Thaum tsim, tsim lossis tsim cov qauv ntoo, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom paub txog lub zog ntawm cov khoom siv - tus tsim tsis kam ntawm ntoo, uas yog ntsuas li ib kilogram ib square centimeter. Txhawm rau kawm txog cov ntsuas, cov qauv ntawm cov qauv siv tau siv, sawn los ntawm cov laug cam lossis ntoo ntawm qib uas xav tau, tsis muaj qhov tsis xws luag, pob qhov rooj thiab lwm yam tsis xws luag. Tom ntej no, cov qauv raug kuaj rau kev tiv thaiv compression, khoov, ncab.
Nyob ntoo
Ntoo yog cov khoom siv ntau yam uas tuaj yeem ua tau yooj yim thiab siv ntau qhov chaw ntawm kev tsim khoom: kev tsim kho, rooj tog zaum, tais diav thiab lwm yam khoom siv hauv tsev. Lub cheeb tsam ntawm daim ntawv thov nyob ntawm hom ntoo nrog txawv lub cev, tshuaj thiab cov khoom siv kho tshuab. Hauv kev tsim kho, xws li conifers xws li spruce, cedar, ntoo thuv, larch, fir yog tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nrov. Ntawm qhov tsawg dua, cov ntoo deciduous - birch, poplar, aspen, oak, hazel, linden, alder, beech.
ntau yam coniferous yog siv rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov ntoo puag ncig, ntoo, cov laug cam rau kev tsim cov khoom txhawb nqa pawg, trusses, ncej, txuas hniav, tsev, arches, industrial chaw, thiab lwm yam vaj tse. Cov ntaub ntawv hardwood tsuas yog ib feem peb ntawm tag nrho cov khoom siv. Qhov no yog vim lub cev tsis zoo thiab cov khoom siv kho tshuab ntawm cov ntoo tawv tawv, yog li lawv tau sim siv rau kev tsim cov qauv nrog cov kabmob qis. Feem ntau lawv mus rau cov ntawv sau thiab cov khoom ib ntus.
Kev siv ntoo hauv kev tsim kho yog tswj hwm los ntawm cov cai raws li lub cev thiab cov khoom siv ntawm cov ntoo. Cov khoom no nyob ntawm cov av noo thiab muaj qhov tsis xws luag. Rau cov khoom siv thauj khoom, cov av noo yuav tsum tsis pub tshaj 25%, rau lwm yam khoom tsis muaj qhov yuav tsum tau ua, tab sis muaj cov qauv tshwj xeeb rau cov ntoo tsis xws luag.
tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg
Hauv 99% ntawm cov ntoo yog cov organic. Qhov sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb rau txhua pob zeb yog tib yam: nitrogen, oxygen, carbon thiab hydrogen. Lawv tsim cov saw ntev ntawm ntau cov molecules. Ntoo muaj:
- Cellulose yog lub ntuj polymer nrog qib siab ntawm polymerization ntawm cov saw molecules. Cov khoom ruaj khov heev, tsis yaj hauv dej, cawv lossis ether.
- Lignin yog ib qho tshuaj tsw qab polymer nrog cov qauv molecular complex. Muaj cov pa roj carbon ntau. Ua tsaug rau nws, lignification ntawm tsob ntoo trunks tshwm.
- Hemicellulose yog ib qho analogue ntawm cov cellulose zoo tib yam, tab sis nrog qis qis ntawm polymerization ntawm cov saw molecules.
- Txhob Cia Siabtshuaj - resins, pos hniav, rog thiab pectins.
Cov ntsiab lus siab ntawm resins hauv cov ntoo coniferous khaws cov khoom thiab tso cai rau nws khaws nws cov khoom qub rau lub sijhawm ntev, pab tiv thaiv kev cuam tshuam sab nraud. Cov khoom siv ntoo qis uas muaj qhov tsis xws luag feem ntau yog siv rau hauv kev lag luam ntoo chemical ua cov khoom siv rau kev tsim cov ntawv, nplaum ntoo lossis cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg xws li tannins siv hauv kev tsim cov tawv nqaij.
Zoo
Ntoo muaj cov khoom nram qab no:
- xim. Kev pom kev pom ntawm qhov cuam tshuam spectral muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm lub teeb. Tseem ceeb thaum xaiv sawlogs ua cov khoom tiav.
