Qhov ntawm nceb ib txwm tsa ntau lo lus nug. Hauv kab lus no, peb yuav sim daws qhov no thiab kawm txog cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov kab mob fungal.
nceb yog dab tsi: nroj tsuag lossis tsiaj?
Txawm tias thawj ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, nceb tau muab cais ua cov nroj tsuag. Cov kev tshawb fawb ntxaws tau pom tias lawv tsis muaj cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb ntawm cov nroj tsuag, uas yog lub peev xwm rau photosynthesis, tab sis lawv muaj ntau yam nrog cov tsiaj. Tab sis qhov kev thov no kuj tau refuted. Xyoo 1969, cov kws tshawb fawb tau los xaus tias cov qauv ntawm cov kab mob fungal muaj nws tus kheej tshwj xeeb, uas txhais tau hais tias lawv yuav tsum raug ntaus nqi rau ib lub nceeg vaj ntawm cov tsiaj qus.
Kev lig kev cai, kev tshawb fawb ntawm mycology yog ib ceg ntawm botany. Zoo li feem ntau cov kab mob, fungi belongs rau super-kingdom ntawm eukaryotes, los yog nuclear. Lawv peculiarity nyob rau hauv lub synthesis ntawm qualities uas yog muaj nyob rau hauv lwm yam tsiaj. Zoo li cov nroj tsuag, lawv tsis muaj caj npab, ceg, qhov muag, kev ywj pheej txav kuj nyuaj rau lawv. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, fungi tsis muaj peev xwm tsim cov organic. Zoo li tsiaj, lawv noj lawv npaj.
Nov yog ib pab pawg lom zem tshaj plaws. Suav tag nrho cov hom uasmuaj nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no, nws yog ib qho nyuaj txawm rau cov kws tshwj xeeb. Cov lej muaj txij li 300 txhiab mus rau ntau lab. Mushrooms yog ib feem ntawm tag nrho cov av thiab dej ecosystems.
Structure of fungal cells
Qhov nruab nrab qhov loj ntawm cov kab mob fungal hauv txoj kab uas hla yog los ntawm 10 txog 100 microns. Sab nraud, nws yog ntim los ntawm lub plhaub muaj zog, lossis phab ntsa ntawm tes. Nws muaj polysaccharides, lipids, phosphates, yooj yim suab thaj, proteins, chitin thiab lwm yam khoom. Sab hauv, phab ntsa yog npog nrog cov plasma membrane, uas yog lub luag haujlwm rau cov metabolism thiab tswj lub siab.
Cov daim nyias nyias muaj cov kua dej - lub cytoplasm, uas muaj tag nrho cov organelles. Hauv daim ntawv me me hauv cytoplasm yog glycogen nrog cov khoom noj khoom haus. Lub hauv paus ntawm lub cell yog lub nucleus, nws muaj cov ntaub ntawv ntawm caj ces. Tej zaum yuav muaj ob peb ntawm lawv, nyob ntawm seb hom fungus. Qee zaum muaj nucleolus nyob rau hauv lub nucleus.
Cov qauv ntawm cov kab mob fungal kuj tseem muaj cov vacuoles, centrioles, mitochondria, lobas. Lawv muaj Golgi apparatus nrog rau nws ntau yam derivatives, xws li phagosomes thiab lysosomes. Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm tag nrho nws cov Cheebtsam yog cov tshuaj rov kho dua ntawm cov khoom zais cia. Lub endoplasmic reticulum yog sawv cev hauv cov kab mob fungal los ntawm kev sib txuas ntawm cov tubules thiab tubules uas ua haujlwm ntau. Ntawm lawv - tsub zuj zuj ntawm carbohydrates, neutralization ntawm tshuaj lom, synthesis ntawm cov tshuaj hormones.
Txoj kev ntawm cov qauv ntawm cov kab mob fungus yog nthuav tawm rau koj mloog saum toj no.
