"Geology yog ib txoj hauv kev ntawm lub neej," ib tug geologist yuav zoo li hais thaum nug txog nws txoj haujlwm, ua ntej mus rau qhuav thiab tho txawv formulations, piav qhia tias geology yog kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov qauv thiab muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm lub ntiaj teb, txog keeb kwm ntawm nws yug, tsim thiab qauv ntawm txoj kev loj hlob, txog ib zaug innumerable, thiab niaj hnub no, alas, "kwv yees" kev nplua nuj ntawm nws lub plab. Lwm cov ntiaj chaw hauv lub hnub ci kuj yog cov khoom ntawm kev tshawb fawb geological.
Qhov kev piav qhia ntawm ib qho kev tshawb fawb feem ntau pib nrog keeb kwm ntawm nws keeb kwm thiab tsim, tsis nco qab tias cov lus piav qhia yog tag nrho ntawm cov ntsiab lus tsis txaus ntseeg thiab cov ntsiab lus, yog li nws zoo dua mus rau qhov chaw ua ntej.
theem ntawm kev tshawb fawb geological
Cov txheej txheem dav dav tshaj plaws ntawm kev tshawb fawb ib ntus uas txhua qhov haujlwm geological tsom rau kev txheeb xyuas cov pob zeb hauv av tuaj yeem "squeezed"(tom qab no hu ua MPO), qhov tseem ceeb, yog raws li hauv qab no: geological daim ntawv ntsuam xyuas (mapping ntawm outcrops ntawm pob zeb thiab geological formations), prospecting, tshawb nrhiav, xam cov reserves, geological qhia. Kev tua, kev tshawb nrhiav thiab kev tshawb nrhiav, dhau los, yog ib txwm muab faib ua theem nyob ntawm qhov ntsuas ntawm kev ua haujlwm thiab suav nrog lawv qhov kev ua tiav.
Txhawm rau ua cov haujlwm zoo li no, tag nrho cov tub rog ntawm cov kws tshaj lij ntawm qhov dav tshaj plaws ntawm geological tshwj xeeb tau koom nrog, uas tus kws tshawb fawb geologist tiag tiag yuav tsum paub ntau dua li ntawm qib "me ntsis ntawm txhua yam", vim tias nws tau ntsib nrog txoj haujlwm ntawm kev sau tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv muaj txiaj ntsig zoo no thiab thaum kawg tuaj rau qhov kev tshawb pom ntawm qhov tso nyiaj (lossis ua rau nws), vim tias geology yog ib qho kev tshawb fawb uas kawm txog lub plab hauv lub ntiaj teb feem ntau rau kev txhim kho cov peev txheej ntxhia.
Tsev Neeg ntawm Geological Sciences
Zoo li lwm yam kev tshawb fawb ntuj (physics, biology, chemistry, geography, thiab lwm yam), geology yog ib qho nyuaj ntawm kev sib raug zoo thiab kev sib cuam tshuam kev kawm txuj ci.
Geological kev kawm ncaj qha suav nrog kev dav dav thiab cheeb tsam geology, mineralogy, tectonics, geomorphology, geochemistry, lithology, paleontology, petrology, petrography, gemology, stratigraphy, keeb kwm geology, crystallography, hydrogeology, marine geologysemento.
Applied, methodological, technical, economic and other sciences related to geology include engineering geology, seismology, petrophysics, glaciology, geography, geologyminerals, geophysics, av science, geodesy, oceanography, oceanology, geostatistics, geotechnology, geoinformatics, geotechnology, cadastre thiab av saib xyuas, av tswj, climatology, cartography, meteorology thiab ib tug xov tooj ntawm atmospheric sciences.
"Ntshiab", thaj chaw geology tseem piav qhia ntau, uas ua rau muaj lub luag haujlwm ntawm kev coj ncaj ncees thiab kev ncaj ncees rau tus neeg ua yeeb yam, yog li geology, tau tsim nws cov lus, zoo li lwm yam kev tshawb fawb, tsis tuaj yeem ua yam tsis muaj philology, logic thiab ethics.
