Raws li koj paub, txhua yam khoom tuaj yeem muab faib ua ob pawg loj - ntxhia thiab organic. Muaj ntau cov piv txwv ntawm inorganic lossis ntxhia tshuaj tuaj yeem raug suav hais tias: ntsev, dej qab zib, poov tshuaj. Tab sis hom kev sib txuas dab tsi poob rau hauv qeb thib ob? Organic tshuaj muaj nyob rau hauv txhua yam kab mob.
YProteins
Proteins yog cov piv txwv tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm cov organic teeb meem. Lawv suav nrog nitrogen, hydrogen thiab oxygen. Ntxiv rau cov no, qee zaum sulfur atoms kuj tuaj yeem pom hauv qee cov proteins.
Proteins yog ib qho tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm cov organic tebchaw, thiab lawv yog cov feem ntau pom nyob rau hauv cov xwm. Tsis zoo li lwm cov tebchaw, cov proteins muaj qee yam yam ntxwv. Lawv cov khoom tseem ceeb yog qhov hnyav molecular loj. Piv txwv li, qhov hnyav molecular ntawm ib qho cawv atom yog 46, benzene yog 78, thiab hemoglobin yog 152,000. Piv nrog rau cov molecules ntawm lwm yam, cov proteins yog cov loj heev uas muaj ntau txhiab atoms. Qee zaum biologists hu lawv macromolecules.
Proteins yog qhov nyuaj tshaj plaws ntawm tag nrho cov organiccov tsev. Lawv nyob rau hauv chav kawm ntawm polymers. Yog hais tias peb saib ntawm ib tug polymer molecule nyob rau hauv lub microscope, peb yuav pom tau hais tias nws yog ib tug saw uas muaj xws li cov qauv yooj yim. Lawv raug hu ua monomers thiab rov ua dua ntau zaus hauv polymers.
Ntxiv rau cov proteins, muaj ntau cov polymers - roj hmab, cellulose, thiab cov hmoov txhuv nplej siab. Tsis tas li ntawd, ntau cov polymers tau tsim los ntawm tib neeg txhais tes - nylon, lavsan, polyethylene.
Y Protein formation
Cov proteins tsim li cas? Lawv yog ib qho piv txwv ntawm cov organic tshuaj uas nws muaj pes tsawg leeg nyob rau hauv cov kab mob nyob yog txiav txim los ntawm cov noob caj noob ces code. Nyob rau hauv lawv cov synthesis, nyob rau hauv feem ntau ntawm cov mob, ntau yam kev sib txuas ntawm 20 amino acids yog siv.
Tsis tas li, cov amino acids tshiab tuaj yeem tsim tau thaum cov protein pib ua haujlwm hauv cell. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, tsuas yog alpha-amino acids pom hauv nws. Cov qauv tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom piav qhia yog txiav txim siab los ntawm cov kab ke ntawm cov seem ntawm cov amino acid tebchaw. Thiab feem ntau, cov saw hlau polypeptide, thaum lub sij hawm tsim cov protein, twists rau hauv ib lub helix, cov lem uas nyob ze rau ib leeg. Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev tsim cov hydrogen tebchaw, nws muaj cov qauv tsim muaj zog.
Fats
Fats yog lwm yam piv txwv ntawm cov organic teeb meem. Ib tug neeg paub ntau hom rog: butter, nqaij nyuj thiab ntses rog, zaub roj. Hauv qhov ntau, cov rog yog tsim nyob rau hauv cov noobnroj tsuag. Yog hais tias cov noob paj noob hlis tev tau muab tso rau ntawm ib daim ntawv thiab nias cia, ib qho oily stain yuav nyob twj ywm rau ntawm daim ntawv.
Nyob zoo Carbohydrates
Tsis muaj qhov tseem ceeb hauv cov tsiaj qus yog cov carbohydrates. Lawv muaj nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov nroj tsuag kab mob. Carbohydrates muaj xws li qab zib, starch, thiab fiber. Lawv nplua nuj nyob rau hauv qos tubers, txiv tsawb txiv hmab txiv ntoo. Nws yog ib qho yooj yim heev kom pom cov hmoov txhuv nplej siab hauv cov qos yaj ywm. Thaum reacted nrog iodine, cov carbohydrate no tig xiav. Koj tuaj yeem txheeb xyuas qhov no los ntawm kev tso me ntsis iodine rau ntawm cov qos yaj ywm.
Qab zib kuj yooj yim rau pom - lawv txhua tus saj qab zib. Muaj ntau cov carbohydrates ntawm cov chav kawm no muaj nyob rau hauv cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo ntawm txiv hmab txiv ntoo, txiv hmab txiv ntoo, melons, txiv apples. Lawv yog cov piv txwv ntawm cov khoom siv organic uas tseem tsim nyob rau hauv cov khoom siv dag zog. Piv txwv li, qab zib yog muab rho tawm los ntawm qab zib pas nrig.
