, uas tsis muaj pa oxygen dawb, thiab aerobic, uas nws cov haujlwm tseem ceeb nyob ntawm nws qhov muaj. Nws yog lawv cov uas ua tawm oxidative phosphorylation, nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig saturated nrog dawb oxygen. Nws yog txoj hauv kev siv ntau tshaj plaws hauv metabolic nrog kev ua haujlwm siab zog piv rau anaerobic fermentation.
YMitochondria
Lwm lub tswv yim tseem ceeb: mitochondrion yog dab tsi? Qhov no yog lub zog roj teeb ntawm tes. Mitochondria nyob rau hauv lub cytoplasm thiab muaj ib tug zoo kawg li tus nqi ntawm lawv - nyob rau hauv cov nqaij ntshiv ntawm ib tug neeg los yog nyob rau hauv nws daim siab, piv txwv li, cov hlwb muaj txog li ib thiab ib nrab txhiab mitochondria (tsuas yog qhov uas cov metabolism hauv feem ntau tshwm sim). Thiab thaum oxidative phosphorylation tshwm sim hauv ib lub cell, qhov no yog kev ua haujlwm ntawm mitochondria, lawv kuj khaws thiab faib lub zog.
Mitochondria tsis txawm nyob ntawm kev faib ntawm tes, lawv yog cov xov tooj ntawm tes, txav mus rau hauv cytoplasm ywj pheej thaum lawv xav tau. Lawv muaj lawv tus kheej DNA, thiab yog li ntawd lawv yug los thiab tuag ntawm lawv tus kheej. Txawm li cas los xij, lub neej ntawm lub xov tooj ntawm tes yog nyob ntawm lawv nkaus xwb; tsis muaj mitochondria, nws tsis ua haujlwm, uas yog, lub neej yog tsis yooj yim sua. Cov rog, carbohydrates, cov protein yog oxidized, uas ua rau tsim cov hydrogen atoms thiab electrons - txo qhov sib npaug, uas ua raws li txuas ntxiv mus rau txoj kev ua pa. Qhov no yog li cas oxidative phosphorylation tshwm sim, nws cov txheej txheem, nws yuav zoo li, yooj yim.
Tsis yooj yim
Lub zog tsim los ntawm mitochondria hloov mus rau lwm qhov, uas yog lub zog ntawm electrochemical gradient purely rau protons uas nyob rau hauv daim nyias nyias ntawm mitochondria. Nws yog lub zog no uas xav tau rau kev sib txuas ntawm ATP. Thiab qhov ntawd yog dab tsi oxidative phosphorylation yog. Biochemistry yog ib qho kev tshawb fawb hluas, tsuas yog nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19 yog mitochondrial granules pom nyob rau hauv hlwb, thiab cov txheej txheem ntawm tau txais lub zog tau piav ntau tom qab. Nws tau raug pom zoo li cas trioses tsim los ntawm glycolysis (thiab qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws, pyruvic acid) tsim oxidation ntxiv hauv mitochondria.
Trioses siv lub zog ntawm kev sib cais, los ntawm qhov CO 2 tawm, oxygen tau noj thiab ntau npaum li ATP yog synthesized. Tag nrho cov txheej txheem saum toj no yog ze ze rau oxidative cycles, nrog rau cov kab mob ua pa uas nqa electrons. Yog li, oxidative phosphorylation tshwm sim hauv hlwb, ua ke "roj" rau lawv - ATP molecules.
Oxidative cycles thiab cov saw hlau ua pa
Nyob rau hauv lub voj voog oxidative, tricarboxylic acids tso tawm electrons, uas pib lawv txoj kev taug kev ntawm cov saw hlau thauj electron: ua ntej rau coenzyme molecules, ntawm no NAD yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide), thiab tom qab ntawd electrons raug xa mus rau ETC. (electric transport chain),kom txog thaum lawv sib xyaw nrog molecular oxygen thiab tsim cov dej molecule. Oxidative phosphorylation, cov txheej txheem uas tau piav qhia luv luv saum toj no, raug xa mus rau lwm qhov chaw ua haujlwm. Qhov no yog cov kab mob ua pa - protein complexes ua rau hauv daim nyias nyias ntawm mitochondria.
Qhov no yog qhov kawg tshwm sim - kev hloov pauv ntawm lub zog los ntawm kev ua tiav ntawm oxidation thiab txo cov ntsiab lus. Ntawm kev txaus siab ntawm no yog peb lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb hauv cov saw hlau electrotransport qhov twg oxidative phosphorylation tshwm sim. Biochemistry saib cov txheej txheem no tob heev thiab ua tib zoo. Tej zaum muaj ib hnub ib txoj kev kho tshiab rau kev laus yuav yug los ntawm no. Yog li, ntawm peb lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov saw no, ATP yog tsim los ntawm phosphate thiab ADP (adenosine diphosphate yog nucleotide uas muaj ribose, adenine thiab ob feem ntawm phosphoric acid). Tias yog vim li cas cov txheej txheem tau txais nws lub npe.
