Nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm peb yuav tham txog ntoo ntoo. Peb yuav kawm txhua yam peb tuaj yeem nrhiav tau ntawm lub ncauj lus no. Tsob ntoo thiab tsob ntoo nroj tsuag yuav raug txiav txim siab hauv kev nthuav dav thiab txhua qib. Cov kab lus no muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau cov neeg paub dhau los thiab cov pib tshiab.
yog dab tsi?
Yog li, peb yuav tsum tau hais txog lub ntsiab lus ntawm kab lus. Cov ntoo ntoo yog dab tsi? Cov no yog cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov nroj tsuag uas muaj cov txheej txheem ntoo saum toj lossis hauv qab av. Lawv muab faib raws li qhov sib txawv. Lub ntsiab yog qhov kev loj hlob. Raws li hom no muaj vines, ntoo thiab shrubs. Hauv cov ntoo, lub cev yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws qhia. Nws loj hlob mus rau qhov loj. Ib tug yam ntxwv feature ntawm ntoo yog hais tias lawv yog ruaj. Shrubs loj hlob me, tab sis los ntawm cov hauv paus hniav lawv tua yuav luag zoo tib yam ceg ntoo, uas tsis muaj zog dua li ntoo.
Clianas yog cov nroj tsuag uas muaj stems ntev uas xav tau kev txhawb nqa. Cov no yog peb hom tseem ceeb, tab sis lwm yam tuaj yeem raug ntaus nqi rau cov ntoo ntoo. Piv txwv li, semi-shrubs, uas yog ib yam dab tsi nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm kev txiav tximherbaceous nroj tsuag. Semi-shrubs suav nrog xws li hom nroj tsuag uas ib nrab muaj cov tshuaj ntsuab, thiab ib nrab muaj cov ntoo. Sab sauv ntawm cov nroj tsuag feem ntau yog hloov kho txhua xyoo. Ua piv txwv, koj tuaj yeem noj raspberries thiab blackberries, nyob rau hauv uas lub stems, txawm tias tag nrho woody, tuag tawm nyob rau hauv lub xyoo ob.
Shrubs thiab semi-shrubs tau pom ntau yam thiab dav siv hauv tsev ntsuab. Txhawm rau tsim kom muaj kev sib xyaw ua ke zoo nkauj peb sab, cov ntoo feem ntau yog siv, thiab cov nroj tsuag yog suav tias yog cov khoom tseem ceeb ntxiv. Raws li lub hauv paus ntawm kev muaj pes tsawg leeg, cov hav txwv yeem ua thaum tsim cov khoom me me ntsuab hauv cov chaw ua si thiab cov squares, qhov chaw uas lawv muab faib ua ntau haiv neeg.
Cov nroj tsuag ntoo tuaj yeem yog deciduous lossis evergreen. Cov tom kawg yog them nrog nplooj los yog koob. Tsob ntoo yog kho tshiab tsis nyob rau hauv ib zaug, tab sis maj mam, uas tsim lub siab tias nws yog ntsuab tas li. Cov neeg sawv cev deciduous ntawm cov nroj tsuag tso lawv cov nplooj sai li sai tau thaum lub caij txias tuaj rau hauv huab cua sov lossis drought hauv tropics.
Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov yam ntxwv lom neeg no tsis tuaj yeem kwv yees ntau dhau. Lawv yog cov tseem ceeb tsis tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub tsev ntsuab, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv pej xeem tshuaj. Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum coj mus rau hauv tus account qhov tseeb tias qhov zoo ntawm cov khoom siv nyob ntawm qhov tsis tsuas yog nyob ntawm lub caij ntawm lub xyoo, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej uas cov nroj tsuag muaj. Txawm li cas los xij, ib tus yuav tsum nkag siab tias txhua tus yam ntxwv sab nraud yog qhov muaj zog, vim lawv nyob ntawm lub caij nyoog lossis hnub nyoog. Yog li ntawd nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev thiab tsuas yog yuav tsum tau siv cov ntoo ntoo, coj mus rau hauv tus account lawv cov roj ntshanta.
Morphology
Tsev neeg ntawm cov ntoo thiab tsob ntoo raws li cov yam ntxwv ntawm morphological tuaj yeem muab faib ua ntau pawg, uas suav nrog cov qauv ntawm lub cev, tua, nplooj thiab ceg, thiab lwm yam. Muaj peb hom ceg:
- Monopodial, thaum lub sij hawm lub hauv paus tua loj hlob los ntawm topmost bud, thaum lub sab tua tsis cuam tshuam nrog lub ntsiab. Hom no suav nrog maple, ntoo qhib, tshauv thiab cov nroj tsuag coniferous.
