Cov khoom noj khoom haus: piv txwv. Txoj saw zaub mov tsim li cas?

Cov txheej txheem:

Cov khoom noj khoom haus: piv txwv. Txoj saw zaub mov tsim li cas?
Cov khoom noj khoom haus: piv txwv. Txoj saw zaub mov tsim li cas?
Anonim

Nyob hauv cov tsiaj qus, yeej tsis muaj cov kab mob muaj sia uas yuav tsis noj lwm yam tsiaj los tsis ua zaub mov rau lwm tus. Muaj ntau kab noj nroj tsuag. Cov kab lawv tus kheej yog prey rau creatures loj. Cov no los yog cov kab mob no yog cov kev sib txuas los ntawm cov khoom noj khoom haus tsim. Piv txwv ntawm xws li "kev vam meej" tuaj yeem pom nyob txhua qhov chaw. Ntxiv mus, nyob rau hauv ib qho qauv zoo li no muaj thawj theem pib. Raws li txoj cai, cov no yog cov nroj tsuag ntsuab. Dab tsi yog qee qhov piv txwv ntawm cov khoom noj khoom haus? Cov kab mob dab tsi tuaj yeem txuas tau? Kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm lawv li cas? Xav paub ntxiv txog qhov no tom qab hauv kab lus.

khoom noj khoom haus piv txwv
khoom noj khoom haus piv txwv

cov ntaub ntawv dav dav

Cov khoom noj khoom haus, piv txwv uas yuav muab hauv qab no, yog cov kab mob tshwj xeeb, cov kab mob, cov nroj tsuag, tsiaj txhu. Txhua qhov txuas yog nyob ntawm nws qib. Qhov "kev vam meej" no yog tsim los ntawm lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm "khoom noj khoom haus - neeg siv khoom". Txiv neej yog nyob rau sab saum toj ntawm ntau cov khoom noj khoom haus. Qhov siab dua qhov ceev hauv ib lub tebchawscov pej xeem, cov kev sib txuas tsawg dua yuav muaj nyob rau hauv qhov xwm txheej, vim tib neeg raug yuam kom noj cov nroj tsuag ntau zaus hauv cov xwm txheej zoo li no.

pasture food chain piv txwv
pasture food chain piv txwv

Ntau qib

Lub saw zaub mov yuav ntev npaum li cas? Muaj cov piv txwv sib txawv ntawm ntau theem ua ntu zus. Cov lus qhia tshaj plaws yog cov hauv qab no: nyob rau hauv lub cev ntawm kab ntsig muaj kab mob cab ntawm yoov, nyob rau hauv lawv - nematodes (worms), nyob rau hauv worms, ntsig txog, kab mob, tab sis nyob rau hauv lawv - ntau yam kab mob. Tab sis tsis tuaj yeem muaj tus lej txuas tsis kawg. Ntawm txhua qib tom ntej, muaj qhov txo qis hauv biomass los ntawm ntau kaum zaus. Yog li, piv txwv li, elk los ntawm 1000 kg ntawm cov nroj tsuag tuaj yeem "tsim" ib puas kilograms ntawm nws lub cev. Tab sis rau ib tug tsov nce nws qhov hnyav los ntawm 10 kg, nws yuav siv 100 kg ntawm elk nqaij. Tus naj npawb ntawm cov kev sib txuas yog nyob ntawm cov xwm txheej raws li cov khoom noj tsiaj tshwj xeeb tsim. Piv txwv ntawm cov tshuab no tuaj yeem pom hauv qhov xwm txheej. Yog li, Qav yog ib qho khoom noj uas nyiam ntawm qee hom nab, uas, nyob rau hauv lem, pub rau predators. Raws li txoj cai, nyob rau hauv xws li "ib theem" tsis muaj ntau tshaj peb lossis plaub qhov txuas. Xws li "kev tsim kho" tseem hu ua ecological pyramid. Hauv nws, txhua kauj ruam tom ntej yog me dua li qhov dhau los.

Kev sib cuam tshuam li cas hauv cov pyramids ecological?