Cov yam ntxwv tshwj xeeb hauv cov qauv
Ua ke nrogHauv cov nroj tsuag thiab tsiaj txhu, cov fungi raug faib ua eukaryotes vim muaj cov nuclei hauv lawv cov hlwb. Hauv qhov no, cellular qauv ntawm cov kab mob no zoo ib yam. Tsiaj txhu thiab cov nroj tsuag muaj qhov sib txawv tshaj plaws, thaum cov qauv ntawm cov kab mob fungal yog ib yam nyob nruab nrab.
Lawv, zoo li cov nroj tsuag, muaj phab ntsa tawv tawv. Tsuas yog nws tsis muaj cellulose, tab sis ntawm chitin, uas muaj nyob rau hauv qee yam tsiaj (crayfish, kab, thiab lwm yam). Fungi tsis muaj chloroplasts thiab tsis tuaj yeem nqa tawm photosynthesis. Zoo li cov nroj tsuag, cov kab mob fungal muaj vacuoles, thiab glycogen es tsis txhob starch.
Lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm cov kab mob fungal thiab qee cov tsiaj yog qhov muaj chitin, nrog rau kev sib sau ntawm polysaccharide glycogen ua cov khoom noj. Cov neeg sawv cev ntawm ob lub nceeg vaj muaj cov khoom noj khoom haus heterotrophic. Tsiaj cov hlwb, tsis zoo li cov kab mob, tsis muaj vacuoles thiab cov phab ntsa ntawm tes, tshwj tsis yog rau daim nyias nyias.
Muab nceb
Ntawm cov ntau yam ntawm fungi yog pwm, scientifically - oomycetes. Lawv tsis txawv ntawm lwm hom pwm hlwb. Cov qauv ntawm cov kab mob no muaj qhov sib txawv sab nraud. Lawv tsis muaj cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo uas muaj lub cev (lub cev xeeb tub), zoo li lub kaus mom nceb. Txhua yam uas tuaj yeem pom ntawm qhov muag liab qab yog cov ceg ntoo heev mycelium, uas nyob rau hauv lub kaus mom fungus feem ntau nkaum hauv av. Cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo lub cev ntawm pwm yog qaug zog.
Lub ntsiab qhov txawv yog qhov loj me me. Cov kab mob no tau nthuav dav thoob plaws ntiaj teb. Pwm tau pom nyob rau hauv cov dej khov ntawm Antarctica. Cov fungi no rov tsim dua los ntawm spores thiab tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyiam cov dej noo. Lawv yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev muaj sia nyob siab thiab yoog raws rau ntau yam ib puag ncig. Txawm hluav taws xob tsis tua pwm. Muaj ntau hom uas tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev phom sij rau tib neeg thiab tsiaj txhu (aspergillosis, thiab lwm yam), thiab qee qhov siv los ua tshuaj tua kab mob (penicillin, cyclosporine).
Yeast
Ib hom nceb yog poov xab. Tsis zoo li lub kaus mom thiab pwm pwm, lawv feem ntau tsis tsim mycelium. Kev yug me nyuam ntawm cov tsiaj no tsis tshwm sim los ntawm spores, xws li hauv lawv "cov txheeb ze", tab sis los ntawm txoj kev cog qoob loo uas siv faib los yog budding. Qee hom ua mycelium, uas tuaj yeem tawg ua ib lub hlwb.
Cov poov xab muaj peev xwm decompose qab zib rau hauv carbon dioxide thiab cawv. Cov txheej txheem no hu ua fermentation. Thaum nws tau ua tiav, lub zog tsim nyog rau lub neej ntawm fungus raug tso tawm. Fermentation pab tsa lub khob noom cookie, ua rau nws ntxeem tau, uas yog vim li cas nws feem ntau siv ua noj.
Yeast xav tau ntawm ib puag ncig. Rau lawv, muaj suab thaj nyob rau hauv lub substrate yog ib qho tseem ceeb. Lawv muaj nyob rau saum npoo ntawm txiv hmab txiv ntoo thiab nplooj, nyob rau hauv tej yam ntuj tso reservoirs thiab av. Qee hom nyob hauv cov hnyuv ntawm cov kab uas noj ntoo.
