chav kawm lichen yog ib hom kab mob sib txawv tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb. Kev tshawb fawb paub ntau tshaj 25 txhiab ntawm lawv cov tsiaj, cov txheej txheem ntawm lawv cov kev faib tawm tseem tsis tau nkag siab tag nrho. Lawv cov txheej txheem ntawm ob lub ntsiab lus yog txheej txheem: fungus thiab algae, nws yog qhov sib xyaw ua ke uas sib sau ua ke ntau yam.
Dab tsi yog nplai lichens
Lub npe "lichens" los ntawm kev sib piv nrog cov kab mob lichen uas tshwm sim vim lawv qhov tsos. Lichens yog cov neeg sawv cev ntawm ib hom tsiaj tshwj xeeb, paub txog tias muaj ob yam kab mob ib zaug hauv lawv cov muaj pes tsawg leeg, algae thiab fungus. Ntau tus kws tshawb fawb paub qhov txawv ib chav kawm rau hom fungus no. Kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm lawv yog qhov tshwj xeeb: cov fungus tsim ib qho chaw tshwj xeeb hauv nws lub cev, uas cov algae tiv thaiv los ntawm sab nraud cuam tshuam thiab muab cov kua thiab oxygen. Cov fungus haus dej los ntawm substrate, absorbs oxygen, yog li cov algae nyob rau hauv nws tau txais kev noj haus thiab xis nyob. Lawv tsis xav tau cov av tshwj xeeb rau lawv lub neej, lawv loj hlob txhua qhov chaw muaj huab cua thiab dej, txawm tias tsawg heev. Scale cov neeg sawv cevLichens npog pob zeb liab qab, pob zeb, loj hlob ntawm av nplaum, ntawm ru tsev thiab ntoo.
Nyob hauv ib puag ncig zoo, hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm photosynthesis, cov algae tsim cov carbohydrates uas cov fungus pub rau. Cov tom kawg yog cov kab mob cab rau ntawm nws lub cev, tab sis lawv kev sib koom ua ke yog qhov sib txawv. Nws yog cov algae uas yog lub neej-tsim tivthaiv. Yog tias cais tawm ntawm cov kab mob fungus, feem ntau nws yuav tuaj yeem hloov mus rau kev ywj pheej, muaj kev ywj pheej nyob thiab txuas ntxiv txhim kho nws tus kheej. Cov fungus yeej yuav tuag yam tsis muaj zaub mov noj.
Nroj tsuag ntawm nplai lichens
Lichens yog ib qho kab mob kis thoob plaws ntiaj teb. Nyob rau hauv yuav luag txhua lub latitude, nplai lichens tuaj yeem pom uas tuaj yeem hloov mus rau txhua qhov xwm txheej. Hloov mus rau qhov txias, lawv zoo siab rau ntawm qhov chaw siab tshaj ntawm cov pob zeb polar, lawv xis nyob hauv cov chaw sov thiab cov suab puam.
Scaling lichens raug faib thoob plaws ntiaj teb, lawv tsis xav tau cov xwm txheej tshwj xeeb. Nyob ntawm seb hom substrate thiab kev nyab xeeb, ib lossis lwm hom loj hlob hauv av. Loj hlob, lawv npog thaj chaw loj, ua tiav cov pob zeb qhov chaw thiab npog cov pob zeb.
Raws li txoj cai, cov pab pawg raug khi rau cov xwm txheej huab cua lossis thaj chaw ntuj. Qee hom tuaj yeem pom tsuas yog hauv Arctic, lwm tus tsuas yog hauv taiga. Tab sis nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem no muaj ib tug xov tooj ntawm kev zam, thaum lub geography ntawm kev loj hlob yog txuam nrog ib puag ncig tej yam kev mob uas tau rov qab nyob rau hauv txawv cheeb tsam. Cov lichens no nyob ntawm ntug dejpas dej tshiab, dej hiav txwv, roob, thiab lwm yam. Tsis tas li, kev faib tawm tuaj yeem khi rau qee yam av nta: qee pawg ntawm lichens loj hlob ntawm av nplaum, lwm tus ntawm cov av pob zeb, thiab lwm yam.
Ntxiv mus, muaj ib pawg me me uas loj hlob thoob plaws ntiaj teb, tsis hais tej yam ntuj tso lossis huab cua.
Environmental value
Nyob rau hauv ecological system ntawm lub ntiaj teb lawv nyob txhua qhov chaw. Tus nqi ntawm lichens zoo heev, cov kab mob no ua haujlwm tag nrho. Lawv nyob hauv ib qho chaw tseem ceeb hauv kev tsim cov av, lawv yog thawj zaug nkag mus rau hauv cov khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg thiab ntxiv dag zog rau kev loj hlob ntxiv ntawm lwm hom. Scale lichens tsis xav tau ib qho tshwj xeeb substrate, npog thaj tsam ntawm barren av, lawv enrich nws thiab ua rau nws haum rau lwm yam nroj tsuag. Nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm kev loj hlob, lawv tso tshwj xeeb acids rau hauv av, vim hais tias lub ntiaj teb yuav xoob, nws yog weathered thiab enriched nrog oxygen.