Cov saw zaub mov ua haujlwm li cas? Cov piv txwv uas tau hais los saum toj no qhia tias txhua qhov txuas txuas ntxiv yuav tsum nyob rau theem siab ntawm kev txhim kho dua li yav dhau los. Raws li twb tau hais lawm, kev sib raug zoo hauv ib qho twgLub ecological pyramid yog tsim los ntawm lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm "khoom noj khoom haus-neeg siv khoom". Vim yog kev noj ntawm lwm yam kab mob los ntawm ib lub cev, lub zog yog pauv los ntawm qib qis mus rau siab dua. Vim li ntawd, lub voj voog ntawm cov khoom nyob rau hauv qhov tshwm sim.

forest food chain piv txwv
forest food chain piv txwv

khoom noj khoom haus. Piv txwv

Nws muaj peev xwm paub qhov txawv ntawm ntau hom ecological pyramids. Muaj, tshwj xeeb, ib qho khoom noj khoom haus pasture. Cov piv txwv uas tuaj yeem pom hauv qhov xwm txheej yog cov kab ke uas qhov hloov pauv ntawm lub zog tau ua los ntawm qis (protozoan) cov kab mob mus rau siab dua (predators). Xws li cov pyramids, tshwj xeeb, suav nrog cov kab ke hauv qab no: "caterpillars-mice-vipers-hedgehogs-foxes", "nas-predators". Lwm, detrital zaub mov saw, piv txwv ntawm uas yuav muab hauv qab no, yog ib theem zuj zus uas cov biomass tsis noj los ntawm predators, tab sis cov txheej txheem ntawm putrefaction nrog kev koom tes ntawm microorganisms tshwm sim. Nws ntseeg tau tias qhov ecological pyramid no pib nrog cov nroj tsuag. Yog li, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov khoom noj khoom haus ntawm hav zoov zoo li. Piv txwv xws li: "cov nplooj poob - rotting los ntawm cov kab mob", "cov ntaub so ntswg tuag ntawm cov nroj tsuag - fungi - centipedes - excrement - fungi - springtails - mites (predatory) - predators - centipedes - kab mob"

Cov neeg tsim khoom thiab cov neeg siv khoom

Nyob rau hauv lub cev loj ntawm dej (dej hiav txwv, hiav txwv), planktonic unicellular algae yog zaub mov rau cladocerans (filter-feeding tsiaj). Lawv, nyob rau hauv lem, yog prey rau predatory yoov tshaj cum larvae. Cov kab mob no pub rau tej yamyam ntses. Lawv noj los ntawm cov neeg loj dua predatory. Lub ecological pyramid no yog ib qho piv txwv ntawm cov khoom noj hauv hiav txwv. Txhua yam kab mob ua raws li kev sib txuas yog nyob ntawm qib sib txawv trophic. Hauv thawj theem muaj cov neeg tsim khoom, nyob rau theem tom ntej muaj cov neeg siv khoom ntawm thawj qhov kev txiav txim (cov neeg siv khoom). Qhov thib peb trophic theem suav nrog cov neeg siv khoom ntawm qhov kev txiav txim thib 2 (thawj carnivores). Lawv, nyob rau hauv lem, ua zaub mov rau lwm yam predators - cov neeg tau txais kev pab ntawm peb qhov kev txiav txim, thiab hais txog. Raws li txoj cai, ecological pyramids ntawm thaj av suav nrog peb mus rau tsib qhov txuas.

detritus food chain piv txwv
detritus food chain piv txwv

qhib dej

Tshaj tawm ntawm lub hiav txwv txee, nyob rau hauv qhov chaw uas txoj kab nqes ntawm lub mainland tawg ntau los yog tsawg steeply mus rau qhov tob-dej tiaj, lub qhib hiav txwv originates. Cov cheeb tsam no muaj feem ntau xiav thiab dej ntshiab. Qhov no yog vim qhov tsis muaj cov tshuaj inorganic tshem tawm thiab cov ntim me me ntawm cov nroj tsuag thiab tsiaj txhu (phyto- thiab zooplankton). Hauv qee qhov chaw, qhov chaw ntawm cov dej yog qhov txawv ntawm cov xim xiav tshwj xeeb. Piv txwv li, lub hiav txwv Sargasso. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, ib tug hais txog lub thiaj li hu ua dej hiav txwv suab puam. Nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam no, txawm nyob rau hauv ib tug tob ntawm ntau txhiab meters, nrog kev pab los ntawm cov khoom rhiab heev, cov kab ntawm lub teeb (nyob rau hauv lub xiav-ntsuab spectrum) yuav ntes tau. Lub hiav txwv qhib yog tus yam ntxwv los ntawm tag nrho cov tsis muaj ntau yam larvae ntawm benthic kab mob (echinoderms, mollusks, crustaceans) nyob rau hauv lub muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm zooplankton, tus naj npawb ntawm sharply txo nrog deb ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv. Ob qho tib si hauv dej ntiav thiab hauv qhov chaw qhib dav tsuas yog qhov chaw ntawm lub zoghnub ci tawm tuaj. Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm photosynthesis, phytoplankton nrog kev pab ntawm chlorophyll tsim cov organic tebchaw los ntawm carbon dioxide thiab dej. Qhov no yog li cas thiaj li hu ua thawj cov khoom tsim.

