Sulfur yog ib qho tshuaj lom neeg muaj txiaj ntsig zoo hauv qhov xwm txheej (kaum rau hauv cov ntsiab lus hauv ntiaj teb crust thiab thib rau hauv dej ntuj). Muaj ob hom sulfur (lub xeev dawb ntawm lub caij) thiab nws cov tebchaw.
Sulfur in nature
Ntawm cov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntuj sulfur minerals yog hlau pyrite, sphalerite, galena, cinnabar, antimonite. Lub Ntiaj Teb Dej Hiav Txwv muaj feem ntau nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm calcium, magnesium thiab sodium sulfates, uas ua rau lub hardness ntawm natural waters.
Yuav ua li cas yog sulfur?
Kev rho tawm cov sulfur ore yog ua los ntawm ntau txoj kev. Txoj hauv kev tseem ceeb kom tau txais sulfur yog smelt nws ncaj qha rau hauv daim teb.
Qhib qhov mining suav nrog kev siv cov excavators tshem cov pob zeb uas npog cov sulfur ore. Tom qab crushing cov ore txheej los ntawm tawg, lawv raug xa mus rau cov sulfur smelter.
Hauv kev lag luam, leej faj tau txais los ntawm cov txheej txheem hauv smelting furnaces, thaum lub sij hawm roj refining. Nws yog tam sim no nyob rau hauv ntau ntau nyob rau hauv natural gas (xws lisulfur dioxide los yog hydrogen sulfide), cov extraction ntawm uas yog tso rau ntawm phab ntsa ntawm cov khoom siv. Cov sulfur zoo dispersed ntes tau los ntawm cov roj siv hauv kev lag luam chemical ua cov khoom siv raw rau kev tsim khoom ntawm ntau yam khoom.
Cov tshuaj no tuaj yeem tau txais los ntawm ntuj sulfur dioxide. Rau qhov no, txoj kev Claus yog siv. Nws muaj nyob rau hauv kev siv ntawm "sulfur pits" nyob rau hauv uas sulfur yog degassed. Qhov tshwm sim yog hloov cov sulfur dav siv hauv kev lag luam asph alt.
Kev hloov pauv tseem ceeb ntawm cov sulfur
Sulfur muaj allotropy. Ntau qhov kev hloov kho allotropic tau paub. Cov nto moo tshaj plaws yog rhombic (crystalline), monoclinic (acicular) thiab yas sulfur. Thawj ob qhov kev hloov kho yog qhov ruaj khov, qhov thib peb hloov mus ua ib lub rhombic thaum solidified.
Lub cev muaj zog tus yam ntxwv ntawm leej faj
Molecules ntawm orthorhombic (α-S) thiab monoclinic (β-S) kev hloov kho muaj 8 leej faj atoms txhua, uas tau txuas rau hauv lub voj voog kaw los ntawm ib daim ntawv cog lus.
Raws li cov xwm txheej ib txwm muaj, leej faj muaj cov hloov pauv rhombic. Nws yog cov khoom siv daj daj crystalline nrog qhov ntom ntawm 2.07 g / cm 3. Kub ntawm 113 ° C. Qhov ceev ntawm monoclinic sulfur yog 1.96 g / cm3, nws cov ntsiab lus melting yog 119.3 ° C.
Thaum melted, sulfur nthuav thiab dhau los ua cov kua daj daj uas tig xim av ntawm 160 ° C thiabNws hloov mus rau hauv ib qho viscous tsaus xim av loj thaum nws nce mus txog 190 ° C. Thaum kub siab tshaj tus nqi no, viscosity ntawm sulfur txo. Thaum txog 300 ° C, nws rov dhau mus rau hauv cov kua dej hauv lub xeev. Qhov no yog vim lub fact tias thaum lub sij hawm cua sov, sulfur polymerizes, ua rau cov saw ntev nrog nce kub. Thiab thaum qhov kub siab tshaj 190 ° C, kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov khoom siv polymer raug pom.
Thaum cov leej faj yaj yog txias lawm nyob rau hauv cylindrical crucibles, lub thiaj li hu ua pob sulfur yog tsim - rhombic muaju ntawm qhov ntau thiab tsawg, muaj ib tug distorted duab nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm octahedrons nrog ib feem "txiav" lub ntsej muag los yog fab.
Yog tias cov khoom molten raug ua kom txias sai (piv txwv li, siv dej txias), ces cov yas sulfur tuaj yeem tau, uas yog cov roj hmab elastic zoo li cov xim xim av lossis xim liab tsaus nrog qhov ntom ntawm 2.046 g. /cm 3. Qhov kev hloov kho no, piv rau rhombic thiab monoclinic, tsis ruaj khov. Maj mam (tshaj li ob peb teev) nws hloov xim mus rau daj, ua nkig thiab hloov mus ua rhombic.
Thaum leej faj vapor (kua kub heev) yog khov nrog kua nitrogen, nws cov ntshav hloov pauv tau tsim, uas ruaj khov ntawm qhov kub qis dua 80 ° C.