Vim tias txoj hauv kev nrhiav thiab tshawb nrhiav, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau thaj chaw nyuaj mus txog, yog txoj haujlwm tsis muaj kev saib xyuas, ib tus kws tshawb fawb ib txwm raug ntxias los ntawm cov ntsiab lus, tab sis zoo thiab zoo nkauj nthuav tawm cov lus txiav txim lossis cov lus xaus, thiab qhov no, hmoov tsis zoo, tshwm sim. Kev puas tsuaj "tsis raug" tuaj yeem ua rau muaj qhov tshwm sim loj heev ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab kev tsim khoom thiab cov khoom siv thiab kev lag luam, yog li tus kws tshawb fawb tsuas tsis muaj cai rau kev dag ntxias, kev cuam tshuam thiab kev ua yuam kev, xws li sapper lossis kws phais.
Lub caj qaum ntawm geosciences yog tsim los rau hauv cov txheej txheem hierarchical (geochemistry, mineralogy, crystallography, petrology, lithology, paleontology thiab geology kom raug, suav nrog tectonics, stratigraphy thiab keeb kwm geology), uas cuam tshuam cov subordination ntawm successively complex khoom ntawm kev kawm. los ntawm atoms thiab molecules rau lub ntiaj teb tag nrho.
Txhua yam ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb no tau nthuav dav hauv cov lus qhia sib txawv, nrog rau geology nws tus kheej suav nrog tectonics, stratigraphy thiab keeb kwm geology.
Geochemistry
Nyob rau hauv qhov kev pom ntawm qhov kev tshawb fawb nodag cov teeb meem ntawm kev faib cov ntsiab lus hauv huab cua, hydrosphere thiab lithosphere.
Niaj hnub nimno geochemistry yog ib qho kev qhuab qhia ntawm kev tshawb fawb, suav nrog hauv cheeb tsam geochemistry, biogeochemistry thiab geochemical txoj hauv kev ntawm prospecting rau mineral deposits. Cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev kawm rau tag nrho cov kev qhuab qhia no yog cov cai ntawm kev tsiv teb tsaws ntawm cov ntsiab lus, cov xwm txheej rau lawv cov concentration, kev sib cais thiab kev hloov pauv, nrog rau cov txheej txheem ntawm evolution ntawm cov ntaub ntawv ntawm kev nrhiav txhua lub caij lossis cov koom haum los ntawm ntau yam, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov khoom zoo sib xws.
Geochemistry yog ua raws li cov khoom thiab cov qauv ntawm cov atom thiab crystalline teeb meem, ntawm cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov ntsuas kub tsis muaj zog uas qhia txog ib feem ntawm lub ntiaj teb crust los yog cov plhaub ib leeg, nrog rau cov qauv dav dav tsim los ntawm cov txheej txheem thermodynamic.
Txoj haujlwm ncaj qha ntawm kev tshawb fawb geochemical hauv geology yog kev tshawb pom ntawm MPO, yog li ntawd, kev tshawb nrhiav kev ua haujlwm rau ore minerals yuav tsum tau ua ntej thiab nrog rau cov kev tshawb fawb geochemical, cov txiaj ntsig ntawm cov txiaj ntsig tau siv los txheeb xyuas thaj chaw ntawm kev tawg ntawm cov khoom muaj txiaj ntsig..
Mineralogy
Ib qho tseem ceeb thiab qub tshaj plaws ntawm kev tshawb fawb geological, kawm txog qhov loj, zoo nkauj, txawv txawv thiab tsis paub ntiaj teb ntawm cov zaub mov. Mineralogical cov kev tshawb fawb, cov hom phiaj, lub hom phiaj thiab cov txheej txheem uas nyob ntawm cov haujlwm tshwj xeeb, tau ua tiav ntawm txhua theem ntawm kev tshawb nrhiav thiab kev tshawb nrhiav geological thiab suav nrog ntau txoj hauv kev los ntawm kev ntsuas qhov pom ntawm cov pob zeb hauv av mus rau electron microscopy thiab X-ray diffraction diagnostics..
