Ntau zaus peb pom cov ntawv luv li SPB. Nws txhais li cas? Nws siv qhov twg? Hauv tsab xov xwm no, koj yuav kawm qhov no thiab ntau ntxiv txog cov ntawv luv thiab lawv hom. Nyeem txog lub npe Lavxias teb sab SPB, qhov twg nws siv thiab nws txhais li cas. Xav txog yuav ua li cas lub nroog St. Petersburg kuj hu ua.
tus ntawv yog dab tsi?
Lo lus no tuaj rau Lavxias los ntawm cov lus qub - Latin. Nws los ntawm lo lus brevis, uas txhais tau tias "luv". Hauv daim ntawv no, nws dhau mus rau hauv lus Italian thiab tau txais qhov sib txawv me ntsis, thiab lub ntsiab lus nthuav dav - "tus ntawv luv luv hauv kev sau ntawv".
Cov lus luv tau muab sau ua ke los sau cov ntaub ntawv ntau. Nws tshwm sim nyob rau hauv cov hnub thaum cov phau ntawv tau sau los ntawm tes. Cov txheej txheem tau ntev thiab nyuaj, yog li lawv siv cov ntawv luv uas txhua tus nkag siab.
Tsis tas li ntawd, cov tswv tau siv cov ntawv luv ua qhov encryption ntawm lawv cov zaub mov txawv thiab zais cia. Tsuas yog ob peb tug xaiv xwb thiaj paub lawv lub ntsiab.
Cov ntawv sau luv luv tau siv rau hauv xov tooj thaum koj xav tau cov ntaub ntawv ntau, thiab tus lej cimLimited.
Nyob hauv ntiaj teb cov ntaub ntawv niaj hnub no, kev siv cov ntawv luv kuj tsim.
Cov ntawv sau ua li cas?
Nyob rau hauv lub sijhawm ntawm Internet thiab globalization, cov ntawv luv tau tsim los tas li. Feem ntau los ntawm cov lus Askiv uas tsiv mus rau hauv peb hom lus. Cov ntawv luv luv tshwm sim rau cov lus uas siv feem ntau hauv kev sau ntawv.
Cov ntawv luv yog siv rau hauv cov npe ntawm cov koom haum, cov tuam txhab, cov cim lag luam. Lawv yog tsim rau logos. Yog li nws hloov tawm tias tsab ntawv luv luv hloov mus ua ib daim duab.
Muaj ntau txoj hauv kev los tsim cov ntawv luv:
- Los ntawm thawj tsab ntawv (tub ceev xwm tsheb).
- Ntawm lub ntsiab lus (Rospotrebnadzor).
- nraaj (nrog shorthand).
- Tseem sib xyaws (ua ke ntau).
Nyob hauv lub ntiaj teb niaj hnub no, cov ntawv luv luv tau teev nyob rau hauv cov npe tshwj xeeb. Txhua tus neeg ua haujlwm yuav tsum muaj peev xwm txiav txim siab rau lawv.
Feem ntau cov ntawv luv yog siv tshuaj, kev ua tub rog, cov ntaub ntawv qhia kev.
Cov ntawv luv hauv cov lus qhia
Kev tsim cov khoom siv hauv kev tshawb fawb tam sim no yuav luag ib qho kev tshawb fawb cais. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb tshwj xeeb yog kom paub cov ntawv luv uas yog kev cai hauv phau ntawv.
Thaum kawg ntawm tsab xov xwm scientific, abstract, qhia, thesis thiab lwm yam, koj yuav tsum nco ntsoov sau cov phau ntawv uas tau kawm thaum ua haujlwm. Qee cov ntawv luv tau raug coj los ntawm no kom tsis txhob cuam tshuam cov ntawv.
Piv txwv li, lub nroog uas phau ntawv tau luam tawm tsis sau tag nrho. Moscow sau ua "M", Nizhny Novgorodraws li "N. Novgorod".
St. Petersburg txhais li cas hauv phau ntawv? Qhov no yog li cas lub nroog St. Petersburg tau raug xaiv, thiab qhov no qhia tau hais tias phau ntawv tau luam tawm los ntawm lub tsev tshaj tawm ntawm Northern Capital. Hais txog dab tsi St. Petersburg txhais tau tias - tom qab hauv kab lus.