- Sympodial, thaum lub ntsiab tua pib tsim tsis los ntawm qhov siab tshaj plaws. Lub raum sab sauv tsuas tuag dhau sijhawm. Qhov no suav nrog birch, kua, linden, willow.
- False dichotomous, thaum lub sij hawm cov nroj tsuag loj hlob los ntawm ob tua, ob qho tib si ntawm cov uas nyob rau hauv qab ntawm lub Uppermost bud. Cov neeg sawv cev zoo tshaj plaws yog lilac.
Lub cev tseem ceeb yog dab tsi? Nws qia, nplooj thiab keeb kwm. Lub qia yog tua, vim muaj ob txoj kev txav ntawm cov as-ham ntawm nplooj thiab cov hauv paus hniav. Nyob rau sab saum toj ntawm lub qia yog ib tug bud, uas ib tug tshiab extension ntawm qia tsim txhua txhua xyoo tom ntej, ua rau cov nroj tsuag loj hlob upwards.
Lub cev yog lub hauv paus thiab ruaj khov tshaj plaws uas tag nrho cov yas nyob. Hauv ntau hom ntoo, nws tuaj yeem muaj li ntawm 50% txog 90%. Lub cev muaj cov ntoo, pith, bark thiab cambium. Lub bark yog sab nraud ntawm lub hauv paus thiab qia. Nws lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb yog tiv thaiv cov ntaub so ntswg los ntawm qhov tsis zoo sab nraud.ib puag ncig. Tsis tas li ntawd, lub bark yog tag nrho ntawm cov khoom cia uas yog tsim los ntawm nplooj. Kuv yuav tsum hais tias txhua tsob ntoo muaj nws cov tawv ntoo, cov tsos thiab cov qauv ntawm nws txawv nyob ntawm seb cov yam ntxwv lom thiab hnub nyoog ntawm cov nroj tsuag.
Nyob
Tsev neeg thiab genera ntawm woody thiab shrubby nroj tsuag muaj ntau yam nplooj. Nco qab tias nws tus kheej muaj ib lub petiole thiab ib phaj. Cov nplooj uas txuas nrog lub qia nrog lub petiole yog hu ua petiolate, thiab yog tias tsis yog, sessile. Nyob ntawm qhov pom ntawm lub phaj, ntau hom nplooj tuaj yeem paub qhov txawv:
- nyob rau hauv cov duab ntawm lub qe, nyob rau hauv uas qhov siab tshaj plaws dav yog nyob rau hauv qab, thiab qhov ntev yog ob peb zaug ntau dua qhov dav;
- lanceolate - qhov ntev yog 4 npaug ntau dua qhov dav, qhov dav tshaj plaws yog qis dua nruab nrab;
- oblanceolate - qhov dav tshaj plaws yog saum nruab nrab;
- obovate - nyob rau hauv cov duab ntawm lub qe, tab sis qhov siab tshaj plaws yog nyob rau saum;
- linear, uas qhov dav yog 4 npaug tsawg dua qhov ntev;
- oblong - qhov ntev ib txwm ob peb zaug ntau dua qhov dav;
- ncig - kwv yees li qhov ntev thiab dav tsis sib xws;
- oval - qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov ntev thiab dav tsis ntau tshaj 2 zaug.
Tsis tas li ntawd, cov nplooj tuaj yeem muab faib raws li qhov lawv muaj nyob ntawm lub hauv paus thiab sab saum toj. Txhua nplooj muaj qhov sib txawv. Nws tuaj yeem ua tau ruaj khov (uas yog, tsis muaj qhov tsis sib xws), serrated, tsis sib luag serrated, cov npoo tuaj yeem serrated (thaum cov hniav zoo li pom cov hniav), crenate (puab sib npaug.tooth shape), notched.
Qhov ntev ntawm nplooj ntawm cov ntoo ntoo tuaj yeem sib txawv heev. Cov nplooj loj tshaj plaws hauv qhov ntev ncav cuag ntau dua 40 cm, nruab nrab - txog 20 cm, me me - txog 10 cm. Nws tuaj yeem yog ci, agate, matte, waxy. Cov ntawv tuaj yeem yog qhov yooj yim lossis nyuaj. Ib nplooj ntoos yooj yim tsuas muaj ib lub petioles thiab ib tug hniav, thaum ib tug complex yuav muaj ob peb nplooj, uas yog txuas nrog me me petioles rau lub ntsiab ib.