NyobCov theem ntawm kev tshawb fawb, kev tshawb fawb thiab kev tshawb fawb ntawm MPO, cov kev tshawb fawb tau ua tiav txhawm rau txhawm rau txheeb xyuas cov txheej txheem tshawb nrhiav mineralogical thiab kev ntsuam xyuas ua ntej ntawm qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov peev txheej.
Thaum lub sijhawm tshawb nrhiav kev ua haujlwm ntawm geological thiab thaum ntsuas qhov khaws cia ntawm cov ore lossis cov ntaub ntawv tsis yog xim hlau, nws cov khoom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo thiab muaj txiaj ntsig zoo yog tsim los ntawm kev txheeb xyuas cov txiaj ntsig zoo thiab tsis zoo, cov ntaub ntawv uas tau muab coj los siv. mus rau hauv tus account thaum xaiv ib tug ua technology los yog txiav txim siab txog qhov zoo ntawm raw cov ntaub ntawv.
Ntxiv rau kev kawm dav dav ntawm cov pob zeb, cov dej num tseem ceeb ntawm mineralogy yog kev kawm txog cov qauv ntawm kev sib xyaw ntawm cov ntxhia hauv cov koom haum ntuj tsim thiab kev txhim kho cov hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm cov kab ke ntawm cov ntxhia.
YCrystalography
Ib zaug dhau los, crystallography tau suav tias yog ib feem ntawm cov mineralogy, thiab kev sib raug zoo ntawm lawv yog ntuj thiab pom tseeb, tab sis niaj hnub no nws yog kev ywj pheej science nrog nws tus kheej kev kawm thiab nws txoj kev tshawb fawb. Cov dej num ntawm crystallography muaj nyob rau hauv kev kawm paub txog cov qauv, lub cev thiab kho qhov muag khoom ntawm cov muaju, cov txheej txheem ntawm lawv tsim thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev cuam tshuam nrog ib puag ncig, nrog rau cov kev hloov tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub influences ntawm ntau yam xwm.
Kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov muaju yog muab faib ua lub cev thiab tshuaj crystallography, uas kawm txog cov qauv ntawm kev tsim thiab kev loj hlob ntawm cov muaju, lawv tus cwj pwm nyob rau hauv ntau yam kev mob nyob ntawm seb cov duab thiab cov qauv, thiab geometric crystallography, cov ntsiab lus.uas yog cov kev cai geometric tswj cov duab thiab symmetry ntawm crystals.
Tectonics
Tectonics yog ib qho ntawm cov ceg tseem ceeb ntawm geology, uas kawm txog cov qauv ntawm lub ntiaj teb crust nyob rau hauv cov qauv, cov yam ntxwv ntawm nws tsim thiab kev loj hlob tawm tsam keeb kwm ntawm txawv-scale txav, deformations, faults thiab dislocations tshwm sim los ntawm cov txheej txheem sib sib zog nqus.
Tectonics tau muab faib rau hauv cheeb tsam, qauv (morphological), keeb kwm thiab siv ceg.
Kev taw qhia hauv cheeb tsam ua haujlwm nrog cov qauv xws li platforms, daim phiaj, cov ntaub thaiv npog, thaj chaw folded, hiav txwv thiab dej hiav txwv kev nyuaj siab, hloov qhov tsis raug, thaj chaw sib cais, thiab lwm yam.
Ib qho piv txwv yog lub cheeb tsam cov txheej txheem-tectonic txoj kev npaj uas qhia txog geology ntawm Russia. Cov European ib feem ntawm lub teb chaws yog nyob rau sab hnub tuaj European platform, muaj li ntawm Precambrian igneous thiab metamorphic pob zeb. Thaj chaw ntawm Urals thiab Yenisei yog nyob rau sab hnub poob Siberian platform. Siberian Platform (Middle Siberian Plateau) txuas los ntawm Yenisei mus rau Lena. Cov chaw folded yog sawv cev los ntawm Ural-Mongolian, Pacific thiab ib nrab Mediterranean folded siv.
