Dagestanian cov lus yog ib tsev neeg hom lus loj tshaj plaws, uas muaj ntau hom lus txawv txawv. Muaj txog 7 lab tus neeg nqa khoom. Thiab nyob rau hauv no hais txog, lub Caucasus - lub "lub teb chaws ntawm lub roob" - dhau los ua ib hom ntawm "roob ntawm hom lus". Thaj chaw ntawm pawg lus no yog dab tsi thiab dab tsi yog lus Lavxias-Dagestan?
Kev faib tawm
Dagestanian cov lus muaj nyob rau hauv pawg West-Eastern ntawm Caucasian cov lus ntawm cov tsev neeg cov lus ntawm lub teb chaws Eurasian thiab muab faib ua 5-6 ceg. Sab hnub tuaj ntawm pawg no, lossis Chechen-Dagestan, muaj feem xyuam rau sab hnub poob, lossis Abkhaz-Adyghe. Hauv txhua hom lus ntawm pab pawg no, ib tus tuaj yeem taug qab lub xub ntiag ntawm lub suab nrov nrov.
Qee lub sij hawm no Caucasian isogloss hu ua Nakh-Dagestanian cov lus, txij li tag nrho cov lus sab hnub tuaj tau txiav tawm mus rau hauv ib pawg Nakh cais twb nyob rau xyoo pua 3 BC. e. Nakh ceg muaj cov neeg hais lus coob tshaj plaws - ntau dua 2,500,000 tus neeg.
History of tshwm sim
Thawj chiv keeb, muaj ib hom lus East Caucasian ntawm hom inflectional-agglutinative, uas yog, nws siv hauv kev tsim cov lus feem ntau yog txoj hauv kev ntxiv ntau qhov xaus. Tom qab III xyoo pua BC. e. ib tus tuaj yeem soj ntsuam qhov kev sib cais ntawm cov lus Proto-Caucasian rau hauv pawg, suav nrog Dagestan, uas tau pib suav nrog ntau hom lus, thiab tom qab ntawd cais cov lus uas tsuas muaj qee qhov zoo sib xws hauv phonetic, grammatical thiab syntactic qauv.
Qhov kev sib txawv zaum kawg tuaj yeem sau hnub rau Hnub Nyoog Kawg thaum ntxov.
Area
Cov lus ntawm Dagestan muaj ntau thoob plaws hauv Caucasus, tshwj xeeb hauv Dagestan, Chechnya thiab Ingushetia. Qee tus neeg hais lus nyob hauv Azerbaijan, Georgia, Qaib ntxhw, Jordan thiab lwm lub tebchaws uas koom nrog Middle East.
Txoj kev hais lus tsev neeg
Tsev neeg ntawm cov lus Dagestan yog qhov dav heev. Txawm li cas los xij, Oriental linguists tsis tau kawm txawm tias ib nrab ntawm tag nrho cov lus suav nrog hauv Dagestan isogloss. Tsuas yog Chechen, Avar, Dargin, Lak thiab Lezgin tau zoo tsim los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb, thaum lwm tus tau kawm me ntsis lossis tsis cuam tshuam tag nrho.
Lub hom phiaj ntawm cov lus Dagestan yog raws li hauv qab no:
- Nakh yog thawj ceg. Nws suav nrog cov lus Chechen, Ingush thiab Batsbi. Cov ceg no muaj coob tus neeg hais lus ntau tshaj plaws, vim tias muaj txog ob lab Chechens ib leeg.
- Avaro-Ando-Tsez cov lus yog ceg thib ob ntawm tsev neeg cov lus ntawm Dagestan. Nws suav nrog ntau pawg sub:Avaro-Andean, Andean, as well as Tsez, or Dido. Cov subbranches no ua rau tsov ntxhuav feem ntawm txhua tus neeg hais lus ntawm pawg lus no.
- Lak yog ceg thib peb ntawm tsev neeg hom lus ntawm Dagestan, uas suav nrog tsuas yog cov lus Lak xwb uas muaj txog 140,000 tus neeg hais lus.
- Dargin yog plaub ceg, uas suav nrog ntau pawg: North Dargin, Megeb, Southwest Dargin, Chirag, Kaitag thiab Kubachi-Akhshta. Tag nrho cov kab ntawv no yog cov lus uas tsis muaj ntau tshaj 2,000 tus neeg hais lus hauv ib pab pawg lus.
