Organella yog ib qho kev tsim nyob rau hauv lub cell uas ua tau tej yam dej num. Lawv kuj hu ua organelles. Ib qho organelle yog qhov tso cai rau lub cell nyob. Ib yam li tsiaj thiab tib neeg yog tsim los ntawm cov kabmob, yog li txhua lub cell yog tsim los ntawm organelles. Lawv muaj ntau haiv neeg thiab ua txhua yam haujlwm uas ua kom lub neej ntawm tes: qhov no yog cov metabolism, thiab lawv cia, thiab faib.
organelles yog dab tsi?
Organella yog ib qho qauv tsim. Qee tus ntawm lawv tuaj yeem muaj lawv tus kheej DNA thiab RNA. Tag nrho cov hlwb muaj mitochondria, ribosomes, lysosomes, cell center, Golgi apparatus (complex), thiab endoplasmic reticulum (reticulum). Cov nroj tsuag kuj muaj cov kab mob tshwj xeeb ntawm tes: vacuoles thiab plastids. Qee tus kuj xa mus rau microtubules thiab microfilaments li organelles.
Ib qho organelle yog ribosome, vacuole, cell center, thiab lwm yam. Cia peb saib ze dua ntawm cov qauv thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm organelles.
YMitochondria
Cov organelles muab lub zog ntawm tes - lawv muaj lub luag haujlwm rau kev ua pa ntawm tes. Lawv muaj nyob rau hauv cov nroj tsuag, tsiaj txhu, thiab fungi. Cov cell organelles muaj ob daim nyias nyias: sab nrauv thiab sab hauv, nruab nrab ntawm qhov muaj qhov chaw nruab nrab. Dab tsi hauv lub plhaub yog hu ua matrix. Nws muaj ntau yamEnzymes yog cov tshuaj uas yuav tsum tau ua kom ceev cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Sab hauv daim nyias nyias muaj folds - cristae. Nws yog rau lawv tias cov txheej txheem ntawm cellular respiration tshwm sim. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov matrix ntawm mitochondria muaj mitochondrial DNA (mDNA) thiab mRNA, nrog rau cov ribosomes, yuav luag zoo ib yam li cov uas muaj los ntawm cov hlwb prokaryotic.
Ribosome
Cov organelle no yog lub luag haujlwm rau cov txheej txheem ntawm kev txhais lus, uas cov protein yog tsim los ntawm tus kheej cov amino acids. Cov qauv ntawm cov organelle ntawm ribosome yog yooj yim dua li ntawm mitochondria - nws tsis muaj daim nyias nyias. Cov organoid no muaj ob feem (subunits) - me thiab loj. Thaum cov ribosome tsis ua haujlwm, lawv tau sib cais, thiab thaum nws pib tsim cov protein, lawv sib sau ua ke. Ob peb ribosomes kuj tuaj yeem tuaj ua ke yog tias cov saw hlau polypeptide tsim los ntawm lawv ntev heev. Cov qauv no hu ua "polyribosome".
Lysosomes
Lub luag haujlwm ntawm organelles ntawm hom no tau txo qis rau kev siv ntawm cellular digestion. Lysosomes muaj ib daim nyias nyias, nyob rau hauv uas muaj enzymes - catalysts rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Qee lub sij hawm cov organelles tsis tsuas yog zom cov as-ham, tab sis kuj zom tag nrho cov organelles. Qhov no tuaj yeem tshwm sim thaum lub sijhawm tshaib plab ntev ntawm tes thiab tso cai rau nws nyob rau qee lub sijhawm ntxiv. Txawm hais tias cov as-ham tseem tsis pib ntws, lub cell tuag.
Cell center: qauv thiab kev ua haujlwm
Lub cev no muajlos ntawm ob qhov chaw - centrioles. Cov no yog formations nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm lub tog raj kheej, muaj microtubules. Lub cell center yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev organelle. Nws koom nrog hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tsim cov fission spindle. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws yog qhov chaw nruab nrab ntawm microtubule lub koom haum.