Sulfur xyaum tsis yaj nyob rau hauv dej ib puag ncig. Txawm li cas los xij, nws yog tus yam ntxwv zoo solubility hauv cov kuab tshuaj organic. Tus neeg xyuas pib tsis zoo ntawm hluav taws xob thiab cua sov.
Lub ntsiab lus kub ntawm leej faj yog 444.6 ° C. Cov txheej txheem boiling yog nrog los ntawm kev tso tawm ntawm txiv kab ntxwv-daj vapors, muaj feem ntau ntawm S8 molecules, uas, tom qab cua sov, dissociate, uas ua rau tsim ntawm equilibrium daim ntawv S 6, S42. Tsis tas li ntawd, thaum rhuab, cov molecules loj decompose, thiab ntawm qhov kub siab tshaj 900 degrees, cov khub muaj kev xyaum tsuas yog S2 molecules, dissociating rau hauv atoms ntawm 1500 ° C.
Yuav ua li cas yog cov tshuaj sulfur?
Sulfur yog ib yam tsis yog hlau. chemically nquag. Oxidizing-txo cov khoom ntawm sulfur yog tshwm sim nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo rau ntau yam. Thaum rhuab, nws yooj yim ua ke nrog yuav luag txhua lub ntsiab lus, uas piav qhia nws qhov yuav tsum muaj nyob hauv cov hlau ore. Cov kev zam yog Pt, Au, I2, N2 thiab inert gases. oxidation hais tias sulfur nthuav tawm hauv cov tebchaw yog -2, +4, +6.
Cov khoom ntawm leej faj thiab oxygen ua rau nws hlawv hauv huab cua. Qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov kev cuam tshuam no yog tsim cov sulfurous (SO 2) thiab sulfuric (SO 3) anhydrides, uas yog siv los tsim sulfurous thiab sulfuric. acids.
Nyob rau hauv chav tsev kub, qhov txo cov khoom ntawm leej faj tsuas yog tshwm sim nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo nrog fluorine, nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv uas sulfur hexafluoride yog tsim:
S + 3F2=SF6.
Thaum rhuab (hauv daim ntawv yaj) cuam tshuam nrog chlorine, phosphorus, silicon, carbon. Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog hydrogen, ntxiv rau hydrogen sulfide, nws tsim sulfanes ua ke nrog ntau hom.formula H2SX.
Cov khoom oxidizing ntawm leej faj tau pom thaum cuam tshuam nrog cov hlau. Qee zaum, kev tawm tsam hnyav heev tuaj yeem pom. Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam nrog cov hlau, sulfides (sulphurous compounds) thiab polysulfides (polysulfurous hlau) raug tsim.
Thaum rhuab mus ntev, nws hnov mob nrog cov concentrated oxidizing acids, oxidizing tib lub sijhawm.
Tom ntej, xav txog cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm cov tshuaj sulfur.
sulfur dioxide
Sulfur oxide (IV), tseem hu ua sulfur dioxide thiab sulfurous anhydride, yog cov pa roj (tsis muaj xim) nrog cov ntxhiab tsw, asphyxiating tsw. Nws nyiam liquefy nyob rau hauv siab ntawm chav tsev kub. SO2 yog cov kua qaub oxide. Nws yog yus muaj los ntawm zoo solubility nyob rau hauv dej. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, ib tug qaug zog, unstable sulfurous acid yog tsim, uas muaj tsuas yog nyob rau hauv ib tug aqueous tov. Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm sulfur dioxide nrog alkalis, sulfites tsim.
Nws muaj tshuaj lom neeg muaj zog heev. Cov lus tshaj tawm yog txo cov tshuaj lom neeg ntawm sulfur oxide (IV). Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv zoo li no nrog rau kev nce hauv oxidation xeev ntawm sulfur.
Cov tshuaj oxidizing cov khoom ntawm sulfur oxide tshwm nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm muaj zog txo cov neeg ua haujlwm (xws li carbon monoxide).
Sulfur trioxide
Sulfur trioxide (sulfuric anhydride) - lub siab tshaj plaws oxide ntawm sulfur (VI). Nyob rau hauv tej yam kev mob, nws yog ib tug tsis muaj kob, volatile kua nrog ib tug suffocating tsw. Nws muaj peev xwm ua kom khov ntawm qhov kub thiab txiasnyob rau hauv 16.9 degrees. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, ib tug sib tov ntawm txawv crystalline kev hloov kho ntawm cov khoom sulfur trioxide yog tsim. Lub siab hygroscopic zog ntawm sulfur oxide ua rau nws "tsim pa luam yeeb" hauv huab cua ntub. Yog li ntawd, cov tee ntawm sulfuric acid yog tsim.
Hydrogen sulfide
Hydrogen sulfide yog binary chemical compound ntawm hydrogen thiab sulfur. H2S yog ib qho tshuaj lom tsis muaj xim tsis muaj roj uas muaj cov saj qab zib thiab tsw qab qe. Nws melts ntawm rho 86 ° C, boils ntawm rho 60 ° C. Thermally tsis ruaj khov. Ntawm qhov kub siab tshaj 400 ° C, hydrogen sulfide decomposes rau hauv S thiab H2. Nws yog tus yam ntxwv zoo solubility hauv ethanol. Nws tsis zoo soluble hauv dej. Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev sib cais hauv dej, tsis muaj zog hydrosulphuric acid yog tsim. Hydrogen sulfide yog ib tug muaj zog txo tus neeg sawv cev.
