Lub tswv yim ntawm "cov khoom siv tshuaj" tau siv los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb ntev. Yog li, xyoo 1661, R. Boyle siv cov ntsiab lus no rau cov khoom uas, hauv nws lub tswv yim, tsis tuaj yeem decomposed rau hauv cov khoom yooj yim - corpuscles. Cov khoom no tsis hloov pauv thaum muaj tshuaj lom neeg thiab tuaj yeem muaj qhov sib txawv thiab qhov loj.
Tom qab ntawd, xyoo 1789, Lavoisier tau thov thawj lub rooj, uas suav nrog 33 cov khoom yooj yim. Thaum pib ntawm lub XIX caug xyoo. J. D alton qhia txog atomic-molecular hypothesis, raws li J. Berzelius tom qab txiav txim siab cov atomic masses ntawm cov ntsiab lus paub. Xyoo 1869 D. I. Mendeleev nrhiav pom lub sijhawm ua haujlwm (PS) thiab txoj cai ntu ntu. Txawm li cas los xij, niaj hnub kev txhais lus ntawm lub tswv yim no tau tsim tom qab (tom qab kev tshawb pom ntawm G. Moseley thiab J. Chadwick). Hauv lawv cov haujlwm, cov kws tshawb fawb tau ua pov thawj tias tus nqi ntawm lub atomic nucleus yog sib npaug rau tus naj npawb (tus qauv) ntawm lub caij hauv PS ntawm D. I. Mendeleev. Piv txwv li: Be (beryllium), serial tooj - 4, nuclear charge - +4.
Datadiscoveries thiab scientific tej hauj lwm pab txiav txim siab hais tias ib tug tshuaj yog ib hom ntawm atoms nrog tib lub nuclear nqi. Yog li ntawd, tus naj npawb ntawm protons nyob rau hauv lawv yog tib yam. Tam sim no 118 lub ntsiab tau paub. Ntawm no, 89 pom nyob rau hauv qhov, thiab tus so yog tau (synthesized) los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb. Nws tsim nyog sau cia tias International Union ntawm Chemistry (IUPAC) tau lees paub tsuas yog 112 lub ntsiab lus.
Txhua yam tshuaj muaj lub npe thiab lub cim, uas (ua ke nrog tus lej lej thiab txheeb ze atomic mass) tau sau rau hauv PS D. I. Mendeleev. Cov cim uas cov hom atoms uas muaj qhov sib npaug ntawm cov nqi hluav taws xob tau sau yog thawj tsab ntawv ntawm lawv cov npe Latin, piv txwv li: oxygen (lat. oxygen) - O, carbon (lat. carbon) - C, thiab lwm yam. Yog tias lub npe ntawm ntau lub ntsiab lus pib nrog tib tsab ntawv, ces lwm tsab ntawv ntxiv rau nws cov ntawv luv, piv txwv li: lead (Latin plumbum) - Pb. Cov npe no yog thoob ntiaj teb. Tshiab superheavy hom atoms nrog tib lub nqi hluav taws xob uas tau pom nyob rau hauv xyoo tas los no thiab tsis raug lees paub los ntawm IUPAC (tus naj npawb 113, 115-118) muaj npe ib ntus.
Ib qho tshuaj lom neeg kuj tuaj yeem muaj nyob hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov khoom siv yooj yim. Nco ntsoov tias cov npe ntawm cov khoom yooj yim yuav tsis sib haum nrog cov npe ntawm hom atoms nrog tib tus nqi nuclear. Yog li, piv txwv li, Nws (helium) nyob rau hauv qhov muaj nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug roj, lub molecule ntawm uas muaj ib tug atom. Qhov tshwm sim ntawm allotropy kuj tseem tshwm sim, thaum ib lub caij tuaj yeem muaj nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ob peb yam yooj yim (oxygen O 2 thiab ozone O 3). Tseem muaj qhov tshwm sim ntawm polymorphism, piv txwv li muaj ntau yam qauv (kev hloov kho). Ib qho piv txwv ntawm qhov no yog pob zeb diamond, graphite.
Tsis tas li, raws li lawv cov khoom, hom atoms nrog sib npaug ntawm cov nqi hluav taws xob tau muab faib ua hlau thiab tsis yog hlau. Yog li, cov tshuaj lom neeg hlau muaj ib qho tshwj xeeb siv lead ua lattice thiab feem ntau muab cov khoom siv hluav taws xob sab nraud hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, tsim cations, thiab cov hlau tsis yog hlau txuas cov khoom, tsim cov anions.
Thaum lub sijhawm tshuaj tiv thaiv, lub ntsiab yog khaws cia, vim. Tsuas muaj kev faib tawm ntawm cov khoom me me ntawm cov plhaub sab nraud, thaum lub nuclei ntawm atoms lawv tus kheej tsis hloov pauv.
Nws hloov tawm tias cov tshuaj lom neeg yog kev sib xyaw ntawm qee yam ntawm atoms nrog tib lub nqi hluav taws xob thiab tus naj npawb ntawm protons, uas nthuav tawm cov yam ntxwv zoo.