- Lezgi lus yog ceg thib tsib ntawm cov lus tsev neeg ntawm Dagestan. Nws suav nrog ntau pawg: East Lezghin, West Lezghin, South Lezghin, Archa thiab Uda. Tus naj npawb ntawm cov neeg hais lus: 1,000 txog ib nrab lab tus tib neeg, nyob ntawm pab pawg lus.
- Khinalug yog ceg thib rau, uas suav nrog ib thiab lus Khinalug nkaus xwb, uas tau kawm me ntsis.
Laj ceg
Txhua ceg tau muab faib ua ntau hom lus thiab hom lus, nthuav tawm txhua qhov sib txawv.
Nakh ceg suav nrog:
- Chechen - kwv yees li 2,000,000 tus neeg.
- Ingush - 455,868 tus neeg.
- Batsby - 3000 hais.
The Avar-Ando-Tsez ceg suav nrog:
- Avar - kwv yees li 1,000,000 tus neeg.
- Andean - kwv yees li 6,000 tus neeg hais lus.
- Akhvakh - kwv yees li 200 tus neeg.
- Kaatinskiy - ntau dua 250cov cab kuj.
- Botlikh - ntau dua 200 tus neeg.
- Godoberian - 128 tus neeg hais lus.
- Bagvalinsky - yuav luag 1,500 tus neeg.
- Tindinskiy - ntau dua 6,500 tus neeg hais lus.
- Chamalinsky - txog 500 tus neeg.
- Tsese - txog 12,500 tus neeg hais lus.
- Khvarshinsky - kawm me ntsis, tus naj npawb ntawm cov neeg hais lus tsis paub.
- Inhokvarian - kawm me ntsis, cov neeg hais lus tsis paub.
- Ginukh - kwv yees li 500 tus neeg.
- Bezhtinsky - yuav luag 7000 tus neeg hais lus.
- Gunzibsky - ntau dua 1000 tus neeg.
Lak ceg suav nrog tsuas yog lus Lak xwb, tsuas muaj tshaj 100,000 tus neeg hais lus xwb.
Tus ceg Dargin suav nrog:
- Akushinsky - kawm me ntsis, tus naj npawb ntawm cov neeg nqa khoom tsis paub.
- Dargin Literary - kawm me ntsis, cov neeg hais lus tsis paub.
- Muginsky - txog 3000 tus neeg.
- Tsudahari kawm me ntsis, cov neeg hais lus tsis paub.
- Gapshiminsko-Butrinsky - kawm me ntsis, tus naj npawb ntawm cov neeg hais lus tsis paub.
- Urakhinsky, uas suav nrog Kabinsky thiab Khyurkily dialects nrog txog 70,000 tus neeg hais lus.
- Murego-Gubden - kawm me ntsis, tus naj npawb ntawm cov neeg hais lus tsis paub.
- Kadar kawm me ntsis, tus neeg hais lus tsis paub.
- Muirinsky - txog 18,000 tus neeg.
- Megebian kawm me ntsis, cov neeg hais lus tsis paub.
- Sirkha kawm me ntsis, cov neeg hais lus tsis paub.
- Amukh-Khudutsky - txog 1,600 tus neeg.
- Kunkinsky tau kawm me ntsis, tus naj npawb ntawm cov neeg nqa khoom tsis paub.
- Sanzhi-itsarinsky -me ntsis kawm, tus naj npawb ntawm cov cab kuj tsis paub.
- Kaitagsky - txog 21,000 tus neeg.
- Kubachi kawm me ntsis, tus neeg hais lus tsis paub.
- Ashtinsky - txog 2000 tus neeg.
Cov ceg Lezgin suav nrog:
- Lezgi - ntau dua 650,000 tus neeg.
- Tabasaran - ntau dua 126,000 tus neeg hais lus.
- Agul - txog 30,000 tus neeg.
- Rutul - ntau dua 30,000 tus neeg hais lus.
- Tsakhursky - txog 10,000 tus neeg.
- Budukh - kwv yees li 5,000 tus neeg hais lus.
- Kryzsky - txog 9,000 tus neeg.
