Kev xaiv cov lus kom raug hauv qhov ncauj thiab kev hais lus hauv cov xwm txheej sib txawv yuav tsum tau ceev faj thiab paub ntau yam. Qee cov lus yog qhov nruab nrab kiag li, thiab yog li ntawd lawv tuaj yeem siv tau hauv txhua qhov xwm txheej hauv lub neej. Lwm tus, ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, nqa qee qhov kev xav xim, thiab tuaj yeem hais txog qhov kev xav uas tus hais lus xav qhia, thiab muab qhov nws xav zais ntawm lwm tus.
Tseem tseem muaj cais pawg ntawm cov lus hais txog lub npe hu ua cov lus siv tsawg. Tej zaum nws yuav txawv ntawm cov ntsiab lus sib txawv, piv txwv li, los ntawm thaj chaw ntawm nws qhov kev faib tawm lossis thaj chaw ntawm kev ua haujlwm uas nws koom, lossis los ntawm pawg neeg sib raug zoo rau cov kab lus no. Yog li ntawd, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev uas yuav tsum to taub dab tsi yog cov lus hais, thiab cov lus twg yog cov ntsiab lus tsawg (daim duab qhia hauv qab). ATUa ntej tshaj plaws, koj yuav tsum nkag siab txog kev faib cov lus ntawm cov lus Lavxias.
cov ntaub ntawv dav dav
pib sib tham txog kev faib cov lexical muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm Lavxias teb sab lus rau hauv pab pawg, ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov lawv tham txog cov lus dav dav thiab cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev siv tsawg. Cov tom kawg, raws li tau hais tseg, tau muab faib ua cov lus hais, kev tshaj lij thiab cov jargon, uas suav nrog ob lo lus siv los ntawm "cov ntsiab lus tsis sib xws" thiab cov hluas nkauj zoo tib yam, thiab thawj zaug yog ntau monolithic thiab tsuas yog muab faib ua ob pawg: stylistically nruab nrab cov lus thiab kev xav. xim. Ua raws li kev faib tawm no, koj tuaj yeem piav qhia rau koj tus kheej ib qho kev kwv yees rau kev siv qee cov lus.
lus dav dav
qeb no yog qhov dav tshaj plaws, suav nrog cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm cov lus Lavxias, qhov tseeb sawv cev nws cov ntsiab lus lexical. Qhov no yog ib feem ntawm cov ntsiab lus nyiaj txiag tseem hu ua lub teb chaws, vim hais tias cov lus ntawm kev siv dav siv nyob rau hauv lawv cov lus thiab to taub los ntawm tag nrho cov neeg hais lus ntawm Lavxias teb sab lus los yog lawv feem coob. Qhov no yog ib hom ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm cov lus sau, kev siv uas yog ua tau ob qho tib si hauv qhov ncauj thiab sau ntawv. Ntxiv mus, nws yog cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev siv dav dav uas yog lub hauv paus ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov lus siv tsuas yog tom qab ntawd nyob - cov ntsiab lus, slang, professionalism.
Cov lus hauv qab no tuaj yeem siv ua piv txwv:mus, noj, ua hauj lwm, nyeem, phau ntawv, zaub mov, dej, txiv hmab txiv ntoo, tsiaj, lub caij ntuj no, caij nplooj ntoos hlav, lub caij ntuj sov, lo lus, ntxhais, taub hau thiab lwm yam.
Nrog qhov no? Cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev siv dav dav tuaj yeem muab faib ua ob pawg dav: cov lus stylistically nruab nrab thiab lub siab lub ntsws. Cov yav tas yog ntau dua nyob rau hauv qhov ncauj hais lus, sau xov xwm los yog artistic ntawv nyeem. Nws ua rau kev hais lus muaj zog dua, tiv thaiv kom tsis txhob ua zoo li cov ntawv qhuav ntawm phau ntawv txhais lus lossis kab lus encyclopedia, pab qhia cov kev xav ntawm tus neeg hais lus lossis tus cwj pwm ntawm tus sau tsab xov xwm txog qhov nws sau txog.
Nws kuj yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias muaj kev sib pauv tas mus li ntawm cov lus sib xws thiab tsis tshua muaj. Qee lub sij hawm cov lus nruab nrab txav mus rau hauv qeb ntawm jargon lossis kev tshaj lij, thiab, piv txwv li, cov lus hais los ua cov ntsiab lus.
