Muaj ntau hom oscillations hauv physics, tus cwj pwm los ntawm qee yam tsis muaj. Xav txog lawv qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb, kev faib tawm raws li qhov sib txawv.
Basic definitions
Kev hloov pauv yog txhais tau tias yog txheej txheem nyob rau hauv ib ntus cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb ntawm kev txav mus los muaj qhov tseem ceeb.
Periodic oscillations yog cov uas qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov nqi pib rov ua dua ntawm lub sijhawm tsis tu ncua (lub sijhawm oscillation).
Ntau yam ntawm cov txheej txheem oscillatory
Cia peb xav txog yam tseem ceeb ntawm oscillations uas muaj nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus physics.
Kev vibrations dawb yog cov uas tshwm sim hauv lub kaw lus uas tsis raug cuam tshuam los ntawm lwm qhov txawv txav tom qab pib poob siab.
Ib qho piv txwv ntawm kev oscillation dawb yog ib qho lej pendulum.
Cov hom kev vibrations uas tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub kaw lus nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim ntawm ib tug txawv txawv quab yuam.
Txoj kev faib tawm
Los ntawm lub cev qhov xwm txheej, cov hauv qab no hom oscillatory txav tau txawv:
- mechanical;
- thermal;
- electromagnetic;
- mixed.
Raws li kev xaiv ntawm kev cuam tshuam nrog ib puag ncig
Hom kev hloov pauv hauv kev sib cuam tshuam nrog ib puag ncig tau muab faib ua ntau pawg.
Kev quab yuam oscillations tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub kaw lus nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim ntawm lub sij hawm sab nraud. Raws li piv txwv ntawm hom oscillation, peb tuaj yeem xav txog kev txav ntawm tes, tawm ntawm tsob ntoo.
Rau yuam kev sib haum xeeb oscillations, ib tug resonance yuav tshwm sim, nyob rau hauv uas, nrog sib npaug qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov zaus ntawm sab nrauv thiab oscillator, nrog ib tug ntse nce nyob rau hauv amplitude.
Tus kheej vibrations nyob rau hauv lub cev nyob rau hauv lub zog ntawm sab hauv zog tom qab nws raug tshem tawm ntawm equilibrium. Qhov yooj yim tshaj plaws ntawm kev vibrations dawb yog qhov txav ntawm lub thauj khoom uas raug tshem tawm ntawm cov xov lossis txuas rau lub caij nplooj ntoo hlav.
Tus kheej oscillations yog hom uas lub kaw lus muaj qee yam ntawm lub zog siv los ua oscillations. Lawv qhov txawv feature yog qhov tseeb hais tias lub amplitude yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm cov khoom ntawm lub system nws tus kheej, thiab tsis yog los ntawm lub xub ntiag tej yam kev mob.
Rau qhov hloov pauv tsis sib xws, cov khoom sab nraud muaj tus nqi random.
Basic parameters of oscillatory movements
Txhua hom kev vibration muaj qee yam yam ntxwv uas yuav tsum tau hais cais.
Qhov amplitude yog qhov sib txawv siab tshaj plaws ntawm qhov sib npaug, qhov sib txawv ntawm tus nqi hloov pauv, nws ntsuas hauv meters.
Lub sijhawm yog lub sijhawm ntawm ib lub viav vias puv, dhau musuas rov ua cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub cev, suav nrog hauv vib nas this.
Zaus yog txiav txim los ntawm tus naj npawb ntawm oscillations ib chav tsev ntawm lub sijhawm, nws yog inversely proportional rau lub sij hawm oscillation.
Theem oscillation characterizes lub xeev ntawm system.
yam ntxwv ntawm kev sib haum xeeb oscillations
Cov hom oscillations tshwm sim raws li txoj cai ntawm cosine lossis sine. Fourier tau tswj kom tsim tau tias txhua lub sijhawm oscillation tuaj yeem sawv cev raws li cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev hloov pauv kev sib haum xeeb los ntawm kev nthuav dav ib qho kev ua haujlwm rau hauv Fourier series.
Ua piv txwv, xav txog lub pendulum nrog rau qee lub sijhawm thiab lub voj voog zaus.
Dab tsi yog yam ntxwv ntawm cov kev hloov pauv no? Physics suav hais tias kev ua lej pendulum yog ib qho kev ua haujlwm zoo, uas muaj cov khoom siv, uas tau muab tshem tawm ntawm cov xov tsis hnyav uas tsis muaj zog, oscillates nyob rau hauv lub zog ntawm lub ntiajteb txawj nqus.