Morphological tectonics kawm cov qauv ntawm qhov kev txiav txim qis dua piv rau cov cheeb tsam tectonics.
Keeb kwm geotectonics cuam tshuam nrog keeb kwm ntawm keeb kwm thiab tsim ntawm cov hom qauv ntawm cov dej hiav txwv thiab cov teb chaws.
Kev siv cov kev taw qhia ntawm tectonics yog txuam nrog kev txheeb xyuas cov qauvKev tso kawm ntawm ntau hom MPOs nyob rau hauv kev sib txuas nrog qee hom morphostructures thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm lawv txoj kev loj hlob.
Nyob rau hauv qhov "mercantile" geological kev txiav txim siab, faults nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb crust yog xam raws li ore mov channel thiab ore-tswj yam.
Paleontology
Lub ntsiab lus "kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov neeg thaum ub", paleontology kawm cov kab mob fossil, lawv cov seem thiab cov cim ntawm kev ua haujlwm tseem ceeb, feem ntau yog rau cov pob zeb ntawm cov pob zeb ntawm lub ntiaj teb crust. Lub peev xwm ntawm paleontology suav nrog kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev rov kho cov duab uas qhia txog cov txheej txheem ntawm kev hloov pauv lom neeg raws li cov ntaub ntawv tau txais los ntawm kev tsim kho ntawm cov tsos, cov yam ntxwv lom neeg, cov txheej txheem ntawm kev yug me nyuam thiab kev noj haus ntawm cov kab mob thaum ub.
Raws li cov cim pom tseeb, paleontology tau muab faib ua paleozoology thiab paleobotany.
Cov kab mob no nkag siab rau cov kev hloov pauv hauv lub cev thiab tshuaj lom neeg tsis zoo ntawm lawv qhov chaw nyob, yog li lawv yog cov cim qhia kev ntseeg tau ntawm cov xwm txheej hauv cov pob zeb tsim. Li no txoj kev sib raug zoo ntawm geology thiab paleontology.
Raws li kev tshawb fawb paleontological, ua ke nrog cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev txiav txim siab lub hnub nyoog ntawm geological formations, geochronological nplai tau muab tso ua ke uas keeb kwm ntawm lub ntiaj teb tau muab faib ua geological eras (Archean, Proterozoic, Paleozoic, Mesozoic thiab Cenozoic). Eras tau muab faib ua lub sijhawm, thiab cov ntawd, dhau los, muab faib ua epochs.
Peb nyob hauv lub sijhawm Pleistocene (20 txhiab xyoo dhau los txog rau tam sim no) ntawm lub sijhawm Quaternary, uas pib txog 1 labxyoo dhau los.
Petrography
Kev kawm txog cov ntxhia muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm igneous, metamorphic thiab sedimentary pob zeb, lawv cov ntaub ntawv thiab cov yam ntxwv thiab cov keeb kwm yog ua los ntawm petrography (petrology). Kev tshawb fawb yog ua los ntawm kev siv lub tshuab ntsuas polarizing nyob rau hauv kab teeb ntawm lub teeb kis polarized. Ua li no, nyias (0.03-0.02 hli) daim hlau (seem) raug txiav tawm ntawm cov qauv pob zeb, tom qab ntawd glued rau iav phaj nrog Canadian balsam (cov yam ntxwv kho qhov muag ntawm cov resin no ze rau cov iav).
Cov ntxhia ua pob tshab (feem ntau), thiab lawv cov khoom kho qhov muag tau siv los txheeb xyuas cov zaub mov thiab lawv cov pob zeb. Cov qauv cuam tshuam hauv ntu nyias zoo li cov qauv hauv kaleidoscope.
Ib qho chaw tshwj xeeb hauv lub voj voog ntawm kev tshawb fawb geological yog nyob los ntawm petrography ntawm cov pob zeb sedimentary. Nws qhov tseem ceeb theoretical thiab cov tswv yim tseem ceeb yog vim lub fact tias cov kev tshawb fawb yog niaj hnub thiab ancient (fossil) sediments, uas nyob txog 70% ntawm lub ntiaj teb nto.