Cov lus txwv: hom
Qhov no yog ib feem ntawm lub lexical muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm Lavxias teb sab lus muaj xws li ob peb pawg, nyob rau hauv uas ib co kev faib kuj yuav ua tau. Cov lus ntawm kev siv tsawg, piv txwv li, suav nrog cov lus uas muaj nyob hauv txhua hom lus, cov lus tshwj xeeb, uas suav nrog cov ntsiab lus thiab kev tshaj lij, txhua yam jargon (xws li slang). Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, hom thawj thiab zaum kawg tsis suav nrog hauv kev sau ntawv ntawm cov lus Lavxias thiab feem ntau siv hauv kev sib txuas lus hauv qhov ncauj xwb.
Vajtswv hom lus
Cov lus nyob rau hauv txhua cheeb tsam ntawm lub teb chaws muaj nws tus kheej tshwj xeeb nta: phonetic, grammatical thiab, ntawm chav kawm, lexical. Feem ntau nws yog lexical ntaua rau nws nyuaj heev rau cov neeg tuaj saib kom nkag siab cov lus ntawm cov neeg hauv zos. Feem ntau, cov lus hais lus tuaj yeem muab faib ua ob peb pawg:
- xov tooj dialectisms;
- grammatical dialectisms;
- lexical dialectisms.
Phonetic dialectisms txawv ntawm cov lus sau ntawv nkaus xwb nyob rau hauv cov lus hais, thiab yog li ntawd tsis complicate lub to taub txog dab tsi tau hais ntau dhau lawm. Ua piv txwv, hloov lub suab "c" nrog lub suab "h" thiab vice versa nyob rau hauv ib co lus sab qaum teb sab hnub poob: tselovek, nemchi. Los yog softening ntawm lub suab "ka" yam ntxwv ntawm yav qab teb dialects: bochkya, Vankya.
grammatical dialectisms yog cov lus siv txawv dua li hauv cov lus qub. Piv txwv li, South Lavxias teb sab lus yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev siv poj niam txiv neej ntawm cov lus uas, raws li kev sau ntawv, yog cov lus ntawm cov poj niam txiv neej nruab nrab: tag nrho cov teb, nws cov nqaij.
Lexical dialectisms yog qhov tshwj xeeb tshaj plaws, feem ntau nws yog los ntawm lawv tias cov lus ntawm ib cheeb tsam txawv ntawm cov lus ntawm lwm lub zos. Hauv cov lus hais lus, ib pab pawg tshwj xeeb yog qhov txawv, hu ua ethnographisms - cov lus uas qhia txog cov khoom thiab cov ntsiab lus uas yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm ib cheeb tsam. Cov lus zoo li no feem ntau siv hauv cov ntawv tseeb, vim lawv muaj kev qhia tshwj xeeb rau cov ntawv sau, thiab cov lus hais ntawm cov cim tau muab qhov tseeb, "naturalness".
lus tshwj xeeb
Cov kws tshaj lij siv tshwj xeeb hauv qee yamthaj chaw ua haujlwm. Feem ntau cov lus no feem ntau siv cov lus uas tau txais lub ntsiab lus ntxiv uas nkag siab tau rau txhua tus neeg sawv cev ntawm txhua txoj haujlwm. Tib lub sijhawm, qee qhov kev tshaj lij yog lub npe tsis raug cai ntawm ib qho kev kawm lossis cov txheej txheem, thiab lub npe raug cai yuav yog lub sijhawm.
Piv txwv li, lo lus siv los xaiv cov hlau khov rau hauv ib lub ladle yog khov, tab sis cov metallurgists lawv tus kheej hu nws "tshis". Hauv qhov no, nws yog "tshis" uas yuav yog tus kws tshaj lij.
"Daim tawv" - kev tshaj lij, siv sab nraum ib puag ncig ntawm cov kws tshaj lij. Lub npe hu ua "sandpaper".
Nws tsim nyog sau cia tias cov kws tshaj lij tsis tshua muaj "kev ua haujlwm" - lawv tau yug los ntawm qhov ncauj hais lus, muaj nyob rau qee lub sijhawm, thiab tom qab ntawd ploj mus, raug hloov los ntawm cov lus tshiab. Tab sis qee zaum lawv tau kho, dhau los ua cov ntsiab lus tag nrho. Muaj kev sib pauv ntawm cov lus tshaj lij thiab cov ntsiab lus, zoo ib yam li kev sib pauv ntawm cov ntsiab lus dav dav thiab cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev siv tsawg - qee cov lus tau hloov mus tas li los ntawm ib pawg mus rau lwm qhov.
