Cov menyuam kawm ntawv pib kawm paub txog lub cim nco txog hauv qib xya. Ua hauj lwm nrog cov lus no ua rau muaj teeb meem ntau, vim cov me nyuam tsis meej pem nrog lub npe. Qhov no yog vim lub fact tias outwardly lawv zoo sib xws.
Yuav kom kawm paub paub qhov txawv ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm cov lus qhia, koj yuav tsum tau ua tib zoo mloog rau cov yam ntxwv ntawm lo lus, nws lub luag haujlwm hauv kab lus, lexical thiab syntactic compatibility. Tab sis koj yuav tsum pib los ntawm kev kawm theoretical foundations.
Lub cim nco txog yog dab tsi?
Kev paub lus niaj hnub tsis muab cov lus teb meej rau lo lus nug no. Ob lub versions tau siv dav:
- Kev koom nrog yog ib feem ntawm kev hais lus. Nws muaj lub ntsiab lus grammatical ntawm tus cwj pwm ntawm ib qho khoom los ntawm kev ua.
- Kev koom tes yog ib daim ntawv qhia tshwj xeeb. Lub ntsiab lus grammatical yog tib yam li thawj rooj plaub.
Ob qho kev xaiv yog nrov hauv tsev kawm ntawv xyaum, piv txwv li, hauv phau ntawv kawm rau qib xya uas kho los ntawm N. M. Shansky, koj tuaj yeem pom cov ntsiab lus hauv qab no: kev koom tes yog ib feem ntawm kev hais lus,denoting ib tug kos npe rau ntawm ib yam khoom los ntawm kev ua thiab combining cov cim qhia ntawm ib tug verb thiab ib tug adjective. Nyob rau hauv tsab ntawv sau ntawm Razumovskaya M. M., koj tuaj yeem pom lwm qhov kev xaiv. Ntawm no ib feem ntawm kev hais lus yog nthuav tawm raws li ib daim ntawv ntawm cov lus qhia. Nyob rau hauv ob qho tib si, tib yam morphological ntawm lub cim nco txog yog txawv.
Qhov nyuaj yog dab tsi?
Kev muaj peev xwm paub qhov txawv ntawm ib qho kev koom tes los ntawm cov npe yog qhov tseem ceeb heev rau kev siv qhov tseeb ntawm qhov kev hais lus hauv kev sau ntawv. Nws yog ib qho yooj yim los daws cov haujlwm no yog tias koj nco qab cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov lus no.
Morphological cov cim qhia ntawm kev koom ua ke ua ke cov yam ntxwv ntawm tus kheej thiab cov lus qhia. Vim li no, kev tsis sib haum xeeb tshwm sim ntawm qhov chaw ntawm qhov kev hais lus hauv hom lus.
Morphological nta ntawm cov lus qhia nyob rau hauv participle
Kev koom tes yog tsim los ntawm kev hais lus, yog li nws siv qee yam ntawm nws cov yam ntxwv. Nws muaj xws li morphological pawg xws li hom, lub sij hawm, transitivity thiab rov tshwm sim. Tab sis tib lub sij hawm, lub cim nco txog tsis hloov ntawm lub ntsej muag thiab tsis qhia lub ntsiab lus ntawm inclinations.
Qhov kev hais lus no tuaj yeem ua tau zoo tag nrho (mus ncig, qaug cawv, pom) lossis tsis zoo (tsav tsheb, yuav, raug kuaj). Hom kev koom nrog yog dab tsi yog txiav txim los ntawm kev sib piv nrog cov lus qhia. Yog nws teb lo lus nug "Koj ua dab tsi?" - daim ntawv tsis zoo, "Koj ua dab tsi?" - zoo meej.
Cov neeg tuaj koom tuaj yeem muaj tam sim no (tau txais, xav) lossis dhau los (yuav, xaiv). Yav tom ntej tsis tsim.
Kev rov qab los yog txiav txim siab los ntawm lub xub ntiag ntawm postfix "sya". Yog hais tias nws muaj nyob rau hauv cov qauv ntawm lo lus, qhov kev koom tes yog reflexive (laughing, undressing).
Kev hloov pauv thiab kev hloov pauv ntawm qhov kev hais lus no tau tshwm sim los ntawm nws lub peev xwm los ua ke nrog cov khoom ncaj qha (tus ntxhais yuav tus menyuam roj hmab). Nws yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias qhov kev sib koom ua ke tsis tuaj yeem hloov pauv.
Morphological nta ntawm adjective nyob rau hauv participle
Kev nyuaj hauv kev txheeb xyuas cov neeg koom nrog hauv cov ntawv nyeem, raws li tau hais los saum toj no, tshwm sim hauv cov menyuam kawm ntawv vim qhov tseeb ntawm qhov kev hais lus no zoo ib yam li cov lus qhia hauv nws lub suab tsim. Ntawm cov lus qhia ntawm Lavxias teb sab, cov menyuam yaus muaj lub hom phiaj ua haujlwm kom paub qhov txawv ntawm cov lus no.
Lub peev xwm poob qis yog ib qho cim morphological ntawm cov koom nrog, uas tau qiv los ntawm cov lus qhia. Qhov kev hais lus no tuaj yeem sib txawv ntawm cov lej thiab rooj plaub.
Lwm qhov tshwj xeeb morphological ntawm kev koom nrog, uas kuj yog tus yam ntxwv ntawm cov npe, yog kev hloov pauv ntawm poj niam txiv neej. Tib lo lus yuav yog txiv neej, neuter lossis feminine nyob ntawm cov ntsiab lus.
Qhov kawg ntawm ob ntu ntawm kev hais lus muaj sib xws yog muaj peev xwm tsim cov ntawv luv.
Daim paib ruaj khov thiab tsis ruaj khov
Cov yam ntxwv tsis tu ncua ntawm cov neeg koom nrog suav nrog kev cog lus, hom thiab sijhawm. Inconstant - poj niam txiv neej, naj npawb, rooj plaub, daim ntawv puv lossis luv luv.
Kev cog lus tuaj yeem ua haujlwm lossis tsis ua haujlwm. Koj tuaj yeem nkag siab tias hom kev koom tes yog dab tsi los ntawm nws lub ntsiab lus lexical lossis cov ntsiab lus tsim nyog. Nyob rau hauv cov lus ntawm lub suab nquag, muaj xws li morphemes li -ashch (-yashch), -ushch (-yushch), -vsh, -sh. Passive koom nrog kev pab ntawm affixes -om (-em), -im, -nn, -enn, -t. Tsuas yog pab pawg thib ob thiaj tuaj yeem tsim cov ntawv luv.
Kev paub txog qhov kev koom tes yog dab tsi thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov lus qhia thiab cov lus qhia nws ua ke yuav xav tau rau kev tsim cov kab lus hauv kev sau ntawv. Tsis tas li ntawd, tom qab nyeem tsab xov xwm no, txhua txoj haujlwm uas koj xav tau kom raug txiav txim siab ib feem ntawm kev hais lus yuav yog nyob ntawm koj.
