Ib lub xovtooj yog ib theem ntawm lub koom haum ntawm cov khoom muaj sia, ib qho kev ywj pheej biosystem uas muaj cov yam ntxwv ntawm txhua yam muaj sia. Yog li, nws tuaj yeem txhim kho, sib npaug, txav, hloov pauv thiab hloov pauv. Tsis tas li ntawd, txhua lub hlwb muaj cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov metabolism, cov qauv tshwj xeeb, kev ua kom zoo ntawm cov qauv thiab kev ua haujlwm.
Kev tshawb fawb uas kawm hlwb yog cytology. Nws cov ntsiab lus yog cov qauv ntawm cov tsiaj txhu thiab cov nroj tsuag, cov kab mob unicellular - cov kab mob, protozoa thiab algae, muaj tib lub cell.
Yog tias peb tham txog lub koom haum dav dav ntawm cov txheej txheem ntawm cov kab mob muaj sia, lawv muaj lub plhaub thiab lub hauv paus nrog lub nucleolus. Lawv kuj suav nrog cell organelles, cytoplasm. Txog rau tam sim no, ntau txoj kev tshawb fawb tau tsim kho, tab sis microscopy tuav txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb, uas tso cai rau koj los kawm cov qauv ntawm cov hlwb thiab tshawb xyuas nws cov qauv tseem ceeb.
Dab tsi yog organoid?
Organoids (lawv tseem hu ua organelles) yog cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm txhua lub cell uasua kom tiav thiab ua qee yam haujlwm. Cov no yog cov qauv uas tseem ceeb heev kom nws mus.
Organoids suav nrog cov nucleus, lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum thiab Golgi complex, vacuoles thiab vesicles, mitochondria, ribosomes, thiab cell center (centrosome). Qhov no kuj suav nrog cov qauv uas tsim cov cytoskeleton ntawm tes (microtubules thiab microfilaments), melanosomes. Cais, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum tau cais tawm cov organelles ntawm kev txav mus los. Cov no yog cilia, flagella, myofibrils thiab pseudopods.
Txhua cov qauv no muaj kev sib txuas thiab ua kom muaj kev sib koom tes ntawm cov hlwb. Yog vim li cas lo lus nug: "Dab tsi yog organoid?" - koj tuaj yeem teb tau tias qhov no yog ib feem uas tuaj yeem sib npaug rau lub cev ntawm ntau lub cev.
Kev faib tawm ntawm cov organelles
Cells txawv ntawm qhov loj thiab cov duab, nrog rau lawv txoj haujlwm, tab sis tib lub sijhawm lawv muaj cov qauv tshuaj zoo sib xws thiab tib lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm lub koom haum. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov lus nug ntawm dab tsi ib qho organoid yog dab tsi thiab cov qauv dab tsi nws yog qhov sib cav heev. Piv txwv li, lysosomes lossis vacuoles qee zaum tsis raug cais ua cell organelles.
Yog tias peb tham txog kev faib tawm ntawm cov khoom siv ntawm tes, ces tsis yog-membrane thiab membrane organelles txawv. Tsis yog-membrane - qhov no yog lub cell center thiab ribosomes. Cov organelles ntawm lub zog (microtubules thiab microfilaments) kuj tsis muaj daim nyias nyias.
Cov qauv ntawm cov membrane organelles yog nyob ntawm seb muaj cov kab mob lom. Ib leeg-membrane thiab ob-membrane organelles muaj lub plhaub nrog ib tus qauv, uas muajob txheej ntawm phospholipids thiab protein molecules. Nws cais cov cytoplasm los ntawm ib puag ncig sab nraud, pab lub cell tswj nws cov duab. Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias ntxiv rau daim nyias nyias, nyob rau hauv cov nroj tsuag hlwb tseem muaj cov cellulose txheej txheej, uas yog hu ua phab ntsa cell. Nws ua haujlwm txhawb nqa.
Membrane organelles suav nrog EPS, lysosomes thiab mitochondria, nrog rau lysosomes thiab plastids. Lawv daim nyias nyias tuaj yeem sib txawv hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm cov protein.