Engineering geology
Engineering geology yog kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov yam ntxwv ntawm qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg, lub cev thiab tshuaj lom neeg, tsim, tshwm sim thiab kev hloov pauv ntawm lub qab ntug qaum teb ntawm lub ntiaj teb, uas cuam tshuam nrog kev lag luam, feem ntau yog engineering thiab kev tsim kho tib neeg cov dej num.
Kev Tshawb Fawb Txog Kev Tshawb Fawb thiab geological yog txhawm rau ua qhov kev ntsuam xyuas dav thiab dav ntawm geological yam tshwm sim los ntawm tib neeg cov dej num ua ke nrog cov txheej txheem geological.
Yog tias peb nco qab tias, nyob ntawm txoj kev taw qhia, cov kev tshawb fawb ntuj tau muab faib ua cov lus piav qhia thiab meej, ces engineering geology, ntawm chav kawm, belongs rau tom kawg, tsis zoo li ntau ntawm nws "cov phooj ywg hauv khw".
Marine geology
Nws yuav tsis ncaj ncees rau qhov tsis quav ntsej qhov loj ntawm geology uas kawm txog cov qauv geological thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm lub ntiaj teb crust, uas ua rau hauv qab ntawm dej hiav txwv thiab hiav txwv. Yog hais tias peb ua raws li qhov luv tshaj thiab feem ntau capacious txhais uas characterizes geology (kev kawm ntawm lub ntiaj teb), ces marine geology yog kev tshawb fawb ntawm lub hiav txwv (dej hiav txwv) hauv qab, npog tag nrho cov ceg ntawm "geological tsob ntoo" (tectonics, petrography, lithology, Keeb kwm thiab Quaternary geology, paleogeography, stratigraphy, geomorphology, geochemistry, geophysics, cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm cov zaub mov, thiab lwm yam).
Kev tshawb fawb hauv hiav txwv thiab dej hiav txwv yog ua los ntawm cov nkoj tshwj xeeb, cov nkoj drilling rigs thiab pontoons (ntawm lub txee). Rau kev kuaj, ntxiv rau qhov drilling, dredges, clamshell-type grabs thiab ncaj-dhau hlab yog siv. Nrog kev pab los ntawm kev tswj hwm thiab cov tsheb thauj khoom, kev yees duab tsis sib xws thiab txuas ntxiv, TV, seismic, magnetometric thiab geolocation kev tshawb fawb tau ua tiav.
Nyob rau hauv peb lub sijhawm, ntau yam teeb meem ntawm kev tshawb fawb niaj hnub tseem tsis tau daws, thiab cov no suav nrog cov kev paub tsis meej ntawm dej hiav txwv thiab nws sab hauv. Marine geology tau txais txiaj ntsig tsis yog rau lub hom phiaj ntawm kev tshawb fawb ntawm "ua kom pom tseeb", tab sis kuj los txhim kho cov peev txheej pob zeb hauv ntiaj teb.
Basic theoreticalLub luag haujlwm ntawm cov niaj hnub marine ceg ntawm geology yog los kawm txog keeb kwm ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm dej hiav txwv crust thiab txheeb xyuas cov qauv tseem ceeb ntawm nws cov qauv geological.
Keeb kwm geology yog kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov qauv ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm lub ntiaj teb crust thiab lub ntiaj teb tag nrho nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm yav dhau los soj ntsuam los ntawm lub sij hawm ntawm nws tsim mus rau niaj hnub no. Kev kawm txog keeb kwm ntawm kev tsim cov qauv ntawm lithosphere yog qhov tseem ceeb vim tias qhov hloov pauv tectonic thiab deformations tshwm sim hauv nws zoo li yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws uas txiav txim siab feem ntau ntawm cov kev hloov pauv uas tshwm sim hauv ntiaj teb yav dhau los geological eras.
Tam sim no peb muaj kev nkag siab dav dav ntawm geology, peb tuaj yeem tig mus rau nws qhov keeb kwm.