Cov hom kev vibrations muaj qee lub zog, lawv muaj nyob hauv cov xwm txheej thiab thev naus laus zis.
Nrog rau lub sijhawm ntev oscillatory, qhov kev sib koom tes ntawm nws qhov chaw ntawm kev hloov pauv loj, thiab nrog rau qhov hloov pauv tam sim no, tus nqi ntawm tam sim no thiab qhov hluav taws xob hloov pauv hauv Circuit Court.
Muaj ntau hom kev sib haum xeeb los ntawm lub cev: electromagnetic, mechanical, thiab lwm yam.
Txoj kev txav ntawm lub tsheb uas txav ntawm txoj kev ntxhib ua raws li kev quab yuam.
Qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm kev yuam thiab pub dawbfluctuations
Cov hom electromagnetic oscillations txawv ntawm lub cev yam ntxwv. Lub xub ntiag ntawm nruab nrab kuj thiab kev sib txhuam rog ua rau damping ntawm dawb oscillations. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm yuam oscillations, lub zog poob yog compensated los ntawm nws cov khoom ntxiv los ntawm lwm qhov chaw.
Lub sijhawm ntawm lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav pendulum hais txog qhov loj ntawm lub cev thiab qhov tawv nqaij ntawm lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm tus lej pendulum, nws nyob ntawm qhov ntev ntawm cov xov.
Nrog lub sijhawm paub, koj tuaj yeem suav cov zaus ntawm lub oscillatory system.
Nyob hauv thev naus laus zis thiab xwm txheej, muaj qhov hloov pauv nrog cov nqi sib txawv. Piv txwv li, lub pendulum uas oscillates nyob rau hauv St. Isaac lub Cathedral nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg muaj ib tug zaus ntawm 0.05 Hz, thaum lub atoms nws yog ob peb lab megahertz.
Tom qab qee lub sijhawm, damping ntawm cov oscillations dawb tau pom. Tias yog vim li cas yuam oscillations yog siv nyob rau hauv kev xyaum. Lawv nyob rau hauv kev thov nyob rau hauv ntau yam kev co tshuab. Lub vibratory rauj yog lub tshuab shock-vibration uas yog tsim los rau kev tsav cov kav dej, pawg, thiab lwm yam hlau tsim rau hauv av.
Electromagnetic oscillations
Tus cwj pwm ntawm cov qauv oscillation suav nrog kev tshuaj xyuas ntawm lub cev tseem ceeb: tus nqi, qhov hluav taws xob, lub zog tam sim no. Raws li lub hauv paus system, uas yog siv los soj ntsuam electromagnetic oscillations, yog ib qho oscillatory circuit. Nws yog tsim los ntawm kev txuas lub kauj thiab lub capacitor hauv series.
Thaum lub voj voog kaw, tsis muaj electromagneticKev hloov pauv cuam tshuam nrog kev hloov pauv hauv lub sijhawm hluav taws xob ntawm lub capacitor thiab tam sim no hauv lub kauj.
Lawv pub dawb vim tias thaum lawv ua tiav tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam sab nraud, tab sis tsuas yog siv lub zog khaws cia hauv Circuit Court xwb.
Yog tias peb xav txog qhov kev tawm tsam ntawm lub kauj yog xoom, thiab siv lub sijhawm oscillation li T, peb tuaj yeem xav txog ib qho ua tiav oscillation los ntawm lub system.
Nyob rau hauv qhov tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam sab nraud, tom qab qee lub sijhawm, kev ua kom lub zog ntawm electromagnetic oscillation raug pom. Yog vim li cas rau qhov tshwm sim no yuav maj mam tso tawm ntawm lub capacitor, raws li zoo raws li cov kuj uas lub coil yeej muaj.
Yog vim li cas damped oscillations tshwm sim nyob rau hauv ib tug tiag tiag Circuit Court. Txo tus nqi ntawm lub capacitor ua rau txo qis ntawm lub zog tus nqi piv nrog nws tus nqi qub. Maj mam, nws yuav raug tso tawm thaum tshav kub ntawm cov xov hlau sib txuas thiab coil, lub capacitor yuav raug tso tawm tag, thiab cov hluav taws xob oscillation yuav ua tiav.
Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev hloov pauv hauv kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis
Txhua yam kev txav uas muaj qee qhov kev rov ua dua yog oscillations. Piv txwv li, tus lej pendulum yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev sib txawv ntawm ob qho kev qhia los ntawm qhov qub ntsug.
Rau lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav pendulum, ib lub viav vias puv sib haum rau nws txoj kev txav mus los ntawm qhov chaw pib.
Nyob rau hauv ib qho hluav taws xob Circuit Court uas muaj capacitance thiab inductance, muaj ib tug repetition ntawm tus nqi ntawmcapacitor phaj. Dab tsi yog qhov ua rau oscillatory txav? Lub pendulum ua haujlwm vim qhov tseeb tias lub ntiajteb txawj nqus ua rau nws rov qab mus rau nws txoj haujlwm qub. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav qauv, ib tug zoo xws li cov muaj nuj nqi yog ua los ntawm elastic quab yuam ntawm lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav. Dhau txoj hauj lwm sib npaug, lub load muaj qee qhov ceev, yog li ntawd, los ntawm inertia, nws txav mus rau nruab nrab lub xeev.
Hluav taws xob oscillations tuaj yeem piav qhia los ntawm qhov sib txawv uas muaj nyob nruab nrab ntawm cov phaj ntawm lub charged capacitor. Txawm tias thaum nws tawm tag lawm, qhov tam sim no tsis ploj, nws yog recharged.
Ntawm thev naus laus zis siv qhov hloov pauv uas sib txawv ntawm lawv qhov xwm txheej, qib ntawm kev rov ua dua, xwm txheej, thiab tseem "txhim kho" ntawm qhov pom.
Cov tshuab vibrations yog tsim los ntawm cov hlua ntawm cov twj paj nruag, dej hiav txwv, lub pendulum. Kev hloov pauv tshuaj lom neeg cuam tshuam nrog kev hloov pauv hauv cov concentration ntawm cov tshuaj reactants raug coj mus rau hauv tus account thaum ua ntau yam kev cuam tshuam.
Electromagnetic oscillations tso cai rau kev tsim ntau yam khoom siv, xws li xov tooj, cov khoom siv kho mob ultrasonic.
Qhov kev hloov pauv ntawm qhov ci ntsa iab ntawm Cepheids yog qhov txaus siab rau astrophysics, thiab cov kws tshawb fawb los ntawm ntau lub teb chaws tab tom kawm lawv.
Zoo kawg
Txhua hom kev oscillations muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog ntau tus txheej txheem kev tshaj lij thiab lub cev tshwm sim. Lawv cov tswv yim tseem ceeb yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv kev tsim dav hlau, kev tsim nkoj, kev tsim kho vaj tsev nyob, hluav taws xob engineering, xov tooj cua hluav taws xob, tshuaj, thiab kev tshawb fawb tseem ceeb. Ib qho piv txwv ntawm cov txheej txheem oscillatory ib txwm nyob hauvphysiology nyiam lub zog ntawm lub plawv cov leeg. Mechanical vibrations muaj nyob rau hauv cov organic thiab inorganic chemistry, meteorology, thiab ntau lwm yam natural sciences.
Thawj cov kev tshawb fawb ntawm lej pendulum tau ua nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 17th, thiab thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua puas xyoo, cov kws tshawb fawb muaj peev xwm tsim tau qhov xwm ntawm electromagnetic oscillations. Tus kws tshawb fawb Lavxias Alexander Popov, uas suav tias yog "txiv" ntawm kev sib txuas lus hauv xov tooj cua, tau ua nws qhov kev sim ua tiav raws li kev xav ntawm electromagnetic oscillations, cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev tshawb fawb los ntawm Thomson, Huygens, thiab Rayleigh. Nws tau tswj kom nrhiav tau ib daim ntawv thov siv tau rau electromagnetic oscillations, siv lawv los xa xov tooj cua teeb liab mus rau qhov deb.
Academician P. N. Lebedev tau ntau xyoo ua cov kev sim uas cuam tshuam nrog kev tsim cov khoom siv hluav taws xob ntau zaus siv hluav taws xob sib hloov. Ua tsaug rau ntau qhov kev sim uas muaj feem xyuam nrog ntau hom kev vibrations, cov kws tshawb fawb tau tswj xyuas qhov chaw rau lawv qhov kev pom zoo hauv kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis niaj hnub no.