Yog tias peb tham txog lub peev xwm ua haujlwm ntawm cov organelles, ces qee qhov ntawm lawv muaj peev xwm ua ke qee yam tshuaj. Yog li, tseem ceeb organelles ntawm synthesis yog mitochondria, nyob rau hauv uas ATP yog tsim. Ribosomes, plastids (chloroplasts) thiab ntxhib endoplasmic reticulum yog lub luag haujlwm rau kev sib txuas ntawm cov protein, tus ER du yog lub luag haujlwm rau kev sib txuas ntawm lipids thiab carbohydrates.
Cia peb xav txog cov qauv thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm organelles kom ntxaws ntxiv.
Core
Cov kab mob no tseem ceeb heev vim tias thaum nws raug tshem tawm, cov hlwb tsis ua haujlwm thiab tuag.
Lub nucleus muaj ob daim nyias nyias, uas muaj ntau qhov pores. Nrog kev pab los ntawm lawv, nws yog zoo txuam nrog endoplasmic reticulum thiab cytoplasm. Cov organelle no muaj chromatin - chromosomes, uas yog ib tug complex ntawm proteins thiab DNA. Muab qhov no, peb tuaj yeem hais tau tias nws yog lub hauv paus uas yog lub cev muaj lub luag haujlwm tswj hwm cov genome.
Cov kua ib feem ntawm lub nucleus hu ua karyoplasm. Nws muaj cov khoom ntawm cov haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm cov qauv ntawm cov nucleus. Lub densest cheeb tsam yog lub nucleolus, uas tsev ribosomes, complex proteins thiabRNA, nrog rau cov poov tshuaj, magnesium, zinc, hlau thiab calcium phosphates. Lub nucleolus ploj mus ua ntej kev faib cell thiab raug tsim dua nyob rau theem kawg ntawm cov txheej txheem no.
YEndoplasmic reticulum (reticulum)
EPS yog ib leeg-membrane organelle. Nws nyob ib nrab ntawm lub xov tooj ntawm tes thiab muaj cov tubules thiab cisterns uas txuas rau ib leeg, nrog rau cov cytoplasmic membrane thiab lub plhaub sab nraud ntawm lub nucleus. Lub membrane ntawm cov organoid no muaj cov qauv zoo ib yam li cov plasmalemma. Cov qauv no yog ib qho tseem ceeb thiab tsis qhib rau hauv cytoplasm.
Lub endoplasmic reticulum yog du thiab granular (ntxhib). Ribosomes nyob rau ntawm lub plhaub sab hauv ntawm granular ER, nyob rau hauv uas protein synthesis tshwm sim. Tsis muaj ribosomes nyob rau saum npoo ntawm cov endoplasmic reticulum du, tab sis carbohydrate thiab rog synthesis tshwm sim ntawm no.
Txhua yam khoom uas tsim nyob rau hauv endoplasmic reticulum yog thauj los ntawm lub cev ntawm tubules thiab tubules mus rau lawv qhov chaw, qhov chaw uas lawv tau khaws cia thiab tom qab siv ntau yam txheej txheem biochemical.
Muab lub peev xwm ua ke ntawm EPS, qhov ntxhib reticulum nyob hauv cov hlwb uas nws lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb yog tsim cov proteins, thiab cov reticulum du yog nyob rau hauv cov hlwb uas tsim cov carbohydrates thiab cov rog. Tsis tas li ntawd, calcium ions nyob rau hauv lub reticulum du, uas yog tsim nyog rau lub cev ua hauj lwm ntawm lub hlwb los yog lub cev tag nrho.
Nws tseem yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias ER yog qhov chaw ntawm kev tsim ntawm Golgi apparatus.
Lysosomes, lawv txoj haujlwm
Lysosomes yog cellular organelles,uas yog sawv cev los ntawm ib leeg-membrane puag ncig-zoo li lub hnab nrog hydrolytic thiab digestive enzymes (proteases, lipases thiab nucleases). Cov ntsiab lus ntawm lysosomes yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm ib puag ncig acidic. Cov membranes ntawm cov formations cais lawv los ntawm cytoplasm, tiv thaiv kev puas tsuaj ntawm lwm yam txheej txheem ntawm cov hlwb. Thaum cov enzymes ntawm lysosome raug tso tawm rau hauv cytoplasm, cell self-destructs - autolysis.
Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias cov enzymes feem ntau yog tsim los ntawm cov tawv nqaij endoplasmic reticulum, tom qab ntawd lawv tsiv mus rau Golgi apparatus. Ntawm no lawv tau hloov kho, tau ntim rau hauv daim nyias nyias vesicles thiab pib sib cais, dhau los ua cov khoom ntiag tug ntawm cov cell - lysosomes, uas yog thawj thiab thib ob.