Piv txwv ntawm cov ntawv luv
Yuav kom nkag siab zoo dua cov lus luv luv thiab kab lus tau nkag mus rau peb lub neej, nws tsim nyog ua piv txwv. Nov yog qee qhov kev paub dav dav uas txhua tus neeg kawm yuav tsum paub:
- MSU - Moscow State University;
-
RZD - Lavxias teb sab Railways;
- university - tsev kawm ntawv qib siab;
- GAI - lub xeev kev tshuaj xyuas tsheb;
- GO-kev tiv thaiv pej xeem;
- Emergency - xwm txheej;
- PB - kev nyab xeeb hluav taws;
- EU - European Union;
- TIN - tus lej se tus neeg them se;
- MOE - municipal educational institution;
- MIA - Ministry of Internal Affairs;
- MFC - multifunctional center.
Muaj ntau cov ntawv sau ua lus Lavxias thiab lwm yam lus. Nws tshwm sim tias lawv coincide, thiab tsis meej pem tshwm sim. Raws li, piv txwv li, nrog cov ntawv luv luv GUM (nws tuaj yeem yog lub khw muag khoom lossis chaw haujlwm tib neeg ntawm Moscow State University).
Deciphering the abbreviation SPB in Russia
Cov ntawv luv no, zoo li lwm tus, muaj kev txiav txim siab. Dab tsi SPB txhais tau tias yuav paub meej thaum peb piav qhia txhua tsab ntawv ntawm cov ntawv luv.
Yog li, cia peb pib nrog tsab ntawv "C". Nws hais txoglo lus "saint", uas nyob rau hauv German txhais tau tias "saint". Muaj ib lo lus zoo sib xws hauv lub suab thiab lub ntsiab lus hauv yuav luag txhua yam lus nyob sab Europe, nws los ntawm Latin sancti (sankti).
Tsab ntawv "P" yog hais txog lub npe Peter. Nws yog German version ntawm Lavxias teb sab lub npe Peter. Nyob rau hauv consonance nrog rau yav dhau los lo lus, nws tsis txhais hais tias Peter lub Great, uas tsim lub nroog no, tab sis nws patron neeg dawb huv. Lub nroog sab qaum teb muaj npe raws li tus Thwj Tim Petus, yog Yexus Khetos tus thwj tim
Tsab ntawv "b", uas feem ntau yog sau me me, hais txog German "burg, berg". Nws thiaj li txhais tau tias - "city".
Kev txiav txim los ntawm kev txiav txim siab ntawm txhua tsab ntawv, cov ntawv luv tau tsim los ntawm thawj lub ntsiab lus ntawm lo lus. Hauv qhov no, tag nrho cov lus yog los ntawm German.
Yog li peb pom tias kev txiav txim siab ntawm St. Petersburg - St. Petersburg yog dab tsi. Lub nroog sab qaum teb ntawm Russia muaj cov ntawv luv luv.
SPB nqi
Hauv Lavxias, cov ntawv luv luv hauv kev kawm muaj ib lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb - lub nroog St. Nws tau tsim nyob rau hauv tsar, thiab tom qab ntawd thawj tus huab tais, Peter I hauv 1703.
Ntau tshaj ib zaug lub nroog zoo nkauj no dhau los ua lub peev ntawm Russia. Nws tseem hu ua qhov ntawd, tsuas yog sab qaum teb lub peev. Nws yog lub nroog tseem ceeb ntawm tsoomfwv, thib ob tom qab Moscow. Lub nroog tseem ceeb ntawm kev lag luam, kev nom kev tswv, kev coj noj coj ua.
Tus ntsuj plig ntawm kev muaj tswv yim thiab txuj ci tsis muaj kawg tau sau rau hauv nws ntau pua xyoo. Cov neeg zoo nyob thiab ua haujlwm ntawm no: A. S. Pushkin, F. M. Dostoevsky, A. A. Blok thiab ntau lwm tus.
Tsis yoglos ntawm lub caij nyoog uas tsim cov ntawv luv rau lub nroog no. Tam sim no nws paub meej tias St. Petersburg txhais li cas - qhov no yog qhov qhia ncaj qha ntawm lub nroog St. Petersburg.
Tam sim no hauv Is Taws Nem nws yog kev cai sau lub npe ntawm lub nroog zoo nkauj no. Yog li lawv sau thaum sib txuas lus, hauv cov lus nug, hauv phau ntawv thiab lwm yam. Peb kuj yuav pom St. Petersburg ntawm souvenirs, ntau yam khoom los ntawm lub nroog no.