- Xim xim nyob ntawm lub hnub nyoog thiab hom ntoo, nrog rau kev nyab xeeb uas nws loj hlob.
- Siab. Lub peev xwm los cuam tshuam lub teeb. Tus nqi siab tshaj yog sau rau hauv ntoo qhib, tshauv, acacia.
- Texture. Cov qauv tsim los ntawm cov nplhaib txhua xyoo ntawm lub cev.
- Microstructure. Txiav txim siab los ntawm lub nplhaib dav thiab cov ntsiab lus latewood.
Cov ntsuas tau siv rau hauv kev ntsuas sab nraud ntawm qhov zoo ntawm kev txiav. Kev soj ntsuam pom pom pom qhov tsis xws luag thiab qhov tsim nyog ntawm cov ntaub ntawv rau kev siv tom ntej.
ntoo tsis xws luag
Txawm hais tias qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm cov khoom siv hluavtaws, ntoo, zoo li txhua yam khoom siv raw, nws muaj qhov tsis zoo. Lub xub ntiag, degree thiab cheeb tsam ntawm qhov txhab raug tswjcov ntaub ntawv normative. Lub ntsiab ntoo tsis xws li:
- swb, rot, fungus thiab pests;
- oblique;
- resin hnab ris;
- knots;
- ncig.
Knotness txo lub zog ntawm cov ntoo, qhov tseem ceeb yog lawv tus lej, qhov loj thiab qhov chaw. Knots muab faib ua hom:
- He althy. Tightly loj hlob ua ke nrog lub cev ntawm tsob ntoo thiab zaum ruaj hauv hnab ris, tsis txhob muaj rot.
- Nyob rau hauv. Tshem tawm thiab poob tawm tom qab pom cov khoom.
- Ntsuag. Tsaus xim thiab muaj cov qauv denser cuam tshuam nrog cov ntoo nyob sib ze;
- Darkened. Knots nrog thawj theem ntawm kev lwj.
- Luag - rotten.
Raws li qhov chaw, pob qhov rooj tau muab faib ua:
- stitched;
- clawed;
- overgrown;
Slant kuj txo qhov khoov lub zog ntawm cov ntoo thiab yog cov cim los ntawm qhov muaj cov kab nrib pleb thiab kauv txheej hauv cov ntoo puag ncig, hauv cov khoom sawn lawv raug coj los ntawm lub kaum sab xis mus rau tav. Cov khoom uas muaj qhov tsis xws luag yog qib qis, siv tshwj xeeb los ua kev tiv thaiv ib ntus.
Qhov ua rau tawg yog nyob ntawm sab nraud thiab hom ntoo. Lawv raug tsim los ntawm kev ziab tsis sib xws, Frost, mechanical stress thiab ntau lwm yam. Lawv tshwm sim ob qho tib si ntawm cov ntoo muaj sia thiab ntawm cov ntoo txiav. Nyob ntawm txoj hauj lwm ntawm lub cev thiab cov duab, cov kab nrib pleb hu ua:
- frosty;
- sernitsa;
- metics;
- shrink.
Cracks tsis tsuas yog txo cov ntoo zoo xwb, tab sis kuj tseem ua rau kev lwj sai sai thiab kev puas tsuaj ntawm fibers.
Rot yog tsim los ntawm kev kis kab mob nrog cov kab mob putrefactive thiab lwm hom fungi uas tshwm rau ntawm tsob ntoo loj hlob thiab poob. Cov fungi uas nyob ntawm lub pob tw yog cov kab mob cab, uas kis tau cov nplhaib txhua xyoo thiab ua rau lawv tev tawm. Lwm yam tsiaj nyob rau ntawm cov qauv tiav thiab ua rau lwj, delamination, tawg.
Yog vim li cas rau qhov pom ntawm cov kab mob tsis zoo yog qhov chaw zoo rau lawv cov me nyuam: cov av noo tshaj 50% thiab cua sov. Ntawm cov ntoo zoo qhuav, cov kab mob microorganisms tsis tsim. Ib pawg tshwj xeeb ntawm cov kab tsuag yuav tsum muaj cov kab uas nyiam nyob hauv cov qauv ntoo, ua kom txav mus rau hauv lawv, yog li ua rau cov fibers puas thiab txo lawv lub zog.