Primary lysosomes yog cov qauv uas cais los ntawm Golgi apparatus, thaum theem nrab (digestive vacuoles) yog cov uas tsim los ntawm kev sib xyaw ntawm thawj lysosomes thiab endocytic vacuoles.
Muab cov qauv no thiab lub koom haum, peb tuaj yeem paub qhov txawv ntawm cov haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm lysosomes:
- kev zom ntawm ntau yam khoom hauv cell;
- kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov qauv cellular uas tsis xav tau;
- kev koom tes hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm tes rov tsim dua.
Vacuoles
Vacuoles yog ib leeg-membrane kheej kheej organelles uas yog reservoirs ntawm dej thiab organic thiab inorganic compounds yaj nyob rau hauv nws. Golgi apparatus thiab EPS koom nrog hauv kev tsim cov qauv no.
Nyob hauv cov tsiaj cell vacuolesMe me. Lawv me me thiab nyob tsis pub ntau tshaj 5% ntawm qhov ntim. Lawv lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb yog txhawm rau txhawm rau thauj khoom thoob plaws hauv lub cell.
Vacuoles ntawm cov nroj tsuag cell yog loj thiab nyob mus txog 90% ntawm cov ntim. Nyob rau hauv lub cell loj hlob, tsuas muaj ib tug vacuole, uas occupies ib tug central txoj hauj lwm. Nws daim nyias nyias hu ua tonoplast, thiab nws cov ntsiab lus hu ua cell sap. Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm cov nroj tsuag vacuoles yog los xyuas kom meej qhov nro ntawm cov cell membrane, tsub zuj zuj ntawm ntau lub tebchaw thiab cov khoom pov tseg ntawm lub cell. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov nroj tsuag cell organelles muab cov dej xav tau rau cov txheej txheem ntawm photosynthesis.
Yog tias peb tham txog qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cell sap, ces nws suav nrog cov tshuaj hauv qab no:
- reserve - organic acids, carbohydrates thiab proteins, tus kheej cov amino acids;
- cov khoom sib xyaw uas tsim thaum lub sijhawm lub neej ntawm cov hlwb thiab khaws cia hauv lawv (alkaloids, tannins thiab phenols);
- pigments, vim cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo, cov hauv paus hniav thiab paj petals muaj xim nyob rau hauv cov xim sib xws.
Yphytoncides thiab phytohormones;
Golgi complex
Cov qauv ntawm organoids hu ua "Golgi apparatus" yog qhov yooj yim heev. Nyob rau hauv cov nroj tsuag, lawv zoo li cais lub cev nrog ib daim nyias nyias; nyob rau hauv cov tsiaj hlwb, lawv sawv cev los ntawm cisterns, tubules, thiab zais zis. Cov txheej txheem ntawm Golgi complex yog lub dictyosome, uas yog sawv cev los ntawm ib pawg ntawm 4-6 "tanks" thiab me me vesicles uas cais los ntawm lawv thiab yog ib tug intracellular thauj system, thiab kuj ua hauj lwm raws li ib tug lysosomes. Tus naj npawb ntawm dictyosomes tuaj yeem sib txawv ntawm ib mus rau ob pebpua.
Lub Golgi complex feem ntau yog nyob ze ntawm lub nucleus. Nyob rau hauv cov tsiaj hlwb - nyob ze ntawm lub cell center. Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm cov organelles yog raws li hauv qab no:
- tso tawm thiab khaws cov proteins, lipids thiab saccharides;
- hloov kho cov organic tebchaw nkag mus rau Golgi complex;
- no organoid yog qhov chaw ntawm kev tsim lysosomes.
Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias ER, lysosomes, vacuoles, thiab Golgi apparatus ua ke tsim ib lub raj-vacuolar system uas faib cov cell mus rau hauv nyias ntu nrog cov haujlwm sib xws. Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov system no ua kom muaj kev rov ua dua tshiab ntawm daim nyias nyias.