- Archinsky - yuav luag 1000 tus neeg hais lus.
- Udi - txog 8,000 tus neeg.
Lub ceg Lezgi kuj suav nrog ob ntxiv: Albanian thiab Aghvan, uas tam sim no suav tias yog hom lus tuag.
ceg kawg suav nrog Khinalug nkaus xwb.
Raws li UNESCO, muaj 25 yam lus nyob rau hauv lub koom pheej ntawm Dagestan uas raug hem tias yuav ploj mus. Qee hom lus tsuas yog hais los ntawm ob peb txhiab lossis ob peb puas leej neeg xwb. Lub sijhawm tam sim no rau Dagestan thiab nws cov lus yog qhov nyuaj tshaj plaws. Cov tub ntxhais hluas tsis tshua muaj peev xwm siv lawv cov lus hauv tebchaws hauv kev hais lus txhua hnub.
Ntxhais
Yog tias koj nqa phau ntawv txhais lus ntawm Dagestan hom lus, piv txwv li, Chechen-Lavxias, thiab xa mus rau tsab xov xwm los ntawm xibfwb A. K. Mitanni tsab xov xwm. Nws yog cov lus ntawm Mesopotamia thaum ub, qhov twgCov pab pawg Abkhaz-Circassian ib zaug nyob hauv zej zog. Cov lus no yog qhov nruab nrab ntawm cov lus Abkhaz thiab Nakh-Dagestan.
Lwm cov kws tshawb fawb, Starostin thiab Dyakonov, ntseeg tias cov lus ntawm lub tebchaws no zoo ib yam li Hurrian, nws thaj chaw nyob rau sab qab teb ntawm Armenian Highlands.
Phonetic nta
Cov lus hauv Dagestan yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm lub suab nruab nrab, uas yog, muaj cov lus nyob hauv 10, thiab cov lus sib txawv heev. Hauv qee qhov adverbs, tus lej ntawm tus lej no tuaj yeem ncav cuag 45.
Cov lus ntawm Dagestan siv tsis tau tsuas yog lub suab thiab lag ntseg xwb, tab sis kuj spirants - ib tug ua ke ntawm cov suab, nrog rau cov lus aspirated, uas yog ib qho tseem ceeb txawv feature ntawm tag nrho cov oriental lus. Vowels feem ntau tsis txawv nyob rau hauv longitude, tab sis muab faib ua lub qhov ntswg thiab caj pas suab nrog ntxiv ntawm ib tug consonant. Lub percussion system yog movable. Nws yog feem ntau raug rau phrasal articulation thiab intonation.
Morphological nta
Hauv phau ntawv txhais lus ntawm Dagestan hom lus, koj tuaj yeem pom tias cov lus feem ntau yog tsim los ntawm affixing stems thiab ntxiv ntau yam inflections. Muaj ntau cov lus ua ntej lossis cov lus ua ntej hauv cov lus thiab cov lus ntawm Dagestan dua li cov lus.
Nouns muaj pawg ntawm rooj plaub, tus lej, thiab cov lus qhia muaj pawg ntawm chav kawm, nam, tense thiab mus ob peb vas. Hauv qee hom lus, xws li Batsbi, Lak thiab Dargin, muaj kev sib koom ua ke ntawm tus kheej, thaum lwm qhov kev kawm thiab cov khoom sib txuas ua ke. Adjectives, tsis zoo li cov lus Lavxias, yog invariableib feem ntawm kev hais lus. Thiab cov lej tuaj yeem pom ob qho tib si hauv lej thiab hauv vigesimal system.
Syntatic nta
Cov lus hais ntawm Dagestan cov lus, Avar, piv txwv li, feem ntau tso cai hloov pauv, thiab lo lus txiav txim hauv kab lus yuav luag ib txwm nruab nrab. Orientalists yog inclined ntseeg hais tias nyob rau hauv cov lus muaj feem ntau ergative kev tsim kho, nyob rau hauv uas tsuas yog kev txiav txim prevails, tshaj nominative tsim, qhov twg lub npe los ua tus tseem ceeb ntawm kab lus.