Thiab ua li cas cov carbohydrates tsim hauv cov xwm txheej? Qhov piv txwv yooj yim tshaj plaws yog cov txheej txheem ntawm photosynthesis. Carbohydrates yog cov organic uas muaj cov saw hlau ntawm ntau cov pa roj carbon atoms. Lawv kuj muaj ntau pawg hydroxyl. Nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm photosynthesis, cov suab thaj ntawm inorganic tshuaj yog tsim los ntawm carbon monoxide thiab sulfur.
Nyob zoo Fiber
Fiber yog lwm qhov piv txwv ntawm cov organic teeb meem. Feem ntau nws pom muaj nyob rau hauv paj rwb noob, nrog rau cov nroj tsuag stems thiab lawv nplooj. Fiber muaj linear polymers, nws qhov hnyav molecular li ntawm 500 txhiab txog 2 lab.
Hauv nws daim ntawv purest, nws sawv cevib yam khoom uas tsis muaj ntxhiab tsw, saj thiab xim. Nws yog siv hauv kev tsim cov duab thaij duab, cellophane, explosives. Hauv tib neeg lub cev, fiber ntau tsis tau nqus, tab sis yog ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm kev noj zaub mov, vim nws txhawb lub plab thiab hnyuv.
organic thiab inorganic tshuaj
Muaj ntau yam piv txwv ntawm kev tsim cov organic thiab inorganic tshuaj. Cov yav tas ib txwm los ntawm cov zaub mov - inanimate ntuj lub cev uas tsim nyob rau hauv lub depths ntawm lub ntiaj teb. Lawv kuj yog ib feem ntawm ntau pob zeb.
Nyob rau hauv tej yam ntuj tso, inorganic tshuaj yog tsim nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm kev puas tsuaj ntawm minerals los yog organic tshuaj. Ntawm qhov tod tes, cov organic tshuaj tas li tsim los ntawm cov zaub mov. Piv txwv li, cov nroj tsuag nqus dej nrog cov tebchaw yaj hauv nws, uas tom qab txav ntawm ib pawg mus rau lwm qhov. Cov kab mob muaj sia siv feem ntau yog cov organic rau zaub mov.
Yog vim li cas rau ntau haiv neeg
Feem ntau, cov menyuam kawm ntawv lossis cov menyuam kawm ntawv yuav tsum tau teb cov lus nug ntawm seb yog vim li cas rau ntau haiv neeg ntawm cov organic. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog cov pa roj carbon atoms sib cuam tshuam siv ob hom kev sib cog lus - yooj yim thiab ntau yam. Lawv kuj tuaj yeem tsim cov chains. Lwm qhov laj thawj yog qhov sib txawv ntawm cov tshuaj sib txawv uas suav nrog cov organic teeb meem. Tsis tas li ntawd, ntau haiv neeg kuj yog vim allotropy - qhov tshwm sim ntawm lub hav zoov ntawm tib lub caij nyob rau hauv txawv.kev sib txuas.
Thiab cov tshuaj inorganic tsim li cas? Ntuj thiab hluavtaws organic tshuaj thiab lawv cov piv txwv yog kawm ob qho tib si hauv tsev kawm ntawv theem siab thiab hauv tsev kawm ntawv qib siab tshwj xeeb. Kev tsim cov tshuaj inorganic tsis yog txoj haujlwm nyuaj raws li kev tsim cov proteins lossis carbohydrates. Piv txwv li, tib neeg tau muab dej qab zib los ntawm cov dej qab zib pas dej txij li lub sij hawm immemorial. Nyob rau hauv 1791, tus kws kho mob Nicolas Leblanc tau hais kom muab nws tso rau hauv chav kuaj siv chalk, ntsev, thiab sulfuric acid. Muaj ib zaug, dej qab zib, uas yog paub rau txhua tus neeg niaj hnub no, yog ib yam khoom kim heev. Txhawm rau ua qhov kev sim, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum tau ignite lub rooj ntsev ua ke nrog acid, thiab ces ignite lub resulting sulfate ua ke nrog limestone thiab charcoal.
Lwm qhov piv txwv ntawm cov tshuaj inorganic yog poov tshuaj permanganate, los yog poov tshuaj permanganate. Cov tshuaj no tau txais nyob rau hauv industrial tej yam kev mob. Cov txheej txheem tsim muaj nyob rau hauv electrolysis ntawm cov tshuaj poov tshuaj hydroxide thiab manganese anode. Hauv qhov no, lub anode maj mam yaj nrog kev tsim cov tshuaj violet - qhov no yog qhov paub zoo ntawm poov tshuaj permanganate.