Qhov chaw nyiam ntawm cov nplai lichens, qhov chaw uas lawv xis nyob, yog pob zeb. Lawv tso siab rau cov pob zeb thiab pob tsuas, hloov lawv cov xim, maj mam tsim cov xwm txheej rau kev loj hlob ntawm lwm hom ntawm lawv qhov chaw.
Ntau tus tsiaj muaj xim sib xws rau ib lossis lwm hom lichen uas loj hlob hauv lawv qhov chaw nyob. Qhov no tso cai rau koj los camouflage koj tus kheej thiab tiv thaiv koj tus kheej los ntawm cov tsiaj txhu.
Sab nrauv qauv
Cov tsos ntawm cov nceb symbiotic no muaj ntau haiv neeg. Lichens, nplai los yogcrusty, thiaj li hu ua vim lawv tsim nyob rau saum npoo uas lawv loj hlob, ib tug crust zoo li nplai. Lawv tuaj yeem ua rau ntau daim duab thiab tuaj yeem ua rau xim tsis xav txog: paj yeeb, xiav, grey, lilac, txiv kab ntxwv, daj lossis ntau dua.
Cov kws tshawb fawb paub qhov txawv 3 pawg tseem ceeb:
• scale;
• nplooj;
• bushy.
Cov cim qhia ntawm crustaceous lichens - lawv ruaj khov rau hauv av lossis lwm yam substrate, nws tsis tuaj yeem tshem tawm yam tsis muaj kev puas tsuaj. Xws li lichens feem ntau tshwm sim hauv cov nroog, qhov chaw uas lawv tuaj yeem loj hlob ntawm cov phab ntsa pob zeb thiab ntoo. Lawv kuj muaj feem ntau pom ntawm qhov chaw siab tshaj. Txhua qhov chaw pom cov lichens no, lawv cov nplai ntau yam tsis tas yuav muaj qhov tseem ceeb thiab hnov zoo txawm tias nyob ntawm pob zeb.
Lawv yog cov pob zeb uas npog qhov chaw tsis haum rau lub neej ntawm lwm cov nroj tsuag. Vim lub peculiarities ntawm lawv cov qauv thiab cov tsos, lawv muaj peev xwm yuav imperfectly invisible thiab merge nrog xwm. Tag nrho cov nceb no yog yuam kev hu ua moss, moss tsuas yog ib ntawm ntau txhiab ntau yam ntawm cov nroj tsuag qis.
Kev sib txawv ntawm lichens los ntawm lwm hom yog yooj yim heev. Nplooj nplooj txuas nrog cov av nrog kev pab ntawm sprouts uas zoo li me me stems. Lub cev ntawm lichen nws tus kheej muaj nplooj zoo li nplooj ntawm ntau yam duab, lawv qhov ntau thiab tsawg tuaj yeem hloov pauv.
Bushy muaj qhov nyuaj tshaj plaws sab nrauv. Lawv muaj cov twigs, puag ncig lossis tiaj tus, tuaj yeem loj hlob hauv av, pob zeb. Lawv yog cov loj tshaj plaws, loj hlob thiab tuaj yeem dai ntawm tsob ntoo.
Calc nplai lichens tuaj yeem muaj txoj haujlwm hloov pauv ntawm cov pab pawg thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm lwm hom: qhov kev faib tawm no tsuas yog tsom rau lawv cov yam ntxwv sab nraud xwb.
Internal structure
Lub cev ntawm nplai lichen, lossis thallus (thallus), yog ob hom:
• homeomeric;
• heteromeric.
Thawj hom yog qhov yooj yim tshaj plaws, nyob rau hauv uas algae hlwb muaj nyob rau hauv ib tug chaotic yam thiab muab faib ncaj ncaj nruab nrab ntawm lub hyphae ntawm fungus. Feem ntau, xws li cov qauv tuaj yeem pom nyob rau hauv ib qho slimy lichen, piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv nplai lichens ntawm genus collema. Nyob rau hauv ib qho chaw ntsiag to, lawv zoo li qhuav crusts, thiab nyob rau hauv lub zog ntawm noo noo lawv instantly o, noj nyob rau hauv cov tsos ntawm nplooj lichens. Koj tuaj yeem ntsib lawv ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv Dub.