Cellular ua pa
Cellular (hauv lwm lo lus - cov ntaub so ntswg) ua pa thiab oxidative phosphorylation yog theem ntawm tib txheej txheem ua ke. Cua yog siv nyob rau hauv txhua lub cell ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg thiab lub cev, qhov twg cleavage cov khoom (rog, carbohydrates, proteins) puas lawm, thiab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv no ua zog khaws cia nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm macroergic tebchaw. Kev ua pa pulmonary ib txwm txawv ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg ua pa hauv cov pa oxygen nkag mus rau hauv lub cev thiab carbon dioxide raug tshem tawm ntawm nws.
Lub cev ib txwm ua haujlwm, nws lub zog yog siv rau kev txav mus los thiab kev loj hlob, ntawm tus kheej tsim tawm, ntawm kev chim siab thiab ntau yam txheej txheem. Nws yog rau qhov no thiaboxidative phosphorylation tshwm sim hauv mitochondria. Kev ua pa ntawm tes tuaj yeem muab faib ua peb theem: oxidative tsim ntawm ATP los ntawm pyruvic acid, nrog rau cov amino acids thiab fatty acids; acetyl residues raug rhuav tshem los ntawm tricarboxylic acids, tom qab ntawd ob lub carbon dioxide molecules thiab plaub khub ntawm hydrogen atoms raug tso tawm; electrons thiab protons raug xa mus rau molecular oxygen.
Cov txheej txheem ntxiv
Kev ua pa ntawm qib cellular ua kom muaj kev tsim thiab rov ua dua tshiab ntawm ADP ncaj qha hauv cov hlwb. Txawm hais tias lub cev tuaj yeem ntxiv nrog adenosine triphosphoric acid nyob rau hauv lwm txoj kev. Rau qhov no, muaj cov txheej txheem ntxiv thiab, yog tias tsim nyog, suav nrog, txawm tias lawv tsis ua haujlwm zoo.
Cov no yog cov kab ke uas tsis muaj oxygen tsis muaj cov carbohydrates tshwm sim - glycogenolysis thiab glycolysis. Qhov no tsis yog oxidative phosphorylation lawm, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv me ntsis txawv. Tab sis kev ua pa ntawm tes tsis tuaj yeem nres, vim tias hauv nws cov txheej txheem tsim nyog heev molecules ntawm cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog tsim, uas yog siv rau ntau yam biosynthesis.
Forms of Energy
Thaum electrons raug xa mus rau hauv mitochondrial membrane, qhov twg oxidative phosphorylation tshwm sim, cov kab mob ua pa los ntawm txhua qhov ntawm nws cov complexes coj lub zog tso tawm kom txav protons los ntawm daim nyias nyias, uas yog, los ntawm matrix mus rau qhov chaw ntawm daim nyias nyias.. Tom qab ntawd muaj peev xwm sib txawv. Protons raug nqi zoo thiab nyob hauv qhov chaw nruab nrab, thiab tsis zooraug foob los ntawm mitochondrial matrix.
Thaum muaj qee qhov txawv txav mus txog, cov protein complex rov qab protons rov qab mus rau lub matrix, tig lub zog uas tau txais mus rau hauv ib qho sib txawv kiag li, qhov twg cov txheej txheem oxidative ua ke nrog hluavtaws - ADP phosphorylation. Thoob plaws hauv oxidation ntawm substrates thiab cov twj tso kua mis ntawm protons los ntawm mitochondrial membrane, ATP synthesis tsis nres, uas yog, oxidative phosphorylation.
ob yam
Oxidative thiab substrate phosphorylation yog qhov sib txawv ntawm ib leeg. Raws li cov tswv yim niaj hnub no, cov ntaub ntawv qub tshaj plaws ntawm lub neej tau siv tsuas yog cov kev cuam tshuam ntawm substrate phosphorylation. Rau qhov no, cov organic tebchaw uas muaj nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig sab nraud tau siv los ntawm ob txoj hauv kev - raws li lub zog thiab qhov chaw ntawm carbon. Txawm li cas los xij, xws li cov tebchaw hauv ib puag ncig maj mam qhuav, thiab cov kab mob uas twb tau tshwm sim tau pib hloov mus, nrhiav qhov chaw tshiab ntawm lub zog thiab qhov chaw tshiab ntawm carbon.
