Txhua hnub ib tus neeg cuam tshuam nrog ntau yam khoom. Lawv yog ua los ntawm cov khoom sib txawv, muaj lawv tus kheej qauv thiab muaj pes tsawg leeg. Txhua yam uas nyob ib puag ncig tus neeg tuaj yeem muab faib ua cov organic thiab inorganic. Nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm, peb yuav xav txog dab tsi xws li tshuaj yog, peb yuav muab piv txwv. Peb kuj tseem yuav txiav txim siab seb cov tshuaj inorganic puas muaj nyob hauv biology.
Kev piav qhia
Inorganic tshuaj hu ua cov khoom uas tsis muaj carbon. Lawv yog cov opposite ntawm cov organic. Cov pab pawg no kuj suav nrog ntau cov khoom sib xyaw ua ke, piv txwv li:
- cyanides;
- oxides ntawm carbon;
- carbonates;
- carbides thiab lwm yam.
Piv txwv ntawm cov tshuaj inorganic:
- dej;
- ntau cov kua qaub (hydrochloric, nitric, sulfuric);
- ntsev;
- ammonia;
- carbon dioxide;
- metals thiab non-metals.
Cov pawg inorganic yog qhov txawv ntawm qhov tsis muaj cov pob txha pob txha, uas yog tus yam ntxwvrau cov organic. Inorganic tshuaj raws li lawv muaj pes tsawg leeg feem ntau muab faib ua tej yam yooj yim thiab complex. Tej yam yooj yim ua ib pab pawg me. Tag nrho muaj kwv yees li 400.
Yooj yim inorganic compounds: hlau
Metals yog cov khoom yooj yim, kev sib txuas ntawm atoms uas yog raws li cov hlau nplaum. Cov khoom no muaj cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov khoom siv hlau: thermal conductivity, hluav taws xob conductivity, ductility, brilliance, thiab lwm yam. Nyob rau hauv tag nrho, 96 lub ntsiab yog txawv nyob rau hauv pawg no. Cov no suav nrog:
- alkali hlau: lithium, sodium, potassium;
- alkaline ntiaj teb hlau: magnesium, strontium, calcium;
- hloov pauv hlau: tooj liab, nyiaj, kub;
- lub teeb hlau: aluminium, tin, lead;
- semimetals: polonium, moscovium, nihonium;
- lanthanides thiab lanthanum: scandium, yttrium;
- actinides thiab actinium: uranium, neptunium, plutonium.
Feem ntau hauv cov xwm txheej, cov hlau muaj nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ore thiab cov tebchaw. Kom tau txais cov hlau ntshiab uas tsis muaj impurities, nws yog purified. Yog tias tsim nyog, doping lossis lwm yam kev ua tiav yog ua tau. Qhov no yog ib qho kev tshawb fawb tshwj xeeb - metallurgy. Nws muab faib ua xim dub thiab xim.
Yooj yim inorganic compounds: nonmetals
Tsis yog-hlau yog cov tshuaj lom neeg uas tsis muaj cov khoom siv hlau. Piv txwv ntawm cov tshuaj inorganic:
- dej;
- nitrogen;
- sulfur;
- oxygen thiablwm tus.
Tsis yog-hlau yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm ntau tus electrons nyob rau sab nraud ntawm lawv cov atom. Qhov no ua rau qee yam khoom: lub peev xwm los txuas ntxiv cov hluav taws xob ntxiv, kev ua oxidative ntau dua tshwm sim.
Hauv qhov xwm txheej, koj tuaj yeem pom cov hlau tsis muaj hlau hauv lub xeev dawb: oxygen, chlorine, fluorine, hydrogen. Raws li cov ntaub ntawv khoom: iodine, phosphorus, silicon, selenium.
Qee cov hlau tsis muaj hlau muaj qhov tshwj xeeb - allotropy. Ntawd yog, lawv tuaj yeem muaj nyob hauv ntau yam kev hloov kho thiab cov ntawv. Piv txwv li:
- gaseous oxygen muaj kev hloov pauv: oxygen thiab ozone;
- cov roj carbon nyuaj tuaj yeem muaj nyob hauv cov ntaub ntawv hauv qab no: pob zeb diamond, graphite, iav carbon thiab lwm yam.
Complex inorganic compounds
pawg tshuaj no ntau ntau. Complex compounds yog txawv los ntawm muaj ntau yam tshuaj nyob rau hauv cov khoom.
Cia peb saib ze dua ntawm cov tshuaj inorganic complex. Cov piv txwv thiab lawv cov kev faib tawm tau nthuav tawm hauv qab no hauv kab lus.
1. Oxides yog cov tebchaw uas oxygen yog ib qho ntawm cov ntsiab lus. Cov pab pawg muaj xws li:
- tsis yog ntsev-tsim (xws li carbon monoxide, nitric oxide);
- ntsev-forming oxides (xws li sodium oxide, zinc oxide).
2. Acids yog cov khoom uas muaj hydrogen ions thiab acidic residues. Piv txwv li, nitric acid, sulfuric acid, hydrogen sulfide.
3. Hydroxides yog cov khoom sib xyaw uas muaj cov pab pawg -OH. Kev faib tawm:
- bases - soluble thiab insoluble alkalis - tooj liab hydroxide, sodium hydroxide;
- oxygen-muaj cov kua qaub - dihydrogen trioxocarbonate, hydrogen trioxonitrate;
- amphoteric - chromium hydroxide, tooj liab hydroxide.