Excursion rau hauv keeb kwm ntawm lub ntiaj teb science
Nws yog ib qho nyuaj hais tias yav dhau los keeb kwm ntawm geology rov qab mus rau ntau txhiab xyoo, tab sis Neanderthal twb paub yuav ua li cas riam los yog txiab los ntawm, siv flint los yog obsidian (volcanic iav).
Los ntawm lub sijhawm ntawm cov txiv neej thaum ub mus rau nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th, lub pre-scientific theem ntawm tsub zuj zuj thiab tsim ntawm geological kev txawj ntse kav, feem ntau hais txog hlau ores, tsev pob zeb, ntsev thiab underground dej. Pob zeb, pob zeb hauv av thiab cov txheej txheem geological hauv kev txhais lub sijhawm ntawd twb tau tham txog thaum ub lawm.
Los ntawm lub xyoo pua 13th, mining tau tsim nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws Esxias thiab lub hauv paus ntawm kev paub txog mining tau tshwm sim.
Nyob rau hauv lub Renaissance (XV-XVI centuries) lub tswv yim heliocentric ntawm lub ntiaj teb no (J. Bruno, G. Galileo, N. Copernicus) tau tsim, lub tswv yim geological ntawm N. Stenon, Leonardo da Vinci thiab G. Bauer yug los, thiablub tswv yim cosmogonic ntawm R. Descartes thiab G. Leibniz yog formulated.
Thaum lub sijhawm tsim geology raws li kev tshawb fawb (XVIII-XIX centuries), cosmogonic hypotheses ntawm P. Laplace thiab I. Kant thiab cov tswv yim geological ntawm M. V. Lomonosov, J. Buffon tau tshwm sim. Stratigraphy (I. Lehmann, G. Fuchsel) thiab paleontology (J. B. Lamarck, W. Smith) yug los, crystallography (R. J. Gayuy, M. V. Lomonosov), mineralogy (I. Ya. Berzelius, A. Kronstedt, V. M. Severgin, K. F. lwm tus), geological mapping pib.
Lub sijhawm no, thawj qhov chaw geological thiab kev tshawb fawb hauv tebchaws tau tsim.
Los ntawm lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th mus rau thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, cov xwm txheej tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog cov kev soj ntsuam geological ntawm Charles Darwin, tsim cov kev xav ntawm platforms thiab geosynclines, qhov tshwm sim ntawm paleogeography, kev loj hlob ntawm instrumental petrography, genetic thiab theoretical mineralogy, qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm magma thiab txoj kev xav ntawm ore deposits. Petroleum geology pib tshwm sim thiab geophysics (magnetometry, gravimetry, seismometry, thiab seismology) pib muaj zog. Nyob rau hauv 1882 lub Geological Committee ntawm Russia tau tsim.
Lub sijhawm niaj hnub hauv kev txhim kho geology pib nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, thaum lub ntiaj teb kev tshawb fawb tau txais kev siv tshuab computer thiab tau txais cov cuab yeej tshiab, cov cuab yeej thiab cov txuj ci, uas ua rau nws muaj peev xwm pib kawm geological thiab geophysical. ntawm cov dej hiav txwv thiab cov ntiaj chaw nyob ze.
Qhov kev ua tau zoo tshaj plaws ntawm kev tshawb fawb yog txoj kev xav ntawm metasomatic zoning los ntawm DS Korzhinsky, txoj kev xav ntawm metamorphism facies, txoj kev xav ntawm M. Strakhov txog hom lithogenesis, kev taw qhia ntawm geochemical txoj kev rau prospecting rau ore deposits, thiab lwm yam.
Raws li kev coj noj coj ua ntawm AL Yanshin, N. S. Shatsky thiab AA Bogdanov, tshawb fawb tectonic maps ntawm cov teb chaws Europe thiab Asia tau tsim, paleogeographic atlases tau muab tso ua ke.
Lub tswv yim ntawm lub ntiaj teb tshiab tectonics tau tsim (J. T. Wilson, G. Hess, V. E. Khain thiab lwm tus), geodynamics, engineering geology thiab hydrogeology tau nce mus tom ntej, kev taw qhia tshiab hauv geology tau piav qhia - ecological, uas tau dhau los ua qhov tseem ceeb hnub no.