Mitochondria yog lub zog ntawm lub cell
Mitochondria yog ob-membrane organelles ntawm pas nrig-puab, kheej kheej lossis filamentous zoo uas ua rau ATP. Lawv muaj ib tug du nto thiab ib daim nyias nyias nrog ntau folds hu ua cristae. Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias tus naj npawb ntawm cristae nyob rau hauv mitochondria yuav txawv nyob ntawm seb lub zog yuav tsum tau ntawm lub cell. Nws yog nyob rau hauv daim nyias nyias uas muaj ntau enzyme complexes synthesizing adenosine triphosphate yog concentrated. Ntawm no, lub zog ntawm chemical bonds hloov mus rau hauv macroergic bonds ntawm ATP. Tsis tas li ntawd, mitochondria zom cov fatty acids thiab carbohydrates nrog kev tso tawm ntawm lub zog, uas yog sau thiab siv rau kev loj hlob thiab synthesis.
Qhov chaw sab hauv ntawm cov organelles no hu ua matrix. Nws yogmuaj cov DNA thiab RNA, me me ribosomes. Interestingly, mitochondria yog semi-autonomous organelles, txij li thaum lawv nyob ntawm kev ua hauj lwm ntawm tes, tab sis nyob rau tib lub sij hawm lawv muaj peev xwm tswj tau ib tug tej yam kev ywj pheej. Yog li, lawv muaj peev xwm tsim tau lawv tus kheej cov proteins thiab enzymes, nrog rau kev tsim tawm ntawm lawv tus kheej.
Nws ntseeg tau tias mitochondria tshwm sim thaum cov kab mob aerobic prokaryotic nkag mus rau hauv lub xov tooj ntawm tes, uas ua rau tsim ib qho kev sib txuam tshwj xeeb. Yog li, mitochondrial DNA muaj cov qauv zoo ib yam li DNA ntawm cov kab mob niaj hnub no, thiab cov protein synthesis hauv mitochondria thiab cov kab mob yog inhibited los ntawm tib cov tshuaj tua kab mob.
Plastids - cog cell organelles
Plastids yog cov organelles loj heev. Lawv tsuas muaj nyob rau hauv cov nroj tsuag hlwb thiab tsim los ntawm precursors - proplastids, muaj DNA. Cov organelles ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv cov metabolism thiab raug cais tawm ntawm cytoplasm los ntawm ob daim nyias nyias. Tsis tas li ntawd, lawv tuaj yeem tsim ib qho kev txiav txim ntawm cov khoom siv sab hauv.
Plastids muaj peb hom:
- Chloroplast yog ntau plastids feem ntau lub luag haujlwm rau photosynthesis, uas tsim cov organic tebchaw thiab dawb oxygen. Cov qauv no muaj cov qauv tsim thiab muaj peev xwm txav mus rau hauv cytoplasm mus rau lub teeb ci. Cov khoom tseem ceeb muaj nyob rau hauv chloroplasts yog chlorophyll, uas cov nroj tsuag tuaj yeem siv lub zog ntawm lub hnub. Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias chloroplasts, zoo li mitochondria, yog ib tug semi-autonomous qauv, raws li lawv muaj peev xwm ua tau. Kev faib tawm ywj pheej thiab kev sib txuas ntawm lawv tus kheej cov proteins.
- Leucoplasts yog cov xim tsis muaj plastids uas tig mus rau hauv chloroplasts thaum raug teeb. Cov cellular Cheebtsam no muaj enzymes. Nrog kev pab los ntawm lawv, qabzib yog hloov dua siab tshiab thiab sau nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm starch nplej. Hauv qee cov nroj tsuag, cov plastids no muaj peev xwm khaws cov lipids lossis cov proteins hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov muaju thiab lub cev amorphous. Cov leukoplasts ntau tshaj plaws yog nyob hauv cov hlwb ntawm cov kabmob hauv av ntawm cov nroj tsuag.
- Chromoplasts yog derivatives ntawm ob hom plastids. Lawv tsim carotenoids (thaum lub sij hawm kev puas tsuaj ntawm chlorophyll), uas yog liab, daj los yog txiv kab ntxwv. Chromoplasts yog theem kawg ntawm plastid transformation. Lawv feem ntau yog nyob rau hauv txiv hmab txiv ntoo, petals thiab Autumn nplooj.
