Arabic (alifba hauv Arabic) tus lej (uas yog, tsuas yog sau tus lej xwb) cov tsiaj ntawv sau siv rau Arabic thiab qee qhov lwm tus yog ib qho kev sau ntawv nyuaj tshaj plaws tam sim no. Niaj hnub nimno Arabic sau ntawv yog ib tug multi-vector phenomenon. Txawm li cas los xij, Arabic hieroglyphs tau raug thawb tawm ntawm thaj chaw ntawm kev sib txuas lus, qhov twg muaj lwm hom lus.
Lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev sau ntawv Arabic
Cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov ntawv Arabic:
- Sab laug - sau ib txwm mus ntawm sab xis mus rau sab laug.
- Ntau tus ntawv sau thiab cov ntawv sau npe - cov ntawv sau uas tau tsim los paub txog cov ntawv tsis zoo thiab tsim cov cim tshiab.
- Italic hom kev sau ntawv, tsis muaj "kev cai" thiab cov ntawv loj. Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov italic (confluence) ntawm kev sau ntawv Arabic tsis zoo ib yam: qee qhov Arabic hieroglyphs txuas nrog rau tus so tsuas yog sab laug lossis sab xis nkaus xwb.
- Allography - hloov cov tsos ntawm cov ntawv. Nws nyob ntawm lawv txoj haujlwm hauv lo lus - thaum kawg, nruab nrab, pib lossis cais.
Cov tsiaj ntawv Arabic niaj hnub no muaj nees nkaum yim tus lej thiab cov lus ib nrab, nrog rau cov ntawv sau hauv daim ntawvsuperscript lossis subscript dots, voj voog, dashes, ua rau hauv cov tsiaj ntawv system tom qab kev coj noj coj ua ntawm Islam, los paub txog qee cov tsiaj ntawv thiab cov suab, lossis qhia cov vowels txhawm rau txhawm rau xa cov ntawv nyeem ntawm Vaj Lug Kub.
History of Arabic sau
Hauv kev tshawb fawb, nws ntseeg tau tias cov ntawv Arabic tau tshwm sim los ntawm Nabataean tsab ntawv (plaub caug xyoo BC - thawj xyoo pua AD), tab sis cov kev lig kev cai qub ntawm Syriac sau ntawv yuav tsum tsis txhob txo qis, nrog rau qhov sib thooj sib thooj. ntawm cov ntawv los ntawm phau ntawv dawb huv "Avesta".
Yog li, cov tsiaj ntawv Arabic tau tshwm sim ua ntej qhov tshwm sim ntawm lub ntiaj teb kev ntseeg li Islam. Nyob rau hauv lub Soviet Union, kev sau ntawv raws li nyob rau hauv lub Arabic tsab ntawv raug txwv nyob rau hauv 1928 los ntawm ib tug decree ntawm lub Central Executive Committee thiab lub Council of People's Commissars, thiab cov sau phau ntawv ntawm niaj hnub Arabic cov tsiaj ntawv raug txwv. Qhov tseeb nthuav yog tias tsis muaj qhov twg, tshwj tsis yog Tatar SSR, kev hloov ntawm cov duab Arabic (alifba) nrog cov ntawv Latin (yanalif) tsis ua rau muaj kev tawm tsam ntau. Raws li kev txheeb cais, kwv yees li xya feem pua ntawm cov neeg hauv ntiaj teb siv cov cim Arabic.
lus Arabic: nws qhov tseem ceeb thoob ntiaj teb
Arabic (Arabic اللغة العربية, nyeem li "al-luġa al-ʿarabiya") yog cov lus ntawm Semitic ceg ntawm tsev neeg Afro-Asiatic lus. Tus naj npawb ntawm cov neeg hais lus ntawm hom lus no thiab nws cov lus yog kwv yees li peb puas lab (raws li thawj hom lus), thiab lwm tsib caug lab tus tib neeg siv Arabic ua hom lus thib ob rau kev sib txuas lus. ClassicalArabic - cov lus ntawm lub Vaj Kaulees - yog lossi siv nyob rau hauv kev cai dab qhuas processions thiab thov Vajtswv los ntawm adherents ntawm Islam nyob ib ncig ntawm lub ntiaj teb no (tag nrho cov Muslims yog hais txog ib thiab ib nrab billion). Txij thaum ancient sij hawm, nws tau txawv los ntawm nws cov lus tseem ceeb branching thiab ntau haiv neeg.
Cov lus ntawm Arabic
Niaj hnub nimno cov lus Arabic tau muab faib ua tsib pawg lus, uas yog cov lus tseem ceeb cais los ntawm qhov kev xav ntawm kev xav:
- Maghrebi variants of dialects.
- Sudanese-Egyptian lus.
- Iraqi-Mesopotamian dialects.
- pab pawg lus Arabian.
- Central Asian dialect pawg.
Cov lus Maghreb yog nyob rau pawg sab hnub poob, lwm tus yog pawg sab hnub tuaj ntawm cov lus Arabic. Cov lus Arabic yog cov lus hauv lub xeev nyob rau nees nkaum ob lub tebchaws sab hnub tuaj, uas tau muab nws txoj cai raws li txoj cai thiab tau siv rau hauv kev tswj hwm thiab tsev hais plaub.
