Lub neej raws li cov txheej txheem lom neeg yog ib qho thoob plaws hauv biosphere, thiab nws muaj nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntsiab lus. Yog li ntawd, ntau hom kev ua neej, nrog rau ntau yam qauv ntawm cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov tsiaj txhu, muaj qhov sib xws tseem ceeb. Ib feem, lawv tau muab los ntawm ib qho keeb kwm lossis kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov haujlwm zoo sib xws. Hauv cov ntsiab lus no, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog los tshuaj xyuas kom meej tias qhov zoo sib xws ntawm mitochondria thiab chloroplasts yog dab tsi, txawm hais tias thaum xub thawj siab ib muag cov cell organelles muaj me me.
YMitochondria
Mitochondria yog hu ua ob-membrane cellular qauv ua lub luag haujlwm rau lub zog ntawm cov nucleus thiab organelles. Lawv muaj nyob rau hauv lub hlwb ntawm cov kab mob, nroj tsuag, fungi thiab tsiaj. Lawv yog lub luag haujlwm rau kev ua pa ntawm tes, uas yog, qhov kawg assimilation ntawm oxygen, los ntawm qhov tshwm sim ntawm biochemical transformation, lub zog yog muab rho tawm los ntawm cov synthesis ntawm macroergs. Qhov no ua tiavLos ntawm kev xa cov nqi hla ntawm mitochondrial membrane thiab enzymatic oxidation ntawm qabzib.
YChloroplast
Chloroplast yog cov cell organelles ntawm cov nroj tsuag, qee cov kab mob photosynthetic thiab protists. Cov no yog cellular ob-membrane qauv uas cov piam thaj yog synthesized siv lub zog ntawm lub hnub ci. Cov txheej txheem no tau ua tiav los ntawm kev hloov pauv ntawm photon zog thiab qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv enzymatic cuam tshuam nrog kev hloov pauv ntawm cov nqi hla ntawm daim nyias nyias. Qhov tshwm sim ntawm photosynthesis yog kev siv cov pa roj carbon dioxide, cov synthesis ntawm qabzib thiab tso tawm molecular oxygen.
Zoo sib xws ntawm mitochondria thiab chloroplasts
Chloroplast thiab mitochondria yog cell organelles nrog ob daim nyias nyias. Thawj txheej tiv thaiv lawv los ntawm cytoplasm ntawm lub xov tooj ntawm tes, thiab qhov thib ob yog tsim ntau folds uas cov txheej txheem them nqi hloov pauv. Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm lawv txoj hauj lwm zoo ib yam, tab sis qhia nyob rau hauv ntau cov lus qhia. Hauv mitochondria, qabzib yog enzymatically oxidized siv oxygen, thiab carbon dioxide ua raws li cov khoom siv tshuaj tiv thaiv. Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev hloov pauv, lub zog kuj tseem ua ke.
Hauv chloroplasts, cov txheej txheem thim rov qab tau pom - kev sib txuas ntawm cov piam thaj thiab tso tawm cov pa oxygen los ntawm carbon dioxide nrog kev siv lub teeb lub zog. Qhov no yog qhov sib txawv ntawm cov organelles, tab sis tsuas yog cov kev taw qhia ntawm cov txheej txheem txawv. Nws electrochemistry yuav luag zoo tib yam, txawm tias txawvintermediaries.
Koj tseem tuaj yeem xav txog qhov sib xws ntawm mitochondria thiab chloroplasts yog dab tsi. Nws nyob hauv kev tswj hwm ntawm cov organelles, txij li lawv txawm muaj lawv tus kheej DNA molecule, uas khaws cov lej rau cov qauv proteins thiab cov enzymes. Ob lub organelles muaj lawv tus kheej lub cuab yeej siv rau biosynthesis protein, yog li chloroplasts thiab mitochondria muaj peev xwm muab lawv tus kheej nrog cov enzymes tsim nyog thiab kho lawv cov qauv.
CV
Qhov zoo sib xws ntawm mitochondria thiab chloroplasts yog lawv txoj kev ywj pheej hauv lub cell. Sib cais los ntawm cytoplasm los ntawm ob daim nyias nyias thiab muaj lawv tus kheej complex ntawm biosynthetic enzymes, lawv nyob rau hauv tsis muaj txoj kev nyob ntawm lub cell. Lawv kuj muaj lawv tus kheej cov noob caj noob ces, thiab yog li ntawd tuaj yeem suav hais tias yog cov kab mob muaj sia nyob. Muaj ib txoj kev tshawb xav phylogenetic uas nyob rau theem pib ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm lub neej unicellular, mitochondria thiab chloroplasts yog cov prokaryotes yooj yim tshaj plaws.
Nws hais tias nyob rau qee lub sijhawm lawv tau nqus los ntawm lwm lub xovtooj. Vim muaj qhov sib cais ntawm daim nyias nyias, lawv tsis raug cais, dhau los ua lub zog pub rau "tus tswv". Nyob rau hauv cov chav kawm ntawm evolution, vim yog kev sib pauv ntawm cov noob nyob rau hauv pre-nuclear kab mob, DNA ntawm chloroplasts thiab mitochondria tau koom ua ke rau hauv genome ntawm tus tswv cell. Txij thaum ntawd los, lub cell nws tus kheej tuaj yeem sib sau cov organelles, yog tias lawv tsis hloov mus rau nws thaum lub sij hawm mitosis.
