Cells ntawm tsiaj, nroj tsuag thiab fungi muaj peb lub ntsiab: lub plasma membrane, lub nucleus thiab cytoplasm. Cov kab mob sib txawv ntawm lawv yog tias lawv tsis muaj cov nucleus, tab sis lawv kuj muaj daim nyias nyias thiab cytoplasm.
Lub cytoplasm zoo li cas?
Qhov no yog sab hauv ntawm tes, uas hyaloplasm (kua nruab nrab), suav nrog thiab organelles (organelles) tuaj yeem paub qhov txawv. Inclusions yog non-permanent formations nyob rau hauv lub cell, uas yog feem ntau tee los yog crystals ntawm reserves as-ham. Organelles yog cov qauv ruaj khov. Ib yam li cov kab mob hauv nruab nrog cev yog cov haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv lub cev, yog li hauv lub cell tag nrho cov haujlwm tseem ceeb yog ua los ntawm organelles.
Membranous thiab non-membrane cell organelles
Thawj yog muab faib ua ib leeg-membrane thiab ob-membrane. Qhov kawg ob yog mitochondria thiab chloroplasts. Ib leeg-membrane muaj xws li lysosomes, Golgi complex, endoplasmic reticulum (endoplasmic reticulum), vacuoles. Peb yuav tham txog cov uas tsis yog-membrane organoids nyob rau hauv kom meej ntxiv nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm no.
Cell organelles ntawm non-membrane qauv
Cov no suav nrog ribosomes, lub chaw cell, thiab cytoskeleton tsim los ntawm microtubules thiab microfilaments. Kuj rau qhov noCov pab pawg muaj peev xwm suav nrog cov organelles ntawm kev txav, uas muaj los ntawm cov kab mob unicellular, nrog rau cov txiv neej cov kab mob ntawm cov tsiaj. Cia peb saib cov organelles uas tsis yog-membrane hauv kev txiav txim, lawv cov qauv thiab kev ua haujlwm.
ribosomes yog dab tsi?
Cov no yog cov kab mob uas tsis yog-membrane uas muaj ribonucleoproteins. Lawv cov qauv suav nrog ob ntu (subunits). Ib tug yog me, ib tug loj. Nyob rau hauv ib qho chaw ntsiag to, lawv sib cais. Lawv txuas thaum lub ribosome pib ua haujlwm.
Cov kab mob uas tsis yog-membrane yog lub luag haujlwm rau kev tsim cov protein. Namely, rau cov txheej txheem txhais lus - kev sib txuas ntawm cov amino acids rau hauv ib tug polypeptide saw nyob rau hauv ib tug tej yam kev txiav txim, cov ntaub ntawv hais txog uas yog theej los ntawm DNA thiab sau rau ntawm mRNA.
Qhov loj ntawm ribosomes yog nees nkaum nanometers. Tus naj npawb ntawm cov organelles hauv ib lub xovtooj ntawm tes tuaj yeem ncav cuag ntau txog kaum txhiab.
Eukaryotes muaj ribosomes ob qho tib si hauv hyaloplasm thiab nyob rau saum npoo ntawm qhov ntxhib endoplasmic reticulum. Lawv kuj muaj nyob rau hauv ob-membrane organelles: mitochondria thiab chloroplasts.
Cell center
Cov organoid no muaj ib lub centrosome, uas nyob ib puag ncig los ntawm ib lub centrosphere. Lub centrosome yog sawv cev los ntawm ob lub centrioles - lub tog raj kheej khoob hauv, muaj cov microtubules. Lub centrosphere muaj cov microtubules nthuav tawm radially los ntawm qhov chaw ntawm tes. Nws kuj suav nrog cov filaments nruab nrab thiab microfibrils.
Lub chaw xovtooj ntawm tes ua haujlwm xws li kev tsim ntawm kev faib spindle. Nws kuj yog qhov chaw nruab nrab ntawm microtubule lub koom haum.
Raws li cov qauv tshuaj ntawm cov organoid no, cov khoom tseem ceeb yog cov protein tubulin.
Cov organoid no nyob hauv qhov chaw geometric ntawm lub cell, yog li nws lub npe.
YMicrofilaments thiab microtubules
thawj yog actin protein filaments. Lawv txoj kab uas hla yog 6 nanometers.
Microtubules yog 24 nanometers inch. Lawv cov phab ntsa yog tsim los ntawm cov protein tubulin.
Cov organelles uas tsis yog-membrane tsim cov cytoskeleton uas pab tswj cov duab mus tas li.
Lwm txoj haujlwm ntawm microtubules yog kev thauj mus los, organelles thiab cov khoom hauv lub cell tuaj yeem txav mus raws lawv.
Organoids ntawm locomotion
Lawv tuaj nyob rau hauv ob hom: cilia thiab flagella.
Thawj yog cov kab mob unicellular xws li ciliates-khau.
Chlamydomonas muaj flagella, nrog rau tsiaj spermatozoa.
Cov organelles ntawm locomotion yog tsim los ntawm contractile proteins.
Zoo kawg
Raws li qhov xaus, peb nthuav qhia cov ntaub ntawv dav dav.
| Organoid | Cage qhov chaw | Kev tsim kho | Functions |
| Ribosome | ntab dawb hauv hyaloplasm, thiab tseem nyob rau sab nraud ntawm phab ntsa ntawm qhov ntxhibendoplasmic reticulum | Muaj qhov me me thiab loj. Tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg - ribonucleoproteins. | |
| Cell center | Geometric chaw ntawm lub cell | Ob lub centrioles (lub tog raj kheej ntawm microtubules) thiab centrosphere - radially outgoing microtubules. | Spindle tsim, microtubule lub koom haum |
| Nyob rau hauv cytoplasm ntawm cell | Nyias filaments ntawm contractile protein actin | Tsim kev txhawb nqa, qee zaum muab kev txav mus los (piv txwv li, hauv amoebas) | |
| Nyob hauv cytoplasm | Hollow tubulin tubes | Tsim kev txhawb nqa, thauj khoom ntawm tes | |
| Cilia and flagella | Los ntawm sab nraud ntawm plasma membrane | Kev txav ntawm lub cev unicellular hauv qhov chaw |
Yog li peb tau tshuaj xyuas tag nrho cov kab mob uas tsis yog-membrane ntawm cov nroj tsuag, tsiaj txhu, fungi thiab kab mob, lawv cov qauv thiab kev ua haujlwm.
