thawj lub tswv yim ntawm cov fibers yog dab tsi, peb tau txais tom tsev kawm ntawv hauv kev kawm biology. Hauv kev nkag siab dav, qhia txog cov ntsiab lus dav dav hauv kev cuam tshuam rau qhov tshwj xeeb, lub tswv yim no sawv cev rau ib chav kawm ntawm cov ntaub ntawv uas muaj cov xov lossis cov hlwb.
Cov nqaij mos fiber ntau yog cov qauv tsim ntawm cov leeg nqaij, uas yog cov cell multinucleated, uas muaj ntau ntawm lwm cov hlwb uas tuaj yeem yog cov nroj tsuag, tsiaj txhu, pob zeb lossis cov khoom siv dag zog.
Lub Koom Txoos Qub Slavonic
Lub hauv paus ntawm lo lus "fiber" yog txuam nrog lub qub Slavonic "Vlakno". Lo lus no muaj nyob rau hauv niaj hnub Bulgarian, Czech, Slovak, Serbian lus. Nrog me ntsis phonetic sib txawv, nws muaj nyob rau hauv Polish - wlOkno. Muaj ib lub tswv yim hais txog nyob rau hauv ancient Indian: valkas, uas txhais tau tias "bast".
Hauv Lavxias, chav lexical no tau hloov pauv raws li kev hloov pauv lub suab: OLO-LA. Txij li "fiber" yog lo lus hauv phau ntawv txhais lus, nws cov ntawv sau yuav tsum tau cim.
Yuav kom tau txais lub tswv yim ntawm cov fibers dab tsi yog cov khoom faib, cia peb ua tib zoo saib lawv hom.
Rau zaub fiberskeeb kwm muaj xws li bass thiab paj rwb. Nyias threads ntawm paj rwb npog paj rwb noob. Lawv muaj feem ntau (94%) ntawm cellulose, thiab qhov seem yog dej, pectins, muaj roj, waxy, hmoov tshauv (mineral as-ham coj los ntawm cov nroj tsuag los ntawm cov av).
Koj tuaj yeem nkag siab tias cov paj rwb fibers yog dab tsi los ntawm kev tshuaj xyuas lawv hauv lub tshuab tsom. Peb yuav pom ib lub tiaj twisted ribbon nrog lub tubule uas muaj cua.
Cov xov no yog hygroscopic, tshav kub-resistant, muaj lub zog siab hauv kev cuam tshuam rau kev ua ntawm alkalis. Yog tias paj rwb raug kub hnyiab, nws yuav tsw zoo li daim ntawv hlawv.
Cov yam tsis zoo muaj xws li tsis muaj elasticity thiab tsis ruaj khov rau qhov kev txiav txim ntawm cov kua qaub.
Cov fibers tsis zoo yog tau los ntawm qia ntawm flax. Lawv yog cov elongated hlwb nrog taw kawg. Nyob rau hauv qhov chaw lawv muaj cov duab ntawm ib tug pentahedron. Ib feem loj ntawm cov muaj pes tsawg leeg yog cellulose (80%), thiab cov feem pua ntawm cov rog yog cov rog, xim, cov ntxhia ntxhia tsis huv thiab lignin. Lub xub ntiag ntawm lignin ua rau muaj zog ntxiv. High thermal conductivity ua rau cov ntaub pua chaw txias rau qhov kov.
Tsiaj fibers
Tshis, yaj, ntxhuav thiab lwm yam ntaub plaub, nrog rau tej yam ntuj tso lo lo ntxhuav, yog cov tsiaj fibers uas muaj peb txheej: sab nrauv scaly, lub ntsiab cortical txheej thiab cov tub ntxhais, uas yog nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm cov xov.
Muaj 4 hom ntaub plaub:
- twisted nyias - fluff;
- cov plaub hau nruab nrab - nruab nrab ntawm nqes thiab awn;
- ntxhib me ntsis crimped - awn;
- short brittle fiber - cov plaub hau tuag.
Nyob ntawm hom xov, kuj tseem muaj hom ntaub plaub: los ntawm kev nplua, uas yog siv los ua cov khoom siv ntaub plaub zoo, kom ntxhib, siv los ua ntaub thiab ntaub. Wool tuaj yeem khaws cov cua sov thiab yog hygroscopic. Thaum nws kub hnyiab, cov ntxhiab tsw ntawm cov plaub hau hlawv tshwm.
Lub lightest natural fiber yog txhob lo lo ntxhuav. Tau txais nws los ntawm cocoon ntawm kab kab kab kab kab kab.
Ob tug proteins - fibroin thiab sericin - yog ib feem ntawm cocoon xov. Ntuj txhob lo lo ntxhuav yog yam ntxwv los ntawm softness, smoothness, siab hygroscopicity, tsawg wrinkling. Qhov tsis zoo yog qhov siab shrinkage ntawm cov xov twisted thiab tsis tshua muaj cua sov. Silk yog cov khoom siv tseem ceeb tshaj plaws los ua cov khaub ncaws lub caij ntuj sov.
Synthetic threads
Dab tsi yog fibers ntawm cov khoom siv hluavtaws tuaj yeem nkag siab los ntawm kev kawm lawv qhov xwm txheej. Lawv yog tsim los ntawm cov tshuaj synthesis los ntawm monomers, uas yog, tsis tshua muaj molecular hnyav tshuaj. Yog li ntawd, hluavtaws polymers yog tsim. Cov ntaub ntawv raw rau nylon, lavsan, acrylic, crimplene, acetate txhob lo lo ntxhuav yog cov khoom ntawm cov thee, roj thiab roj ua. Cov fibers no muaj siab tenacity, tsawg crease thiab shrinkage, tab sis tsis hygroscopic.
Ntau yam ntawm cov khoom ntawm cov khoom siv polymers, muaj peev xwm sib txawv, nrog rau cov khoom siv raw yog kev txhawb siab rau kev tsim cov khoom siv hluavtaws.
tshuaj fibers
Tautau los ntawm kev ua cov khoom siv hluavtaws xws li polyamides, polyesters, nrog rau cov khoom siv ntuj: cellulose, proteins, casein thiab lwm yam. Cov khoom siv raw kom tau txais cov fibers no yog paj rwb pov tseg, ntau yam hlau, iav, roj khoom, thee.
Viscose yog ib qho ntawm thawj fibers ntawm tshuaj keeb kwm los ua lag luam. Nws yog tau los ntawm kev kho ntoo pulp nrog tshuaj.
Ib qho tsis zoo ntawm viscose fiber ntau yog wrinkling siab. Yuav kom txo tau qhov zoo no, nws raug rau cov txheej txheem ntawm kev hloov kho tshuaj. Qhov tshwm sim yog polynose fiber uas zoo li cov paj rwb zoo.