Yog li lawv kawm siv lub zog ntawm lub teeb thiab carbon dioxide. Tab sis kom txog thaum qhov no tshwm sim, cov kab mob tso tawm lub zog los ntawm cov txheej txheem oxidative fermentation thiab tseem khaws cia rau hauv ATP molecules. Qhov no yog hu ua substrate phosphorylation thaum siv cov txheej txheem catalysis los ntawm cov enzymes soluble. Cov fermented substrate tsim ib tug txo tus neeg sawv cev uas hloov electrons mus rau qhov xav tau endogenous txais - acetone, acetalhyd, pyruvate thiab cov zoo li, los yog H2 - gaseous hydrogen yog tso tawm.
Tus yam ntxwv sib piv
Piv rau fermentation, oxidative phosphorylation muaj zog ntau dua. Glycolysis muab tag nrho ATP tawm los ntawm ob lub molecules, thiab nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem, peb caug rau peb caug-rau yog synthesized. Muaj kev txav ntawm cov hluav taws xob mus rau cov khoom siv los ntawm cov khoom siv pub dawb los ntawm oxidative thiab txo cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, tsim lub zog khaws cia li ATP.
Eukaryotes nqa tawm cov kev cuam tshuam nrog cov protein complexes uas nyob hauv lub mitochondrial cell membrane, thiab prokaryotes ua haujlwm sab nraud - hauv nws qhov chaw nruab nrab. Nws yog qhov kev sib txuas ntawm cov proteins uas ua rau ETC (electron transport chain). Eukaryotes tsuas muaj tsib lub protein complexes nyob rau hauv lawv cov muaj pes tsawg leeg, thaum prokaryotes muaj ntau, thiab lawv tag nrho ua hauj lwm nrog ib tug ntau yam ntawm electron pub thiab lawv txais.
Kev sib txuas thiab kev sib cais
Cov txheej txheem ntawm oxidation tsim muaj peev xwm electrochemical, thiab nrog cov txheej txheem ntawm phosphorylation no muaj peev xwm siv. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias conjugation yog muab, txwv tsis pub - kev khi ntawm cov txheej txheem ntawm phosphorylation thiab oxidation. Li no lub npe, oxidative phosphorylation. Lub peev xwm electrochemical xav tau rau kev sib txuas yog tsim los ntawm peb txoj hauv kev ntawm txoj hlab pa - thawj, thib peb thiab thib plaub, uas yog hu ua cov ntsiab lus sib txuas.
Yog tias cov ntaub so ntswg sab hauv ntawm mitochondria puas lossis nws cov permeability tau nce los ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm uncouplers, qhov no yuav ua rau ploj lossis txo qis hauv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, thiabTom ntej no los qhov kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm cov txheej txheem ntawm phosphorylation thiab oxidation, uas yog, kev txiav tawm ntawm ATP synthesis. Nws yog qhov tshwm sim thaum lub peev xwm electrochemical ploj mus uas yog hu ua uncoupling ntawm phosphorylation thiab ua pa.
Disconnectors
Lub xeev uas oxidation ntawm substrates txuas ntxiv thiab phosphorylation tsis tshwm sim (uas yog, ATP tsis tsim los ntawm P thiab ADP) yog qhov tsis sib xws ntawm phosphorylation thiab oxidation. Qhov no tshwm sim thaum uncouplers cuam tshuam nrog cov txheej txheem. Lawv yog dab tsi thiab cov txiaj ntsig twg lawv siv zog rau? Piv txwv tias ATP synthesis raug txo kom tsawg, uas yog, nws yog synthesized nyob rau hauv ib tug me me npaum li cas, thaum lub sij hawm txoj kev ua pa saw. Yuav ua li cas rau lub zog? Nws exudes zoo li warmth. Txhua tus xav li no thaum lawv mob ua npaws.
Koj puas muaj qhov kub thiab txias? Yog li cov breakers tau ua haujlwm. Piv txwv li, tshuaj tua kab mob. Cov no yog cov tsis muaj zog acids uas yaj hauv cov rog. Nkag mus rau hauv qhov chaw nruab nrab ntawm lub cell, lawv diffuse mus rau hauv matrix, rub cov protons khi nrog lawv. Uncoupling kev txiav txim, piv txwv li, muaj cov tshuaj hormones secreted los ntawm cov thyroid caj pas, uas muaj iodine (triiodothyronine thiab thyroxine). Yog hais tias cov thyroid caj pas yog hyperfunctioning, tus mob ntawm cov neeg mob yog txaus ntshai: lawv tsis muaj lub zog ntawm ATP, lawv noj ntau cov zaub mov, vim hais tias lub cev yuav tsum tau ntau substrates rau oxidation, tab sis lawv poob phaus, txij li thaum lub ntsiab feem ntawm lub cev. lub zog tau txais yog poob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm tshav kub.