piv txwv ntawm cov saw zaub mov ntawm hiav txwv
piv txwv ntawm cov saw zaub mov ntawm hiav txwv

Txoj saw khoom noj ntawm hiav txwv

Cov organic tebchaw uas tsim los ntawm algae yog kis ncaj qha lossis ncaj qha mus rau txhua yam kabmob. Qhov thib ob txuas hauv cov saw zaub mov hauv hiav txwv yog tsiaj lim feeders. Cov kab mob uas ua phytoplankton yog qhov me me (0.002-1mm). Feem ntau lawv tsim cov cheeb tsam, tab sis lawv qhov loj me tsis tshaj tsib millimeters. Qhov thib peb txuas yog carnivores. Lawv pub rau lim feeders. Nyob rau hauv txee, raws li zoo raws li nyob rau hauv qhib hiav txwv, muaj ntau yam kab mob. Cov no suav nrog, tshwj xeeb, siphonophores, ctenophores, jellyfish, copepods, chaetognaths, thiab carinarids. Ntawm cov ntses, herring yuav tsum tau ntaus nqi rau lim feeders. Lawv cov zaub mov tseem ceeb yog copepods, uas tsim cov ntsiab lus loj hauv cov dej sab qaum teb. Qhov thib plaub txuas yog predatory loj ntses. Qee hom yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev lag luam. Qhov kawg txuas yuav tsum suav nrog cephalopods, toothed whales thiab seabirds.

tsiaj cov khoom noj piv txwv
tsiaj cov khoom noj piv txwv

Khoom noj khoom haus thauj

Kev hloov pauv ntawm cov organic sib txuas hauv cov khoom noj khoom haus yog nrog los ntawm kev poob zog loj. Qhov no feem ntau yog vim qhov tseeb tias feem ntau ntawm nws siv rau cov txheej txheem metabolic. Kwv yees li 10% ntawm lub zog hloov mus rau hauv cov teeb meem hauv lub cev ntawm cov kab mob. Yog li, piv txwv li, anchovy,pub rau planktonic algae thiab ua ib feem ntawm cov qauv ntawm cov khoom noj tshwj xeeb luv luv, nws tuaj yeem txhim kho hauv cov khoom loj, xws li tshwm sim hauv Peruvian tam sim no. Kev hloov ntawm cov zaub mov mus rau qhov tsaus ntuj thiab qhov sib sib zog nqus ntawm thaj chaw teeb yog vim muaj kev txav chaw ntsug ntawm zooplankton thiab ib hom ntses. Tsiaj nce thiab nqis ntawm lub sijhawm sib txawv ntawm hnub xaus rau ntawm qhov tob sib txawv.

piv txwv ntawm cov khoom noj khoom haus
piv txwv ntawm cov khoom noj khoom haus

Zoo kawg

Nws yuav tsum tau hais tias cov khoom noj khoom haus linear tsis tshua muaj. Feem ntau, ecological pyramids suav nrog cov pej xeem nyob rau ntau theem ib zaug. Tib hom tuaj yeem noj cov nroj tsuag thiab tsiaj txhu; carnivores tuaj yeem noj ob tus neeg siv khoom ntawm thawj, thiab thib ob thiab tom qab xaj; ntau tus tsiaj noj cov kab mob nyob thiab tuag. Vim qhov nyuaj ntawm kev sib txuas, qhov poob ntawm txhua hom feem ntau muaj me me los yog tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam rau lub xeev ntawm ecosystem. Cov kab mob uas coj qhov txuas uas ploj lawm raws li cov zaub mov zoo yuav pom lwm qhov khoom noj khoom haus zoo, thiab lwm yam kab mob pib siv cov khoom noj ntawm qhov txuas uas ploj lawm. Yog li ntawd, lub zej zog tag nrho tswj kev sib npaug. Ib qho kev ruaj ntseg zoo dua yuav yog ib qho uas muaj cov khoom noj khoom haus ntau dua, muaj ntau qhov sib txuas, suav nrog ntau hom sib txawv.

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