Nkauj
Lub genus ntawm ntoo thiab tsob ntoo ntoo txiav txim siab lawv lub kaus mom. Tshwj xeeb, nws cov duab nyob ntawm seb hom branching thiab proportions ntawm txoj kev loj hlob nyob rau hauv dav thiab ntev. Muaj cov ntaub ntawv yooj yim ntawm cov yas - hauv daim ntawv ntawm lub pyramid, oval, qe, kaus mom, pob, quaj, curly, creeping, cushion thiab kis.
Pyramid-shaped crown muaj nyob rau hauv fir, spruce, cypress thiab poplar. Cov duab oval tuaj yeem khav theeb larch, txiv ntseej. Ib lub qe-puab crown yog pom nyob rau hauv ntoo thuv. Cov txiv apples thiab cov ntoo maple muaj cov duab puab; hauv ncoo - hauv cypress; creeping - ntawm juniper; sprawling - nyob rau hauv willow, ntoo qhib; kaus - nyob rau hauv Japanese maple. Ib hom kab txawv yog "bunches", uas yog, cov ntoo uas tsis muaj ceg. Lawv cov nplooj raug sau zoo li hauv ib pob thiab txuas nrog lub cev (dracaena, xibtes ntoo).
Qhov ntom ntawm cov yas feem ntau yog nyob ntawm qhov ntom ntawm cov ceg thiab qib ntawm nplooj. Muaj openwork thiab compact crowns. Cov thawj yog me ntsis translucent, yog li ntawd lawv tau siv nyob rau hauv toj roob hauv pes tsim thaum koj xav tau los tsim ib tug ventilated qauv. nruj crowns,xws li ntoo thuv, spruce, poplar los yog fir, lawv yog siv thaum nws yog tsim nyog los tsim kom txaus ntxoov ntxoo, ntuj suab rwb thaiv tsev. Cov kaus mom zoo li no muaj peev xwm cuab plua plav thiab cua.
Poj niam txiv neej yam ntxwv
Txawm hais tias cov genus ntawm cov ntoo ntoo, lawv yuav muaj qee qhov sib txawv ntawm poj niam txiv neej. Kev nkag siab txog cov subtleties no yog qhov tseem ceeb heev, vim tias ntau cov nroj tsuag tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev fab tshuaj thaum lub paj tawg paj, thiab qhov no, nyob rau hauv lem, nyob ntawm qhov twg thiab thaum twg txiv neej thiab poj niam paj tsim. Kev faib tawm tseem ceeb:
- Ntxhais neeg - cov nroj tsuag uas pib muaj ob qho tib si stamens thiab carpels, 70% ntawm hom no yog cov roses qus.
- Dioecious - txiv neej thiab poj niam paj. Ib qho piv txwv yog actinidia.
- Sterile - thaum tsis muaj stamen lossis pistil. Ib qho piv txwv yog viburnum bulldenezh.
Yuav ua li cas lwm hom nroj tsuag muaj? Xav txog:
- Monoecious, thaum muaj txiv neej thiab poj niam paj ntawm tib tsob nroj. Oak yog piv txwv.
- Dioecious nroj tsuag tsuas muaj poj niam lossis txiv neej nkaus xwb paj ntawm ib daim ntawv. Ib qho piv txwv yog hiav txwv buckthorn.
Ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm cov kab mob lom ntawm cov ntoo hauv tsev (tsiaj qus ib yam nkaus) yog tias kev faib cov paj ntawm poj niam thiab txiv neej ib txwm hloov. Ntxiv mus, txhua hom yuav muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm cov paj. Ntxiv mus, nws tuaj yeem hloov pauv txawm tias lub neej voj voog ntawm cov nroj tsuag. Qee cov nroj tsuag, xws li ntoo thuv, tsim cov poj niam cones rau ntau xyoo, thiab tom qab ntawd txiv neej.