Tsis yog txhua tus neeg txhais lus kuj qhia lub tswv yim hais tias cov lus Dagestan muaj cov kab lus nyuaj, txawm hais tias qhov yooj yim, txoj kev sib koom ua ke thiab tsis yog koom haum tsim tau zoo.
Qhov nruab nrab ntawm kab lus, ntawm chav kawm, yog qhov ua piv txwv qhia los ntawm kev qhia.
Vocabulary
Hais txog cov lus, peb tuaj yeem hais tias lub hauv paus ntawm txhua yam lus Dagestan yog txheej txheej loj ntawm cov ntaub ntawv haiv neeg thiab lawv cov derivatives.
Ib qhov tshwj xeeb hauv txoj kev npaj lexical yog qhov muaj cov chav kawm tshwj xeeb ntawm 5 lossis 6 hom, piv txwv li, chav kawm ntawm txiv neej, poj niam, yam sib txawv.
Hnub no muaj ntau yam lus Lavxias, tshwj xeeb hauv Chechen thiab Ingush. Hais tias muaj lus Lavxias-Dagestan tsis yog lus dag.
Kev sau ntawv
Rau qhov feem ntau, cov lus thiab cov lus ntawm Dagestan tsis sau lossis muaj cov txheej txheem sau ntawv tsis tau tsim. Txawm li cas los xij, txij li cov neeg hais lus ntawm pawg lus no feem ntau lees paub Islam, tom qab ntawd ua ke nrog kev ntseeg no hauvCov ntawv Arabic nkag mus rau hom lus.
Tam sim no nyob rau xyoo pua 17th, Avars tau pib kho cov tsiaj ntawv Arabic rau lub suab lus. Lub sijhawm no, tsab ntawv Adjam tau tsim, uas hloov cov tsiaj ntawv Arabic, ua kom txhua lub suab ntawm Dagestan tuaj yeem cuam tshuam hauv tsab ntawv. Qhov no tau txais raws li hauv qab no - ib tsab ntawv ntawm cov tsiaj ntawv Arabic qhia ntau lub suab hauv tsab ntawv.
Txij li 30s ntawm lub xyoo pua XX, cov tsiaj ntawv Ajam no pib deform thiab evolve. Cov tsiaj ntawv nws tus kheej tau txais lub npe "New Ajam", font yog cam khwb cia, thiab thawj cov kev sim luam tawm ntawm cov ntsiab lus kev ntseeg twb tshwm sim. Tom qab ntawv cov phau ntawv thiab cov ntaub ntawv uas nrov scientific yuav muab tso rau hauv. Xyoo 1940, "New Ajam" tau hloov los ntawm cov tsiaj ntawv Latin, uas yog raws li Turkic.
Dhau li ntawm qhov no, qee hom lus tawm ntawm txoj cai dav dav thiab siv Cyrillic tsab ntawv, uas yog, Lavxias teb sab duab.
Cov no yog hom lus zoo li:
- Chechen.
- Ingush.
- Avar.
- Lakskiy.
- Lezginsky.
- Tabsaran.
YDarginsky.
Qhov no yog qhov nthuav! Ib hom lus Dagestan, txhais ua lus Lavxias, hu ua Udi, muaj nws tus kheej tsab ntawv.
Yog li ntawd, cov lus ntawm Dagestan yog ib tsev neeg uas muaj ntau hom lus. Feem ntau cov neeg uas hais lus Dagestani nyob rau hauv lub Caucasus, tab sis hais lus kuj muaj nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws ntawm Middle East. yam lus tsis yog xwbnplua nuj nyob rau hauv lawv cov xov tooj cua, tab sis kuj yog ib tug nyob kab lis kev cai ntawm cov roob.
Muaj pes tsawg zaj nkauj tau sau ua lus Dagestan thiab pes tsawg tus qauv ntawm paj huam siab! Tsis tas li ntawd, ntau haiv neeg ntawm Dagestan paub thoob plaws ntiaj teb, xws li kws sau paj lug Rasul Gamzatov thiab ncaws pob Elena Isinbayeva. Cov suab paj nruag ntawm cov lus Dagestan yog sawv cev rau ntawm Lavxias teb sab theem los ntawm cov hnub qub xws li Jasmine thiab Elbrus Dzhanmirzoev, uas feem ntau hu nkauj teb chaws, tsis nco qab lawv hom lus.