Subspecies ntawm cov lus tshwj xeeb - nqe lus
Lub ntsiab lus - ib lo lus qhia txog qee yam khoom lossis lub tswv yim, thiab, raws li txoj cai, tsis muaj lub ntsiab lus ntxiv, kev tsis meej pem yog qhov yuav tsum tau ua rau cov lus hauv pawg no, thiab cov ntsiab lus "hauv paus" ntawm txhua qhov chaw npog tag nrho cov khoom., phenomena thiabcov txheej txheem uas tshwm sim hauv nws. Tsis zoo li lwm cov lus thiab lawv lub ntsiab lus, cov ntsiab lus raug tsim los ntawm lub hom phiaj. Ua tib zoo ua haujlwm rau lawv txhais tau tias tshem tawm qhov tsis meej ntawm cov lus thiab tsim kom muaj lub hauv paus meej rau nws siv, nws txoj kev sib raug zoo nrog lwm cov ntsiab lus los ntawm kev ua haujlwm no.
Jargon
Argo, lossis, raws li nws tseem hu ua, jargon, yog txheej txheej ntawm cov lus ntawm Lavxias teb sab lus, kev siv uas yog ib txwm siv rau qee pawg neeg, cov no yog cov lus uas nkag siab tsuas yog rau "lawv tus kheej. ". Sij hawm dhau mus, qee cov lus slang nkag mus rau hauv cov lus siv dav dav, dhau los ua cov lus uas siv los ntawm txhua tus neeg hais lus, tsis hais txog kev sib raug zoo thiab zej zog. Piv txwv yog cov lus swindler, ntse, linden (hauv lub ntsiab lus ntawm "fake").
Cov lus slang kuj pom muaj nyob hauv cov ntawv tseeb, ua tau zoo ib yam li cov lus hais lus. Vim lawv, kev hais lus ntawm cov cim tsis tseeb ua ntau yam ntuj tso. Tsis tas li ntawd, nrog rau lawv cov kev pab, tus sau muaj peev xwm embody lub tswv yim stylistic thiab lub tswv yim dav ntawm kev ua hauj lwm, uas tag nrho justifies siv "txo" cov lus.
Piv txwv li, hauv cov ntawv tshiab "Tom qab tshoob" los ntawm Granin, hauv kev hais lus ntawm cov cim tseem ceeb, koj tuaj yeem pom cov lus hais tias "Kuv nyob hauv kev sib tham", uas yog, "Kuv yog. tsuas yog tham tsis muaj dab tsi."
hluas nkauj slang
Vim cov tub ntxhais hluas yog ib pawg neeg sib raug zoo, lawv cov lusNws yog ib qho tsim nyog ua ib kab lus cais, txij li nws yog qhov dav heev, txawm tias tsis kov cov lus ntawm ntau yam subcultures thiab txav. Ntawm no koj tuaj yeem pom ntau yam piv txwv ntawm "rov xav dua" cov lus sib txawv, uas yog vim li cas "lub laub" ua ke nrog lo lus "lub tsheb", cov niam txiv dhau los ua "cov poj koob yawm txwv", thiab lawv hais tias "nws ploj mus" txog ib tus neeg uas tau ploj mus ntsiag to..
Ib pawg cais yog cov lus ntawm cov menyuam kawm ntawv slang. Yog li ntawd, "tus Tsov tus tw" ntawm kev xeem tsis tau taug qab tus tub ntxhais kawm tsis saib xyuas, lub zes ntawm "boas" (ib qho cim ntawm "txaus siab") yog nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv sau tseg, thiab "lig Styopa" lossis "stipukha" hloov mus rau tsuas yog ib qho nyiaj pub dawb uas cov tub ntxhais kawm tos tsis tau.
Zoo kawg
summing up, peb tuaj yeem hais tias cov khoom lag luam ntawm cov lus Lavxias yog qhov dav heev thiab tsuas yog txhawb nqa lub sijhawm. Tsis tas li ntawd, kev faib cov lus rau hauv ib pawg yog qhov kev txiav txim siab heev, vim tias cov txheej txheem ntawm kev hloov ntawm cov lus los ntawm ib pawg mus rau lwm qhov yog tas mus li thiab tsis muaj kev zam. Nws pab kom tsis txhob tsim cov thav duab nruj thiab nruj heev rau kev siv ib lo lus tshwj xeeb, tawm hauv tus neeg hais lus dawb xaiv txhais tau tias sib haum rau lub hom phiaj ntawm ib nqe lus tshwj xeeb.