Teeb meem ntawm geology niaj hnub
Hnub no, ntawm ntau qhov teeb meem tseem ceeb, cov teeb meem ntawm kev tshawb fawb niaj hnub no tseem tsis tau daws, thiab muaj tsawg kawg yog ib thiab ib nrab puas cov teeb meem no. Peb tab tom tham txog lub hauv paus ntawm kev nco qab, kev paub tsis meej ntawm kev nco, qhov xwm ntawm lub sijhawm thiab lub ntiajteb txawj nqus, lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm cov hnub qub, qhov dub thiab qhov xwm ntawm lwm qhov chaw. Geology tseem muaj ntau yam teeb meem uas tseem tsis tau daws. Qhov kev txhawj xeeb no feem ntau yog cov qauv thiab muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm lub ntiaj teb, nrog rau cov txheej txheem tshwm sim hauv ntiaj teb.
Hnub no, qhov tseem ceeb ntawm geology tau nce ntxiv vim qhov xav tau los tswj thiab coj mus rau qhov kev hem thawj loj zuj zus ntawm kev puas tsuaj geological cuam tshuam nrog kev lag luam tsis sib haum xeeb uas ua rau muaj teeb meem ib puag ncig.
Geological tsim nyob rau hauv Russia
Kev tsim cov kev kawm geological niaj hnub hauv Russia yog txuam nrog kev qhib lub koom haum ntawm mining engineers (lub koom haum Mining yav tom ntej) hauv St.pib thaum lub koom haum ntawm Geology (tam sim no GIN AH CCCP) tau tsim nyob rau hauv Leningrad nyob rau hauv 1930 thiab ces pauv mus rau Moscow.
Hnub no, Lub Tsev Haujlwm Geological tau tuav txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm cov chaw tshawb fawb hauv thaj tsam ntawm stratigraphy, lithology, tectonics thiab keeb kwm ntawm kev tshawb fawb ntawm lub voj voog geological. Cov cheeb tsam tseem ceeb ntawm kev ua ub no muaj feem xyuam nrog kev txhim kho ntawm cov teeb meem nyuaj ntawm cov qauv thiab tsim cov dej hiav txwv thiab sab av loj, kev kawm txog kev hloov pauv ntawm pob zeb tsim ntawm cov teb chaws thiab sedimentation hauv dej hiav txwv, geochronology, kev sib raug zoo thoob ntiaj teb ntawm cov txheej txheem geological thiab phenomena, thiab lwm yam.
Los ntawm txoj kev, tus thawj ntawm GIN yog Mineralogical Tsev khaws puav pheej, hloov npe xyoo 1898 rau hauv Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Geology, thiab tom qab ntawd xyoo 1912 mus rau Geological thiab Mineralogical Tsev khaws puav pheej. Peter the Great.
Txij li thaum nws pib, lub hauv paus ntawm geological kev kawm nyob rau hauv Russia tau ua raws li lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm trinity: science - kev cob qhia - xyaum. Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus no, txawm tias perestroika poob siab, kev kawm geology ua raws hnub no.
Nyob rau xyoo 1999, cov tsev kawm ntawv qib siab ntawm Ministry of Education thiab Natural Resources ntawm Russia tau txais lub tswv yim ntawm kev kawm geological, uas tau sim hauv cov tsev kawm ntawv thiab cov pab pawg tsim khoom uas "cog" cov neeg ua haujlwm geological.
Hnub no, kev kawm geological siab dua tuaj yeem tau txais hauv ntau dua 30 lub tsev kawm qib siab hauv tebchaws Russia.
Thiab cia mus "rau kev tshawb nrhiav hauv taiga" lossis tawm "mus rau qhov sultry steppes" nyob rau hauv peb lub sijhawm - qhov no tsis muaj koob meej li yav dhau los,txoj hauj lwm, geologist xaiv nws vim "zoo siab leej twg paub qhov kev xav ntawm txoj kev"…