Dhau li lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb, cov ntawv luv no tseem hais txog cov saw ntawm npias bar - "SPB".
Kev sib xyaw ntawm cov ntawv no tuaj yeem pom hauv phau ntawv uas tau luam tawm hauv St. St. Petersburg txhais li cas ntawm npib - ntxiv rau hauv kab lus.
Cov ntawv luv ntawm npib
Txoj kev txiav nyiaj hlau tau ua los ntawm mints ntawm lub nroog xws li:
- Moscow;
- St. Petersburg;
- Yekaterinburg;
- Kolyvan tooj;
- Feodosia;
- Sestroretsk thiab lwm tus.
Thiab tib lub sijhawm, cov ntawv luv SPb yog minted ntawm lub npib, uas txhais tau tias "ua hauv St. Petersburg". Tom qab lub kiv puag ncig, lawv pib ua npib nrog cov ntawv luv "LMD" (Leningrad Mint).
Ntxiv rau qhov qhia qhov chaw ntawm minting, cov cim ntawm mintzmeister tau piav qhia ntawm cov nyiaj npib. Qhov ntawd yog lub npe ntawm lub taub hau ntawm mint. Yog li ntawd, feem ntau koj tuaj yeem pom cov nyiaj npib uas "SPb - AG" qhia, qhov twg "AG" yog Arthur Hartmann.
Tam sim no nyob rau hauv Russia, nyiaj los ntawm hlau yog muab tso rau hauv Moscow thiab St. Petersburg - raws li ob ceg ntawm ib tug enterprise - "GOSZNAK". Peter lub Mintnrhiav tau nyob rau hauv Peter lub Great thiab nyob rau hauv lub Peter thiab Paul Fortress. Lub tuam txhab no tau ua haujlwm txij li xyoo 1724 thiab yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws.
Los ntawm 1997 mus rau peb lub sijhawm, cov ntawv luv S-P tau sau rau ntawm npib txog li 1 ruble ntawm St. Petersburg. Nws nyob hauv qab tus nees hoof. Cov nyiaj nrog ib tug denomination ntawm ntau tshaj 1 ruble yog cim nrog tsab ntawv abbreviation SPMD (St. Petersburg Mint). Daim ntawv luv no muab tso rau hauv qab dav dawb hau.
Yuav ua li cas sau cov ntawv luv SPB?
Lub sijhawm dhau mus hauv cov ntaub ntawv hnub nyoog zoo li tsis tau ua dhau los. Tib neeg ib txwm maj nrawm rau qhov chaw thiab tsis muaj sijhawm rau dab tsi. Yog li ntawd, cov ntawv luv luv tau siv ntau zaus hauv kev sau ntawv. Koj tuaj yeem siv cov ntawv luv, tab sis koj tseem yuav tsum paub yuav ua li cas thiaj raug.
Qhov kev kawm luv luv rau lub nroog St. Petersburg kuj yuav tsum tau sau kom raug. Pib nrog, lo lus no tuaj yeem raug luv luv ntawm ob txoj hauv kev:
- SPb.
- St. Petersburg.
Muaj ntau qhov kev tsis sib haum xeeb txog seb puas xav tau lossis tsis xav tau. Yog tias koj saib, tom qab ntawd hauv phau ntawv cov lus no yuav nrog cov dots. Nws feem ntau yog muab thaum, thaum hais ib lo lus, nws tau nyeem tag nrho. Thiab muaj cov ntawv luv uas dhau los ua neeg ywj pheej tsis yog sau ntawv xwb, tab sis kuj hauv kev sib tham. Piv txwv li, tub ceev xwm tsheb, kev ua haujlwm thiab lwm yam.
Cov ntawv luv St. Petersburg siv tau rau hauv kev hais lus, tab sis saib nws, koj tuaj yeem nyeem nrov St. Petersburg. Yog li, lo lus nug ntawm kev teeb tsa lub ntsiab lus yog qhov tsis sib haum xeeb.
Peb pom tias St. Petersburg txhais li cas. suav tias nws lub ntsiablub ntsiab lus thiab kev sau ntawv. Peb tau kawm txog cov qauv dav dav ntawm tag nrho cov ntawv luv, thaum qhia txog lawv hom thiab piv txwv. Tam sim no koj paub tseeb tias lo lus SPb txhais li cas thiab siv nws li cas.