Ntaus dej
Ib qho ntawm cov cim tseem ceeb rau cov qauv thiab tsim kev tiv thaiv ntawm ntoo. Nws cuam tshuam qhov feem pua ntawm cov dej hauv cov fibers ntawm lub cev. Moisture - feem pua ntawm qhov loj ntawm cov dej noo mus rau cov khoom qhuav. Cov mis laij lej zoo li no: W=(m–m0)/m0 100, qhov twg m yog thawj qhov loj ntawm lub workpiece, m 0 - hnyav ntawm cov qauv qhuav. Moisture yog txiav txim siab nyob rau hauv ob txoj kev: los ntawm kev ziab thiab siv cov ntsuas hluav taws xob tshwj xeeb.
Ntoo muab faib ua ntau hom raws li cov ntsiab lus noo noo:
- Nyob. Nrognoo noo cov ntsiab lus ntawm ntau tshaj 100%, uas sib haum mus ntev nyob rau hauv dej.
- Ntxim qab heev. Nrog cov ntsiab lus ntawm 50 txog 100%.
- Cua qhuav. Nrog cov dej fiber ntau li ntawm 15 txog 20%.
- Room-qhuav. Nrog cov dej noo ntawm 8 mus rau 12%.
- qhuav tag. Nrog 0% dej ntsiab lus, tau los ntawm ziab ntawm 102 °.
Dej yog nyob rau hauv tsob ntoo hauv khi thiab dawb daim ntawv. Dawb ya raws yog nyob rau hauv lub hlwb thiab intercellular qhov chaw, khi - nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm tshuaj bonds.
Kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov dej noo ntawm cov khoom ntoo
Muaj ntau hom khoom nyob ntawm seb cov dej noo hauv cov qauv ntoo:
- Shrinkage yog qhov txo qis hauv qhov ntim ntawm cov ntoo pulp fibers thaum khi dej tawm ntawm lawv. Qhov ntau fibers, qhov ntau noo noo ntawm hom khi. Tshem tawm cov dej noo tsis muaj qhov cuam tshuam.
- Warping - kev hloov pauv ntawm cov ntoo hauv cov txheej txheem ziab. tshwm sim thaum cav tsis qhuav los yog saws.
- Moisture absorption - hygroscopicity ntawm ntoo lossis muaj peev xwm nqus dej noo los ntawm ib puag ncig.
- o - qhov nce ntawm qhov ntim ntawm cov ntoo fibers thaum cov khoom nyob hauv qhov chaw ntub dej.
- Dej nqus - muaj peev xwm ntawm ntoo kom nws cov dej noo los ntawm kev nqus cov kua dej.
- Density - ntsuas raws li qhov loj ntawm ib chav tsev ntim. Raws li cov av noo nce, qhov ceev nce, thiab rov ua dua.
- Permeability - lub peev xwm hla dej los ntawm nws tus kheej hauv qhov siab.
Tom qab ziabntoo poob nws lub ntuj elasticity thiab ua nruj dua.
Hardness
Cov coefficient hardness yog txiav txim siab siv txoj kev Brinell lossis Yankee xeem. Lawv qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb nyob hauv cov txheej txheem ntsuas. Raws li Brinell, ib lub pob hlau uas tawv tawv tau muab tso rau ntawm lub tiaj, ntoo saum npoo thiab 100 kg-force yog siv rau nws, tom qab ntawd qhov tob ntawm qhov tshwm sim yog ntsuas.
Kev xeem Yankee siv lub pob 0.4 nti thiab ntsuas lub zog npaum li cas, hauv phaus, nws yuav siv lub pob ib nrab ntawm txoj kab uas hla mus rau hauv tsob ntoo. Raws li, qhov tshwm sim ntau dua, qhov nyuaj ntawm tsob ntoo thiab ntau dua qhov coefficient. Txawm li cas los xij, nyob rau hauv tib ntau yam, cov ntsuas sib txawv, uas nyob ntawm txoj kev txiav, av noo thiab lwm yam.