Nws ntseeg tias muaj txiv hmab txiv ntoo ntaupoplar yog tshwm sim los ntawm qhov tseeb tias muaj hnub nyoog txog kev sib deev hloov. Nws tseem tsim nyog sau cia tias tag nrho cov paj yog nyob rau ntawm lub hauv paus ncov qaumteb qabteb. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom nkag siab tias kev sib deev ntawm cov nroj tsuag tuaj yeem hloov pauv nyob ntawm qhov cuam tshuam ntawm ntau yam kev nyab xeeb, spectral muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm lub teeb, huab cua kub, tus nqi ntawm cov organic thiab ntxhia tshuaj, thaum siv kev loj hlob regulators. Poj niam los txiv neej tej zaum yuav hloov vim tawg tawg.
Kev loj hlob thiab kev loj hlob
Nws muaj peev xwm faib cov nroj tsuag raws li kev siv ntawm lawv txoj kev loj hlob. Muaj cov neeg sawv cev nrawm nrawm ntawm cov nroj tsuag, uas txhua xyoo muaj qhov nce ntawm 1 m, loj hlob me me, uas qhov nce ntawm 0.5 m, qeeb-loj hlob, nws txoj kev loj hlob mus txog 0.5 m hauv ib xyoos. Qhov ntau ntawm txhua tus neeg sawv cev ntawm cov nroj tsuag yog qhov tseem ceeb heev. Nco qab tias qhov no yog thaj chaw uas cov nroj tsuag kawm tau loj hlob. Txhua qhov ntsuas ntawm kev loj hlob thiab kev loj hlob feem ntau yog nyob ntawm ib puag ncig ib puag ncig, xws li kev tswj hwm dej thiab teeb, kub, thiab av. Xav txog kev faib cov ntoo ntoo raws li qhov xav tau ntawm cov av noo:
- Hygrophytes. Yog li hu ua cov nroj tsuag uas xav tias zoo heev hauv cov av noo heev. Piv txwv li, willow.
- Mesophytes - cov nroj tsuag uas loj hlob zoo nrog cov dej noo txaus, tab sis tsis zam qhov ntau dhau thiab tsis muaj dej noo. Piv txwv li, ntoo qhib.
- Xerophytes yog cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov nroj tsuag uas loj hlob thiab loj hlob zoo txawm nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej ntawm cov dej tsis txaus. Piv txwv li, skumpiya.
Raws li av, uas yog, cov nroj tsuag uas xav tau alkaline txaj (boxwood) lossis acidic av (chestnut). Txawm li cas los xij, feem ntau cov ntoo ntoo loj hlob zoo txawm tias cov tshuaj tiv thaiv av.
Raws li lub xeev cov nroj tsuag thaum lub caij Frost, lawv muaj peb hom. Frost-resistant - cov uas muaj peev xwm nyob ntawm qhov kub ntawm -25 degrees; me ntsis Frost-resistant - uas tsis tuag thaum huab cua kub hloov pauv ntawm -15 txog -25 degrees; non-frost-resistant - cov nroj tsuag tuag yog tias qhov kub thiab txias poob qis dua 0 degrees. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov kev faib tawm no tsuas yog siv tau rau huab cua sov xwb, vim tias nyob rau thaj tsam yav qab teb cov nroj tsuag muaj lawv tus kheej cov yam ntxwv thiab, raws li, lwm cov txheej txheem rau Frost resistance.
Txoj Cai
Rau cov ntoo ntoo, qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog teeb pom kev zoo, nrog rau nws qhov zoo, kev siv zog thiab lub sijhawm. Muaj cov neeg sawv cev nyiam lub teeb, piv txwv li, birch, ntoo thuv lossis larch, thiab muaj cov ntxoov ntxoo-hloov, piv txwv li, yew, fir thiab linden. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov teeb pom kev zoo tseem ceeb heev rau ob hom. Nws paub tias thaum cov nroj tsuag tseem hluas, lawv zam qhov ntxoov ntxoo zoo dua. Txhawm rau kom cov nroj tsuag loj hlob zoo, nws yuav tsum tau txiav ib ntus. Qhov no yuav tsum tau ua los ntawm tus kws tshaj lij uas yuav nkag siab qhov sib piv zaum kawg ntawm qhov loj ntawm cov hauv paus hniav thiab cov yas. Nws ntseeg tau tias muaj peb lub ntsiab ntawm cov yas trimming: huv, molding, rejuvenating. Rau lovers, anti-aging pruning yog tsim nyog.