Heteromeric lichen thallus muaj cov qauv ntau dua. Feem ntau cov nplai lichens yog hom no. Nyob rau hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm hom no, nws cov txheej txheem hauv lub koom haum tuaj yeem taug qab. Cov txheej sab saud tsim cov kab mob fungus, yog li tiv thaiv cov algae los ntawm ziab tawm los yog overheating. Hauv qab ntawm cov fungus muaj ceg uas txuas nrog lub hlwb ntawm algae. Hauv qab no yog lwm txheej ntawm vulture, uas yog substrate rau algae, nrog rau nws cov kev pab, qhov xav tau theem ntawm cov av noo thiab oxygen yog tswj.
Lichen pawg
Los ntawm hom kev loj hlob thiab txuas rau hom substrate, cov pab pawg hauv qab no yog qhov txawv ntawm cov nplai lichens:
• epigeic;
• epiphytic;
• dab neeg;
• dej.
thawj pab pawg, epigeic lichens, tau muab faib rau ntau yam av, lawv kuj loj hlob zoo rau ntawm stumps thiab pob zeb. Lawv tuaj yeem tiv taus kev sib tw nrog cov nroj tsuag ntawm cov pab pawg siab dua, yog li lawv loj hlob tsis tu ncua ntawm cov av tsis zoo, nyiam cov av fertile. Ib txhia ntawm lawv loj hlob nyob rau hauv qhuav swamps, nyob rau hauv txoj kev, nyob rau hauv lub tundra, qhov chaw uas lawv nyob rau hauv loj heev territories, thiab lwm yam. Cov hom nto moo tshaj plaws yog lyceum, pertusaria, ikmadofida.
Epigean kuj tseem tuaj yeem muab faib ua ob pawg ntxiv: tsiv (tsim rau lwm hom) thiab tsau rau ntawm cov av lichens, ntsuas kom ntau dua. Cov nplai txuas tuaj yeem muaj nyob ntawm cov xuab zeb, limestone, av nplaum av. Crustaceous lichens muaj cov npe hauv qab no hauv pawg no: twisted ramalina, tsaus xim av parmelia, collema, liab beomyce thiab lwm yam.
Epiphytic lichens loj hlob tshwj xeeb rau ntawm ntoo lossis tsob ntoo. Lawv kuj tau muab faib ua ob pawg: epiphilic (muaj nyob ntawm nplooj, tawv) thiab epixial, tshwm sim ntawm cov txiav tshiab. Feem ntau, lawv pom muaj tseeb ntawm cov tawv ntoo, hauv thaj chaw me me ob peb lub kaum ob ntau hom crustaceous lichens tuaj yeem nyob ua ke ib txhij, hloov cov xim ntawm tsob ntoo thiab tsim ib qho chaw tshiab sab nraud.
Scaling lichens ntawm pawg epilithic nyob rau ntawm pob zeb thiab pob zeb pob zeb. Lawv cov piv txwv muaj ntau yam: qee qhov loj hlob rau ntawm limestone, lwm tus nyiam silicon pob zeb, lwm tus nyob ntawm no thiab nyob ntawd, nrog rau ntawm lub nroog ru tsev thiab phab ntsa.
Viewsscale lichens
Scaling lichens tuaj nyob rau hauv tag nrho plaub hom kev kawm: epilithic, epigeic, epiphytic thiab epixyl. Lawv tuaj yeem loj hlob ntawm tsob ntoo, ntoo tuag, ntawm cov ntoo, tab sis feem ntau lawv loj hlob ntawm cov pob zeb liab qab.
Scale lichens loj hlob ntawm ntau yam substrates. Piv txwv tuaj yeem pom tau yooj yim hauv txhua lub nroog lossis hav zoov: ntawm phab ntsa, ru tsev, pob zeb, pob zeb. Lawv ua nruj nreem rau hauv av kom tshem tau lawv yam tsis muaj kev puas tsuaj.
Scale lichens tsim ib lub pob zeb zoo ib yam li nplai. Lawv tuaj yeem muaj xim sib txawv, thiab, tag nrho cov ntsiab lus ntawm toj roob hauv pes, hloov pauv nws cov tsos. Pob zeb liab, ntshav, pob zeb daj daj ua rau qhov chaw kaj thiab txawv txawv.
Aspicilia, hematoma, lecanora, lecidea, graphis, biatora yog cov npe nrov tshaj plaws lichens, piv txwv ntawm lawv txoj kev loj hlob muaj nyob thoob plaws lub tebchaws. Ntau yam biator tuaj yeem tshwm sim ib txhij hauv swamps thiab ntawm pob zeb. Lecanor nplai lichen, piv txwv li, tuaj yeem loj hlob ntawm ntau yam substrates: ob qho tib si ntawm pob zeb thiab ntawm ntoo lossis stumps.
