Glycerin yog ib qho cawv trihydric. Nws yog siv nyob rau hauv tshuaj, zaub mov kev lag luam, cosmetology thiab txawm rau kev npaj ntawm dynamites. Dab tsi yog cov txiaj ntsig ntawm glycerin? Kuv puas tuaj yeem tau txais nws tom tsev?
Yglycerin yog dab tsi?
Glycerin yog cov organic thiab yog cov cawv trihydric. Nws daim ntawv tshuaj yog C3H8O3 los yog HOCH2-CH(OH)-CH2OH. Lub ntsiab lus ntawm lo lus glycerin yog ncaj qha ntsig txog nws cov khoom. Lub npe los ntawm lo lus Greek thaum ub "glycos", los yog "qab zib", vim yog cov khoom qab zib qab zib.
Glycerin yog cov kua ntshiab, kua nplaum thiab tsis muaj ntxhiab kiag li. Nws tsis muaj tshuaj lom thiab tsis muaj tshuaj lom, yog li nws tsis ua rau muaj kev phom sij hauv kev sib cuag nrog daim tawv nqaij. Hauv ib puag ncig ntuj, glycerin yog ib feem ntawm cov tsiaj rog, thiab tseem muaj nyob hauv cov roj zaub feem ntau. Ib feem tsis tseem ceeb ntawm nws yog nyob rau hauv cov ntshav ntawm cov tsiaj.
Glycerin tau pom thawj zaug hauv xyoo 1783, thaum tus kws kho mob Carl Scheele tau saponifying cov rog nrog cov hlau lead oxide. Thaum lub sij hawm cua sov ntawm oxide nrogtshuaj soapy pib tsim nrog txiv roj roj. Tom qab evaporating nws, ib tug viscous sweetish syrup tsim.
Properties
Cov khoom muaj hygroscopicity siab, uas yog, muaj peev xwm nqus dej noo thiab khaws cia. Nws qhov kub kub yog 290 degrees Celsius. Thaum boiling, glycerin ib nrab decomposes. Nyob rau ntawm qhov kub ntawm 362 degrees, nws tuaj yeem ignite spontaneously. Nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej ib txwm, cov khoom tsis muaj volatile zog, tab sis evaporates thaum rhuab. combustion yog nrog los ntawm kev tso dej thiab carbon dioxide.
Glycerin yog insoluble nyob rau hauv cov rog, hydrocarbons thiab arenas, tab sis heev soluble nyob rau hauv dej thiab cawv. Thaum ntxiv rau hauv dej, cov tshuaj txo qis los yog txo qis hauv ntim, thiab qhov kub nce. Nyob rau hauv xws li ib tug sib tov, lub freezing point ntawm dej txo.
Thaum cuam tshuam nrog cov ntxhia thiab carboxylic acids, glycerol tsim esters. Ntawm lawv lub hauv paus, cov no yog cov rog uas koom nrog hauv cov txheej txheem metabolic thiab ua haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv cov tsiaj hauv lub cev. Ib txhia ntawm lawv yog, piv txwv li, phospholipids.
Ib ester kuj yog trinitroglycerin. Cov tshuaj yog tsim los ntawm kev sib xyaw ntawm glycerol nrog nitrous acid. Nws yog ib qho oily, tshuaj lom thiab tawg heev ua kua uas yog rhiab heev rau qhov me ntsis manipulation.
Glycerin thiab tooj liab hydroxide tsim cov tshuaj xiav tsaus nrog kev ua tiav ntawm cov dej nag, uas qhia txog cov kua qaub ntawm cawv. Glycerin muaj peev xwm yaj cov ntxhiab tsw ntxhiab, alkalis, suab thaj, ntsev thiab lwm yam organic thiabinorganic tebchaw.
Txoj kev tau txais
thawj txoj hauv kev hauv keeb kwm kom tau txais glycerin yog saponification. Nws tshwm sim tam sim ntawd tom qab qhov kev tshawb pom ntawm cov tshuaj los ntawm chemist Scheel. Qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov txheej txheem no yog tshuaj ntxuav tes nrog glycerin. Tom qab ntawd, lawv yuav tsum tau sib cais los ntawm ib leeg, uas yog ua tiav siv sodium chloride. Cov glycerin yuav tsum tau ua kom tuab thiab ua kom huv los ntawm distillation lossis activated charcoal.
Lwm txoj kev yuav tsum ntxiv dej rau cov roj. Ntawm ib lub siab, lawv yog rhuab thiab stirred rau kaum teev, thiab ces txias. Tom qab txias, cov tshuaj tau muab faib ua ob peb txheej: hauv qab - glycerin nrog dej, nyob rau sab sauv - acids.
Cov tshuaj no kuj tau los ntawm hydrolysis ntawm carbohydrates, xws li starch, cane qab zib. Tab sis tom qab ntawd tsis yog cov kua ntshiab tsim, tab sis sib xyaw nrog ntau yam glycols.