Yuav kom lub qia ntawm tsob ntoo ntoo thiab nws lwm qhov chaw kom loj hlob thiab txhim kho kom zoo, tsim nyog cov xwm txheej yuav tsum tau tsim. Feem ntau, nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm kev loj hlob thiab kev loj hlob, cov nroj tsuag yuav tshwm simteeb meem xav tau kev kho mob sab nraud. Vim muaj kev cuam tshuam tsis zoo ntawm ib puag ncig, qhov txhab, hollows thiab txiav yuav tshwm sim, uas muaj kev nyab xeeb hauv lawv tus kheej, tab sis lawv ua rau muaj ntau yam kab mob thiab cov txheej txheem purulent. Hauv qhov no, qhov kev puas tsuaj yuav tsum tau kho thiab kho qhov mob kom zoo.
Cov kab mob feem ntau yog kho nrog 5% tov ntawm tooj liab lossis hlau sulfate. Creosote roj los yog lwm yam khoom uas paub txog cov neeg txawj kos duab kuj tseem siv tau. Tom qab qhov chaw tau kho lawm, ib qho insulating "bandage" uas muaj cov sib txawv sib txawv yog siv rau hauv nws qhov chaw. Feem ntau nws yog silicone resin. Cement nrog xuab zeb los yog crumb roj hmab kuj yog siv rau qhov sib tov. Thaum tag nrho cov no hardens txaus, ces cov roj pleev xim yog siv rau saum, uas yog xaiv kom phim lub suab ntawm lub crown. Xws li subtleties yog nqa tawm tsuas yog tias lawv tsim nyog, uas yog, yog tias cov nroj tsuag no nyob rau hauv ib qho chaw pej xeem lossis hauv cov khoom lag luam.
Thaum tsaws, cov yam ntxwv lom neeg yuav tsum raug coj mus rau hauv tus account. Lub genus ntawm ntoo thiab shrubby nroj tsuag ntawm tsev neeg Sapindaceae, zoo li lwm yam genera, muaj nws tus yam ntxwv. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev uas yuav tsum tau coj mus rau hauv tus account qhov cuam tshuam ntawm teeb pom kev zoo thiab ntxoov ntxoo ntawm kev loj hlob thiab xim ntawm cov nroj tsuag. Rau kev tsim kho thaj chaw pej xeem hauv Asmeskas, cog ntoo hauv cov thawv tshwj xeeb yog siv. Hauv tebchaws Russia, cov txheej txheem zoo li no nyuam qhuav pib qhia.
Sapindaceae - ib hom ntoo thiab tsob ntoo
Sapindaceae yog tsob ntoo hom paj ntoo uasmus txog 2000 hom. Feem ntau loj hlob nyob rau hauv tropical thiab temperate huab cua. Lawv yog ntoo, shrubs thiab vines, tab sis qee zaum lawv tuaj yeem ua rau hauv cov nyom. Characterized los ntawm pinnate, ob npaug pinnate los yog trifoliate nplooj. Cov paj yog zoo li pyramid. Lawv muab tso ua ke rau hauv ib qho yooj yim los yog complex inflorescences nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug txhuam. Feem ntau cov tib-poj niam txiv neej thiab monoecious. Tsis tshua muaj ntau tus neeg sawv cev ntawm bisexual ntawm Sapindidae. Tag nrho cov genus yog qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo - nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm lub thawv nrog lub plhaub.
Daim ntawv thov
Tshwj xeeb, hais txog cov genus ntawm tsob ntoo ntoo ntawm tsev neeg Sapindaceae, nws yuav tsum tau hais tias lawv tuaj yeem tso kua txiv hmab txiv ntoo, uas tseem hu ua latex. Txawm li cas los xij, nws tsuas yog tso tawm yog tias cov nroj tsuag puas lawm. Noob, nplooj thiab cov hauv paus hniav yog nplua nuj nyob rau hauv ib nrab tshuaj lom tshuaj uas muaj soapy zog. Qee hom tuaj yeem noj tau (pulasan, lychee, mamonchillo).
Guarana noob muaj caffeine, uas yog siv hauv kev lag luam khoom noj. Cov noob no kuj yog siv los ua ib qho tshuaj, uas tshwj xeeb ntxiv rau cov qhob noom xim kasfes thiab siv los ua cov dej haus tonic.
Lub genus ntawm ntoo thiab tsob ntoo shrubby ntawm tsev neeg Sapindaceae thiab lwm tsev neeg tau txais kev siv zoo heev hauv kev tsim kho vaj tse. Peb tuaj yeem hais tias cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov nroj tsuag no yog cov nroj tsuag yooj yim hauv tsev ntsuab thiab toj roob hauv pes tsim.