Ribosome
Dab tsi yog lub cev hu ua ribosome? Ribosomes yog hu ua non-membrane organelles, muaj ob feem (me me thiab loj subunits). Lawv txoj kab uas hla yog li 20 nm. Lawv muaj nyob rau hauv cov hlwb ntawm txhua hom. Cov no yog cov kab mob ntawm cov tsiaj thiab cov nroj tsuag, cov kab mob. Cov qauv no yog tsim nyob rau hauv lub nucleus, tom qab uas lawv nkag mus rau hauv lub cytoplasm, qhov chaw uas lawv muab tso rau dawb los yog txuas rau EPS. Nyob ntawm cov khoom sib txuas, ribosomes ua haujlwm ib leeg lossis sib xyaw ua ke los ua cov polyribosomes. Hauv qhov no, cov organelles uas tsis yog-membrane raug khi los ntawm tus xa xov RNA molecule.
Lub ribosome muaj 4 rRNA molecules uas tsim nws lub molecules, nrog rau ntau yam proteins. Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm cov organoid no yog sib sau ua ke cov saw hlau polypeptide, uas yog thawj kauj ruam hauv kev tsim cov protein. Cov proteins uas tsim los ntawm ribosomes ntawm endoplasmic reticulum tuaj yeem siv los ntawm tag nrho cov kab mob. Proteins rau cov kev xav tau ntawm ib tug neeg ntawm tes yog synthesized los ntawm ribosomes, uas nyob rau hauv lub cytoplasm. Nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg tias ribosomes kuj pom muaj nyob rau hauv mitochondria thiab plastids.
Cytoskeleton ntawm ib lub cell
Cell cytoskeleton yog tsim los ntawm microtubules thiab microfilaments. Microtubules yog cylindrical formations nrog ib txoj kab uas hla ntawm 24 nm. Lawv qhov ntev yog 100 µm-1 mm. Cov khoom tseem ceeb yog cov protein hu ua tubulin. Nws tsis muaj peev xwm ntawm kev cog lus thiab tuaj yeem rhuav tshem los ntawm colchicine. Microtubules nyob hauv hyaloplasm thiab ua cov haujlwm hauv qab no:
- tsim kom muaj kev ywj pheej, tab sis tib lub sijhawm muaj zog ntawm lub tawb, uas tso cai rau nws kom nws cov duab;
- koom nrog hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev faib cov cell chromosomes;
- muab kev txav ntawm organelles;
- muaj nyob rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm tes, nrog rau hauv flagella thiab cilia.
Microfilaments yog filaments uas nyob hauv qab plasma membrane thiab muaj cov protein actin lossis myosin. Lawv tuaj yeem cog lus, ua rau kev txav ntawm cytoplasm lossis protrusion ntawm cell membrane. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov khoom no koom nrog hauv kev tsim ntawm constriction thaum lub sij hawm cell division.
Cell center (centrosome)
Lub organelle no muaj 2 centrioles thiab ib lub centrosphere. Cylindrical centriole. Nws cov phab ntsa yog tsim los ntawm peb microtubules, uas ua ke nrog ib leeg los ntawm kev sib txuas. Centrioles yog teem rau hauv khub ntawm txoj cai kaum rau ib leeg. Nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg tias cov hlwb ntawm cov nroj tsuag siab dua tsis muaj cov organelles.
Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm lub chaw cell yog kom ntseeg tau tias muaj kev faib tawm ntawm chromosomes thaum lub sijhawm faib ntawm tes. Nws kuj yog qhov chaw nruab nrab ntawm lub koom haum ntawm cytoskeleton.
Organelles of txav
Cov organelles ntawm kev txav muaj xws li cilia, nrog rau flagella. Cov no yog me me loj hlob nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov plaub hau. Lub flagellum muaj 20 microtubules. Nws lub hauv paus yog nyob rau hauv cytoplasm thiab hu ua lub cev basal. Qhov ntev ntawm flagellum yog 100 µm lossis ntau dua. Flagella uas tsuas yog 10-20 microns loj yog hu ua cilia. Thaum microtubules swb, cilia thiab flagella muaj peev xwm oscillate, ua rau txav ntawm tes ntawm nws tus kheej. Lub cytoplasm tuaj yeem muaj cov qog nqaij hlav hu ua myofibrils - cov no yog cov organelles ntawm cov tsiaj cell. Myofibrils, raws li txoj cai, yog nyob rau hauv myocytes - cov leeg nqaij hlwb, nrog rau hauv lub plawv hlwb. Lawv yog tsim los ntawm cov fibers me me (protofibrils).
Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias myofibril bundles muaj cov fibers tsaus - cov no yog anisotropic disks, nrog rau cov teeb pom kev zoo - cov no yog cov isotropic disks. Lub structural unit ntawm myofibril yog sarcomere. Qhov no yog thaj tsam ntawm anisotropic thiab isotropic disk, uas muaj actin thiab myosin filaments. Thaum lawv swb, cov sarcomere cog lus, uas ua rau lub zog ntawm tag nrho cov leeg nqaij. NtawmQhov no siv lub zog ntawm ATP thiab calcium ions.
Protozoa thiab spermatozoa ntawm cov tsiaj txav nrog kev pab ntawm flagella. Cilia yog lub cev ntawm kev txav ntawm ciliates-khau. Hauv cov tsiaj txhu thiab tib neeg, lawv npog cov hlab ntsws thiab pab tshem tawm cov khoom me me, xws li plua plav. Tsis tas li ntawd, tseem muaj cov pseudopods uas muab cov amoeboid txav thiab yog cov ntsiab lus ntawm ntau lub unicellular thiab tsiaj hlwb (piv txwv li, leukocytes).
Ntau cov nroj tsuag tsis tuaj yeem txav mus rau hauv qhov chaw. Lawv cov kev txav mus los yog kev loj hlob, nplooj txav thiab hloov pauv ntawm cov cytoplasm ntawm cov hlwb.
Zoo kawg
Txawm hais tias txhua lub hlwb, lawv txhua tus muaj cov qauv thiab lub koom haum zoo sib xws. Cov qauv thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm organelles yog cov yam ntxwv zoo ib yam, ua kom muaj kev ua haujlwm zoo ntawm ib tus neeg ntawm tes thiab tag nrho cov kab mob.
Tus qauv no tuaj yeem hais raws li hauv qab no.
Table "Organoids ntawm eukaryotic cells"
Organoid |
cog cell |
Tsiaj qus |
Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb |
| core | yog | yog | DNA cia, RNA transcription thiab protein synthesis |
| endoplasmic reticulum | yog | yog | kev sib txuas ntawm cov protein, lipids thiab carbohydrates, sib sau ntawm calcium ions, tsim ntawm Golgi complex |
| mitochondria | yog | yog | synthesis ntawm ATP, tus kheej enzymes thiab proteins |
| plastids | yog | no | koom nrog hauv photosynthesis, khaws cov hmoov txhuv nplej siab, lipids, proteins, carotenoids |
| ribosomes | yog | yog | sib sau cov saw polypeptide (protein synthesis) |
| microtubules thiab microfilaments | yog | yog | tso cai rau lub cell kom tswj tau ib qho zoo, yog ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm lub cell center, cilia thiab flagella, muab txav ntawm organelles |
| lysosomes | yog | yog | zom cov khoom hauv lub cell, kev puas tsuaj ntawm nws cov qauv tsis tsim nyog, kev koom tes hauv cell reorganization, ua rau autolysis |
| loj central vacuole | yog | no | muab kev nro hauv cov cell membrane, khaws cov khoom noj thiab cov khoom pov tseg ntawm cov cell, phytoncides thiab phytohormones, nrog rau cov pigments, yog lub pas dej ntawm cov dej |
| Golgi complex | yog | yog | zais thiab khaws cov proteins, lipids thiab carbohydrates, hloov cov as-ham uas nkag mus rau hauv lub cell,Lub luag haujlwm rau kev tsim cov lysosomes |
| cell center | muaj, tsuas yog cov nroj tsuag siab dua | yog | yog qhov chaw nruab nrab ntawm lub koom haum ntawm cytoskeleton, ua kom muaj kev sib txawv ntawm cov chromosomes thaum lub sijhawm cell faib |
| myofibrils | no | yog | kom cov leeg nqaij leeg |
Yog tias peb kos cov lus xaus, peb tuaj yeem hais tias muaj qhov sib txawv me me ntawm tus tsiaj thiab cov cell cog. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov haujlwm ua haujlwm thiab cov qauv ntawm cov organelles (cov lus saum toj no lees paub qhov no) muaj lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm lub koom haum. Lub cell ua haujlwm raws li kev sib haum xeeb thiab kev sib koom ua ke. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov haujlwm ntawm organelles muaj kev sib cuam tshuam thiab tsom rau kev ua haujlwm zoo thiab kev saib xyuas ntawm tes ua haujlwm tseem ceeb.