Kev tsim tawm ntawm nplai lichens
Muaj peb txoj hauv kev ntawm kev yug me nyuam: vegetative, deev lossis asexual. Kev sib deev yog ib txoj hauv kev zoo tshaj plaws: lichens tsim apothecia, perithecia lossis gasterothecia - cov no yog ntau lub cev hauv lub cev uas tsim cov spores. Lawv txoj kev loj hlob qeeb heev thiab tuaj yeem kav ntev txog 10 xyoo. Tom qab txheej txheem noThaum kawg, gasterothecia pib tsim spores, uas tom qab germinate ntawm qhov kub thiab av noo.
Nrog asexual sporulation ntawm lichens, spores tshwm sim thiab txhim kho txoj cai ntawm qhov chaw.
Kev cog qoob loo muaj cov khoom me me uas muaj cov khoom ntawm algae thiab fungus, thiab thallus bushes. Lawv kis tau nrog cua los yog tsiaj txhu, taug kev mus txog thaum lawv pom ib qho chaw tsim nyog. Qhov no yog txoj kev ceev tshaj plaws ntawm kev yug me nyuam, pab txhawb kev sib kis sai. Kev yug me nyuam hauv txoj kev no kuj tuaj yeem tshwm sim nrog ib qho tsis tau npaj ntawm lichen, tab sis qhov no, txoj hauv kev loj hlob ntawm cov substrate tshiab yuav qis dua.
Daim ntawv thov
Kev siv cov nplai lichens txawv txawv: lawv tuaj yeem loj hlob qhov twg tsis muaj sijhawm rau lwm cov nroj tsuag. Thaum lub sij hawm, lawv npaj qhov tsim nyog ib puag ncig, ib tug txaus tus nqi ntawm humus rau kev loj hlob ntawm lwm yam nroj tsuag. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, tawm ntawm ntau txhiab tus lichens, tsuas yog ob hom tshuaj lom, qhov seem yog siv rau ntau yam haujlwm: hauv kev ua liaj ua teb, tshuaj.
Kev siv thiab qhov tseem ceeb ntawm lichens hauv chaw muag tshuaj kuj yog qhov zoo: cov kws kho mob hauv cov zos paub cov txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm txhua ntau pua hom, siv lawv los kho ntau yam kab mob: los ntawm hnoos mus rau oncology. Scale lichens yog tshwj xeeb tshaj yog zoo nyob rau hauv kev kho mob ntawm purulentitis. Lawv ua tib zoo txiav tawm ntawm qhov chaw thiab siv rau lub qhov txhab - ua tsaug rau cov tshuaj tua kab mob thiab tshuaj tua kab mob uas muaj nyob rau hauv lawv cov muaj pes tsawg leeg, lawv rhuav tshem.cov kab mob, txhawb kev ntxuav thiab kho qhov txhab qhib.
ntsuas lub xeev ntawm ib puag ncig nrog lichens
Hauv kev tshawb fawb, lawv kuj tau siv los kawm txog ib puag ncig thiab huab cua zoo. Scale lichens yog cov feem ntau resistant rau deterioration ntawm tej yam ntuj tso tej yam kev mob, lawv tiv ib puag ncig kev puas tsuaj thiab cov pa phem ntau ntau, tab sis qhov no ho cuam tshuam rau lawv cov mob. Vim lub peculiarities ntawm lawv cov qauv, lichens nqus dej thiab cua tsis muaj ntxiv lim, tag nrho ib zaug nrog lub thallus. Vim li no, lawv rhiab heev rau cov pa phem thiab kev hloov pauv hauv huab cua lossis dej, vim tias cov co toxins tuaj yeem cuam tshuam lawv cov haujlwm sab hauv.
Vim muaj cov ntsiab lus siab ntawm cov tshuaj lom hauv cov huab cua lossis dej, muaj cov neeg tuag coob ntawm cov nplai lichens. Thawj qhov xwm txheej no tau pib tshwm sim nyob ze cov nroog loj hauv nroog, qhov chaw tsim khoom tsim, thiab yog li ntawd, huab cua muaj kuab paug siab. Cov xwm txheej no tau pom meej meej tias qhov yuav tsum tau lim emissions ntawm cov khoom tsis zoo rau hauv huab cua. Niaj hnub no, lichens tau loj hlob dua hauv cov nroog loj ua tsaug rau kev saib xyuas ib puag ncig thiab txhim kho huab cua zoo.
Muaj ob txoj hauv kev los kawm txog lub xeev ntawm huab cua raws li lub xeev ntawm cov neeg sawv cev ntawm hom no: nquag thiab passive. Nrog rau qhov passive, cov lus xaus yog kos txog lub xeev ntawm cov huab cua ntawm no thiab tam sim no, thaum lub active implies ib tug ntev lub sij hawm txoj kev kawm ntawm ib tug tej yam lichen, uas ua rau nws muaj peev xwm kom tau ib tug ntau dua daim duab.