Golgi Apparatus
Qhov no yog qhov nyuaj ntawm cov hnab ntim membranous hu ua cisterns. Lub luag haujlwm ntawm cov organoid no yog cais, khaws cia thiab hloov qee yam khoom. Feem ntau cov carbohydrates yog synthesized ntawm no, uas yog ib feem ntawm glycocalyx.
qauv thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm endoplasmic reticulum
Qhov no yog lub network ntawm cov hlab thiab cov hnab ris ib puag ncig los ntawm ib daim nyias nyias. Muaj ob hom endoplasmic reticulum: du thiab ntxhib. Ribosomes nyob rau saum npoo ntawm lub tom kawg. Smooth thiab ntxhib reticulum ua haujlwm sib txawv. Thawj yog lub luag haujlwm rau kev sib txuas ntawm cov tshuaj hormones, khaws cia thiab hloov pauv ntawm carbohydrates. Tsis tas li ntawd, lub rudiments ntawm vacuoles yog tsim nyob rau hauv nws - organelles yam ntxwv ntawm cov nroj tsuag hlwb. Qhov ntxhib endoplasmic reticulum muaj ribosomes ntawm nws qhov chaw uas tsim cov saw polypeptide los ntawm cov amino acids. Tom qab ntawd nws nkag mus rau hauv endoplasmic reticulum, thiab ntawm no yog ib qho chaw thib ob, tertiary thiab quaternary qauv ntawm cov protein yog tsim (cov saw twists hauv txoj kev yog).
Vacuoles
Cov no yog cov cog cell organelles. Lawv muaj ib daim nyias nyias. Lawv khaws cov kua cell. Lub vacuole yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev tswj cov turgor. Nws kujkoom nrog hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm osmosis. Tsis tas li ntawd, muaj contractile vacuoles. Lawv feem ntau pom muaj nyob rau hauv ib leeg-hlwb cov kab mob uas nyob hauv lub cev dej thiab ua cov twj uas tso kua dej ntau dhau ntawm lub xov tooj.
Plastids: ntau yam, qauv thiab ua haujlwm
Cov no kuj yog cov cog cell organelles. Lawv muaj peb hom: leukoplasts, chromoplasts thiab chloroplasts. Cov qub ua haujlwm khaws cia cov khoom noj khoom haus, feem ntau yog cov hmoov txhuv nplej siab. Chromoplasts muaj ntau yam xim. Ua tsaug rau lawv, cov paj ntawm cov nroj tsuag muaj ntau xim. Lub cev xav tau qhov no thawj qhov chaw thiaj li nyiam cov kab pollinating.
Chloroplast yog plastids tseem ceeb tshaj plaws. Lawv feem ntau pom nyob rau hauv nplooj thiab stems ntawm cov nroj tsuag. Lawv yog lub luag hauj lwm rau photosynthesis - ib tug saw ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv thaum lub sij hawm lub cev tau txais cov organic tshuaj los ntawm inorganic tshuaj. Cov organelles no muaj ob daim nyias nyias. Lub chloroplast matrix hu ua stroma. Nws muaj plastid DNA, RNA, enzymes, thiab starch inclusions. Chloroplasts muaj thylakoids - membrane formations nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib npib. Nyob rau hauv lawv, photosynthesis tshwm sim. Nws kuj muaj chlorophyll, uas ua hauj lwm raws li ib tug catalyst rau chemical tshuaj. Cov thylakoids ntawm chloroplasts tau ua ke rau hauv pawg - grana. Tsis tas li ntawd nyob rau hauv lub organelles yog lamellae, uas txuas ib tug neeg thylakoids thiab muab kev sib txuas ntawm lawv.
Organelles of txav
Lawv feem ntau yog rau cov kab mob unicellular. Cov no suav nrog flagella thiab cilia. Cov qub yog tam sim no nyob rau hauv euglena, trypanosomes,chlamydomonas. Flagella kuj muaj nyob rau hauv cov tsiaj spermatozoa. Ciliates thiab lwm yam kab mob unicellular muaj cilia.
YMicrotubules
Lawv muab kev thauj khoom, nrog rau cov duab ntawm tes mus tas li. Qee cov kws tshawb fawb tsis cais cov microtubules li organelles.