4. Cov ntsev yog cov khoom uas muaj hlau ions thiab acid residues. Kev faib tawm:
- nruab nrab: sodium chloride, hlau sulfide;
- acidic: sodium bicarbonate, hydrosulfates;
- pib: dihydroxochrome nitrate, hydroxochrome nitrate;
- nyuaj: sodium tetrahydroxozincate, potassium tetrachloroplatinate;
- ob npaug: potassium alum;
- mixed: potassium aluminium sulfate, potassium tooj liab chloride.
5. Binary compounds - tshuaj muaj ob yam tshuaj:
- tsis muaj oxygen acids;
- ntsev tsis muaj oxygen thiab lwm yam.
Inorganic compounds uas muaj carbon
Cov tshuaj no ib txwm muaj nyob rau hauv pawg inorganic. Piv txwv tshuaj:
- Carbonates - esters thiab ntsev ntawm carbonic acid - calcite, dolomite.
- Carbides - cov tebchaw ntawm cov hlau tsis muaj hlau thiab cov hlau nrog carbon - beryllium carbide, calcium carbide.
- Cyanides - ntsev ntawm hydrocyanic acid - sodium cyanide.
- Carbon oxides - binary compound ntawm carbon thiab oxygen - carbon monoxide thiab carbon dioxide.
- Cyanates - yog cov derivatives ntawm cyanic acid - fulmic acid, isocyanic acid.
- Carbonyl hlau -ib tug complex ntawm hlau thiab carbon monoxide - nickel carbonyl.
Khoom ntawm cov tshuaj inorganic
Txhua cov tshuaj suav hais tias sib txawv hauv cov khoom siv tshuaj thiab lub cev. Feem ntau, nws muaj peev xwm paub qhov txawv qhov txawv ntawm txhua chav kawm ntawm cov tshuaj inorganic:
1. Base hlau:
- siab thermal thiab hluav taws xob conductivity;
- metallic sheen;
- tsis muaj pob tshab;
- zog thiab ductility;
- ntawm chav tsev kub khaws lawv cov tawv thiab cov duab (tshwj tsis yog mercury).
2. Tej yam yooj yim uas tsis yog-hlau:
- yooj yim tsis yog hlau tuaj yeem ua rau lub xeev gaseous: hydrogen, oxygen, chlorine;
- bromine tshwm sim hauv lub xeev ua kua;
- cov khoom tsis yog hlau muaj lub xeev uas tsis yog molecular thiab tuaj yeem tsim cov muaju: pob zeb diamond, silicon, graphite.
3. Cov khoom xyaw:
- oxides: hnov mob nrog dej, acids thiab acidic oxides;
- acids: hnov mob nrog dej, yooj yim oxides thiab alkalis;
- amphoteric oxides: tuaj yeem hnov mob nrog acidic oxides thiab bases;
- hydroxides: yaj hauv dej, muaj ntau yam ntawm cov ntsiab lus yaj, tuaj yeem hloov xim thaum cuam tshuam nrog alkalis.
Cov tshuaj lom neeg thiab inorganic ntawm tes
Ib lub xovtooj ntawm txhua yam kabmob muaj sia muaj ntau yam. Qee tus ntawm lawv yog cov tshuaj inorganic:
- Dej. Piv txwv li, cov dej hauv ib lub xovtooj ntawm tes yog 65 thiab 95%. Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog rau kev siv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, kev txav ntawm cov khoom, cov txheej txheem ntawm thermoregulation. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws yog dej uas txiav txim siab qhov ntim ntawm tes thiab qib ntawm nws elasticity.
- Mineral ntsev. Lawv tuaj yeem muaj nyob rau hauv lub cev ob qho tib si hauv daim ntawv yaj thiab hauv daim ntawv uas tsis tau yaj. Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm tes yog ua los ntawm cations: potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium - thiab anions: chlorine, bicarbonates, superphosphate. Minerals yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev tswj hwm osmotic tshuav, tswj cov txheej txheem biochemical thiab lub cev, tsim cov hlab ntsha impulses, tswj cov ntshav txhaws, thiab ntau lwm yam kev tshwm sim.
Tsis yog cov tshuaj inorganic ntawm tes tseem ceeb rau kev saib xyuas lub neej. Organic Cheebtsam nyob 20-30% ntawm nws ntim.
Kev faib tawm:
- yooj yim cov organic: qabzib, amino acids, fatty acids;
- cov organic complex: proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, polysaccharides.
Cov khoom siv organic yog tsim nyog los ua kev tiv thaiv, lub zog ua haujlwm ntawm tes, lawv ua lub zog rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm tes thiab khaws cov as-ham, nqa tawm protein synthesis, xa cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm.
Cov kab lus tau tshuaj xyuas cov ntsiab lus thiab cov piv txwv ntawm cov tshuaj inorganic, lawv lub luag haujlwm hauv kev muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm tes. Peb tuaj yeem hais tias kev muaj sia nyob yuav ua tsis tau yam tsis muaj pawg ntawm cov organic thiab inorganic tebchaw. Lawv yog cov tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv txhua cheeb tsam ntawm tib neeg lub neej, raws li zoo raws li nyob rau hauv lub neej ntawm txhua txhuakab mob.