Lub Quran raws li lub hauv paus ntawm tsab ntawv Arabic
Nyob hauv lus dab neeg Arabic, tus yawm Allah tsim cov ntawv thiab muab rau Adas, nkaum ntawm cov tim tswv. Tus tsim ntawm tsab ntawv Arabic yog qee zaum suav tias yog tus Yaj Saub Muhammad, uas tsis tuaj yeem sau thiab nyeem tau, lossis nws tus pab cuam tus kheej.
Raws li cov lus Arabic kev lig kev cai, cov ntawv Arabic nws tus kheej yog tsim nyob rau hauv lub nroog Hira, lub nroog tseem ceeb ntawm lub xeev Dahmid, thiab tau txais kev txhim kho ntxiv nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua xya, thaum lub sij hawm thawj cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lub Kaulees (651d.).
The Qur'an (los ntawm Arabic li قُرْآن - nyeem) tuaj yeem luam tawm raws li lub npe ntawm Phau Vaj Lug Kub Npaiv Npaum lossis Lo Lus Blessed. Nws muaj ib puas thiab kaum plaub tshooj tsis txheeb (suras hauv Arabic). Surahs, nyob rau hauv lem, yog tsim los ntawm verses (verses) thiab teem nyob rau hauv nqe lus nug ntawm tus naj npawb ntawm verses.
In 631 AD Cov tub rog-kev cai dab qhuas lub xeev ntawm Arab Caliphate tau tsim, thiab cov ntawv Arabic tau txais qhov tseem ceeb hauv ntiaj teb, thiab tam sim no nws tseem nyob hauv Middle East. Lub peev ntawm Arabic lus Askiv yog Iraq (lub nroog ntawm Basra thiab Kufa).
Nyob rau xyoo pua xya, ib tug neeg nyob hauv Basra, Abul-Aswad-ad-Duali, tau qhia ntxiv cov cim rau hauv Arabic hieroglyphs los sau cov lus luv luv. Nyob ib ncig ntawm lub sijhawm tib lub sijhawm, Nasr ibn-Asym thiab Yahya ibn-Yamara tau tsim cov txheej txheem ntawm kev hais lus kom paub qhov txawv ntawm ntau cov duab zoo sib xws hauv kev sau ntawv.
Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua yim, ib tug neeg nyob hauv lub nroog Basra, Al-Khalil ibn-Ahmed, txhim kho kev sau ntawv luv luv. Nws qhov system tau nqis los rau tam sim no thiab feem ntau yog siv thaum sau cov ntawv ntawm Kaulees, cov ntawv sau nkauj thiab cov ntawv kawm.
Arabic cim thiab lawv lub ntsiab lus
Cov piv txwv nto moo tshaj plaws ntawm Arabic yog cov lus hauv qab no:
- الحب - hlub;
- راحة - kev nplij siab;
- السعادة - zoo siab;
- الازدهار - nyob zoo;
- فرح - kev xyiv fab (zoo siab);
- الأسرة - tsev neeg.
Arabic hieroglyphs nrog kev txhais ua lus Lavxias yog qhov yooj yim nrhiav hauv kev kawm cov phau ntawv txhais lus. Muaj ntau cov ntawv sau thawj zaug hauv Arabic (los ntawm Arabic خط hatṭ "kab"), qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog:
- naskh (نسخ "copy"), suav tias yog kev sau ntawv Arabic classical thiab siv hauv kev sau ntawv;
- nastaliq tshwj xeeb tshaj yog kev hwm hauv Iran, qhov twg Shiite Islam tshwm sim;
- Maghrebi (lub teb chaws xws li Morocco, Algeria, Libya, Tunisia);
- kufi (Arab. كوفي, los ntawm thaj chaw lub npe ntawm lub nroog Kufa) - cov kws tshawb fawb suav tias nws yog tus sau ntawv qub tshaj plaws, nws cov yam ntxwv yog me me thiab ua kom zoo.
Arabic cim nrog kev txhais
Cia peb saib qee qhov piv txwv ntawm cov lus Arabic. Cov cim Arabic thiab lawv lub ntsiab lus hauv Lavxias yeej ib txwm muab nrog cov ntawv sau kom raug.
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Ntau yam ntawm Arabic sau ntawv
Tau ntau pua xyoo, qhov kev xav ntawm kev sau ntawv Arabic tau pib hauv paus - cov kev taw qhia ntawm cov ntawv mus rau kab hauv ib kab, ntawm ob qho tib si ntawm cov dots tau sau tsis zoo. Nws ntseeg tau tias tsab ntawv Arabic tau cuam tshuam qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov txheej txheem sau niaj hnub ntawm shorthand thiab coding.
Ntau tus neeg sau ntawv ntawm cov lus Arabic kuj tuaj yeem piav qhia los ntawm nws cov yam ntxwv tshwj xeeb thiab hom lus sib txawv. Nyob rau hauv ib ncig ntawm lub Maghreb sau, ib co kws tshawb fawb tau pom ib tug Berber-Libyan cawv, nyob rau hauv kab pheeb ces kaum "nastaliq" - ib tug keeb kwm ntawm lub Avestan sau.
Cov ntawv sau lus Arabic tau txais cov lus qhia tau hais ntau tshaj plaws hauv Central Asia, qhov twg, tej zaum, lawv tau qhia rau Suav square handwriting Shanfan-daczhuan, nrog rau Tibetan sau ntawv Pakba. Ntau lub tshuab sau ntawv tau cuam tshuam cov cim Arabic. Cov duab ntawm Arabica tuaj yeem pom ob qho tib si hauv kab lus thiab hauv cov ntawv tshwj xeeb.