Txhua txoj hau kev no pab kom tau cov khoom noj glycerin. Nws tsis muaj teeb meem rau tib neeg thiab ntxiv rau kev npaj ntawm qee yam khoom noj. Nyob rau hauv sib piv rau nws, kuj muaj technical glycerin. Cov tshuaj no tau txais tsis yog los ntawm zaub thiab tsiaj cov ntaub ntawv raw, tab sis los ntawm propylene, ib qho roj combustible nrog ib tug muaj zog narcotic nyhuv.
Daim ntawv thov
Ob qho khoom noj thiab kev siv glycerin tau siv dav hauv peb lub neej. Nws feem ntau yog siv los ua cov khoom siv hluavtaws. Nitroglycerin yog siv los ua dynamites thiab lwm yam khoom tawg. Hauv tshuaj, tib yam tshuaj zoo heev rau cov tshuaj uas nthuav cov hlab ntsha.
Hauv kev lag luam, nws yog siv los ua ntawv, tshuaj ntxuav tes. Nyob rau hauv kev tsim hluav taws xob thiab xov tooj cua engineering thaum lub sij hawm soldering, nws ua hauj lwm raws li ib tug flux. Glycerin yog siv los ua cov yas, tsev varnishes thiab xim.
Hauv kev lag luam khoom noj, nws tau sau npe ua ib qho ntxiv E422. Nws yog ib qho emulsifier uas yuav tsum tau ua kom viscosity, nrog rau tsim ntau yam sib tov. Cov khoom siv yog ib feem ntawm ntau cov tshuaj, siv rau cov luam yeeb hauv hluav taws xob, rau kev tsim cov tswm ciab. Hauv biology, glycerol yog qhov tsim nyog rau kev khaws cia ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg, kab mob, kab mob thiab kev npaj anatomical.
YGlycerin hauv tshuaj pleev ib ce
Vim nws muaj peev xwm khaws cov dej noo, glycerin feem ntau yog siv rau ntau yam tawv nqaij thiab cov khoom tu plaub hau. Nws muaj nyob rau hauv xab npum, nourishing thiab moisturizing cream.
Cov tshuaj nkag mus rau hauv cov epidermis, khaws cov dej hauv cov hlwb. Yog li, nws tiv thaiv daim tawv nqaij los ntawm qhuav thiab tsis muaj sia. Tab sis nws kuj muaj qhov tsis zoo. Qhov tseeb yog tias nyob rau hauv ib qho chaw uas muaj huab cua qhuav heev (tsawg dua 65% humidity), glycerin pib nqus noo noo los ntawm daim tawv nqaij, ntxiv ziab nws tawm.
Feem ntau beauticians tsis pom zoo siv nws thaum lub caij ntuj no. Tsis tas li ntawd, proportions yog qhov tseem ceeb. Nyob rau hauv me me, lub xub ntiag ntawm glycerin nyob rau hauv lub cream tsuas yog txhim kho cov khoom ntawm daim tawv nqaij. Ua ke nrog lwm cov khoom, nws yog siv rau hauv cov zaub mov txawv hauv tsev rau lub qhov ncauj qhov ntswg thiab tshuaj pleev. Piv txwv li, ua ke nrog txiv kab ntxwv thiab dej rautoning thiab ntxuav daim tawv nqaij, plaub hau yog siv ua ke nrog qe, zib mu, castor roj thiab lwm yam khoom xyaw.
YYuav ua li cas ua glycerin?
Koj tsis tas yuav glycerin. Nws tseem tuaj yeem npaj tau hauv tsev. Ua li no, koj xav tau tsiaj rog (1.9 kg), alkali (342 mg), dej (995 mg) thiab ntsev. Cov rog tuaj yeem raug coj los ntawm cov nqaij ntawm txhua tus tsiaj, tau ntxuav nws ntawm txhua txoj hlab ntsha thiab cov hlab ntsha. Thiab ces peb ua li no:
- melt pieces ntawm fat over low heat;
- cia kom txias rau 35 degrees;
- nyob rau hauv ib lub tais nyias peb npaj cov lye, ncuav nws mus rau hauv dej;
- qhov kub ntawm cov lye kuj yuav tsum ncav cuag 35 degrees, ces maj mam ua tib zoo ncuav rau hauv lub lauj kaub nrog roj;
- nrawm cov khoom xyaw thaum ntxiv ntsev;
- txuas ntxiv mus rau "ntsev" thiab do kom txog thaum cov sib tov pib sib cais ua cov kua ntshiab hauv qab thiab cov huab cua rau saum;
- nuv tawm tag nrho cov txheej saum toj kawg nkaus yog xab npum, txheej hauv qab yog glycerin;
- lim cov glycerin los ntawm lub sieve lossis gauze kom tshem tawm cov me me ntawm xab npum.
Koj yuav tsum ceev faj thaum npaj glycerin koj tus kheej. Thaum diluted nrog dej, alkali heats saum 90 degrees. Koj yuav tsum tau ua haujlwm nrog hnab looj tes, tsom iav (los ntawm cov pa taws), thiab dilute cov alkali hauv ib lub thawv tshwj xeeb.