Flammable. Thaum nws kub hnyiab hauv huab cua, lub nplaim xiav tuaj yeem pom. Nyob rau hauv siab concentrations, nws muaj peev xwm hnov mob nrog ntau hlau.
sulfuric acid
Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) tuaj yeem muaj qhov sib txawv thiab purity. Nyob rau hauv lub xeev tsis muaj dej, nws yog xim tsis muaj xim, tsis muaj ntxhiab, oily kua.
Qhov kub ntawm cov tshuaj yaj yeeb yog 10 ° C. Kub taw tes yog 296 ° C. Nws dissolves zoo nyob rau hauv dej. Thaum sulfuric acid yog yaj, hydrates yog tsim, thiab ib tug loj npaum li cas ntawm tshav kub tso tawm. Lub boiling point ntawm tag nrho cov aqueous daws ntawmsiab 760 mm Hg. Art. kub tshaj 100 ° C. Kev nce hauv qhov kub kub tshwm sim nrog kev nce hauv cov kua qaub.
Cov khoom muaj kua qaub ntawm cov khoom yog tshwm sim thaum cuam tshuam nrog cov oxides thiab cov hauv paus. H2SO4 yog dibasic acid, vim nws tuaj yeem tsim tau ob qho tib si sulfates (cov ntsev nruab nrab) thiab hydrosulfates (acid ntsev), feem ntau ntawm uas yog soluble hauv dej.
Cov khoom ntawm sulfuric acid tau pom meej meej tshaj plaws hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv redox. Qhov no yog vim lub fact tias nyob rau hauv muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm H2SO4 sulfur muaj lub siab tshaj plaws oxidation xeev (+6). Ib qho piv txwv ntawm qhov tshwm sim ntawm oxidizing zog ntawm sulfuric acid yog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog tooj liab:
Cu + 2H2SO4 =CuSO4 + 2H 2O + SO2.
Sulfur: muaj txiaj ntsig zoo
Sulfur yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm cov kab mob uas muaj sia nyob. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm cov amino acids (methionine thiab cysteine), enzymes thiab vitamins. Cov khoom no koom nrog hauv kev tsim cov qauv tertiary ntawm cov protein. Tus nqi ntawm chemically bound sulfur muaj nyob rau hauv cov protein ntau ntawm 0.8 mus rau 2.4% los ntawm qhov hnyav. Cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov khoom nyob rau hauv tib neeg lub cev yog hais txog 2 grams ib 1 kg ntawm qhov hnyav (uas yog, kwv yees li 0.2% yog sulfur).
Cov khoom muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm microelement tsis tuaj yeem raug overestimated. Tiv thaiv cov ntshav protoplasm, sulfur yog ib qho kev pab cuam ntawm lub cev hauv kev tawm tsam cov kab mob phem. Ntshav txhaws nyob ntawm nws qhov ntau, uas yog, cov khoom pabtuav ib theem txaus. Sulfur kuj tseem ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev tswj hwm cov txiaj ntsig ib txwm muaj ntawm cov kua tsib uas tsim los ntawm lub cev.
Feem ntau hu ua "kev zoo nkauj ntxhia" vim nws yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev noj qab haus huv ntawm daim tawv nqaij, rau tes thiab plaub hau. Sulfur muaj peev xwm tiv thaiv lub cev los ntawm ntau hom kev cuam tshuam ib puag ncig tsis zoo. Qhov no yuav pab kom qeeb cov txheej txheem kev laus. Sulfur ntxuav lub cev ntawm co toxins thiab tiv thaiv hluav taws xob, uas tseem ceeb tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau lub sijhawm tam sim no, muab qhov xwm txheej ib puag ncig tam sim no.
Tsis txaus ntawm microelements hauv lub cev tuaj yeem ua rau tsis zoo ntawm cov co toxins, txo kev tiv thaiv thiab kev loj hlob.
Sulfur yog koom nrog hauv cov kab mob photosynthesis. Nws yog ib feem ntawm bacteriochlorophyll, thiab hydrogen sulfide yog qhov chaw ntawm hydrogen.
Sulfur: cov khoom thiab kev siv lag luam
Cov leej faj siv dav tshaj plaws yog los tsim sulfuric acid. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov khoom ntawm cov khoom no ua rau nws muaj peev xwm siv tau rau vulcanization ntawm roj hmab, raws li ib tug fungicide nyob rau hauv kev ua liaj ua teb, thiab txawm raws li ib tug tshuaj (colloidal sulfur). Tsis tas li ntawd, sulfur yog siv rau kev tsim cov khoom sib tw thiab cov pyrotechnic compositions, nws yog ib feem ntawm cov sulfur-bitumen compositions rau zus tau tej cov sulfur asph alt.