Hauv qab no yog ib lub rooj ntawm Brinell thiab Yankee hardness rau hom kab ntau tshaj.
| Npe | Brinell hardness, kg/mm2 | Yankee hardness, phaus |
| Acacia | 7, 1 | |
| Birch | 3 | 1260 |
| Karelian birch | 3,5 | 1800 |
| Elm | 3 | 1350 |
| Pear | 4, 2 | |
| Oak | 3, 7-3, 9 | 1360 |
| Spruce | 660 | |
| Linden | 400 | |
| Larch | 2,5 | 1200 |
| Alder | 3 | 590 |
|
Y European walnut |
5 | |
| Spanish Walnut | 3,5 | |
| Aspen | 420 | |
| 350-500 | ||
| Rowan | 830 | |
| Pine | 2,5 | 380-1240 |
| 3,5 | ||
| Apple tree | 1730 | |
| Ash | 4-4, 1 | 1320 |
Los ntawm rooj ntoo tawv nws pom tau tias:
- aspen, spruce fir, ntoo thuv - ntoo mos heev;
- birch, linden, alder thiab larch yog ntoo mos;
- elm thiab walnut yog nruab nrab nyuaj;
- oak, kua, cherry tshauv, pear thiab muaj ib tug coefficient ntawm ib txwm hardness;
- beech, locust thiab yew yog ntau yam nyuaj.
Hardwood yog ruajrau txhua yam kev ntxhov siab thiab yog siv rau cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm cov qauv ntoo.
Density
Density yog ncaj qha ntsig txog cov dej noo ntawm cov fibers. Yog li ntawd, txhawm rau kom tau txais cov ntsuas ntsuas homogeneous, nws qhuav mus rau qib 12%. Kev nce hauv qhov ntom ntawm ntoo ua rau muaj kev nce hauv nws qhov hnyav thiab lub zog. Raws li kev ya raws, ntoo muab faib ua ob peb pawg:
- Cov pob zeb qis tshaj plaws (txog 510 kg/m 3). Cov no suav nrog fir, ntoo thuv, spruce, poplar, cedar, willow thiab walnut.
- Red nrog qhov nruab nrab ntom ntom (hauv thaj tsam ntawm 540-750 kg / m 3). Cov no suav nrog larch, yew, elm, birch, beech, pear, ntoo qhib, tshauv, rowan, apple.
- Pob zeb uas muaj qhov ntom ntom (ntau dua 750 kg / m 3). Pawg no suav nrog birch thiab Tshuag.
Hauv qab no yog lub rooj ntom ntom rau ntau hom ntoo.
| Nyiaj teb lub npe | pob zeb ceev, kg/m3 |
| Acacia | 830 |
| Birch | 540-700 |
| 640-800 | |
| Beech | 650-700 |
| 490-670 | |
| Elm | 670-710 |
| Pear | 690-800 |
| Oak | 600-930 |
| Spruce | 400-500 |
| Willow | 460 |
| Cedar | 580-770 |
| European maple | 530-650 |
| Canadian maple | 530-720 |
| teb maple | 670 |
| Larch | 950-1020 |
| Alder | 380-640 |
| Walnut | 500-650 |
| Aspen | 360-560 |
| 350-450 | |
| Rowan | 700-810 |
| Lilac | 800 |
| Pum | 800 |
| Pine | 400-500 |
| Poblar | 400-500 |
| Thuya | 340-390 |
| 580-740 | |
| 630 | |
| Apple tree | 690-720 |
hom Coniferous muaj qhov ntom qis tshaj plaws, hos hom deciduous muaj qhov ceev tshaj plaws.
kev ruaj ntseg
Qhov kev ntsuas ntawm cov ntoo suav nrog xws li kev ruaj ntseg rauraug dej noo. Qhov ntsuas ntsuas ntawm tsib-point ntsuas thaum huab cua hloov pauv:
- Kev tsis ruaj khov. Qhov tseem ceeb deformation tshwm txawm tias qhov hloov pauv me ntsis ntawm cov av noo.
- Nruab nrab stability. Ib qho kev pom ntawm deformation tshwm sim nrog kev hloov me ntsis ntawm cov av noo.
- txheeb ze ruaj khov. Ib qho me ntsis ntawm deformation tshwm nrog kev hloov me ntsis ntawm cov av noo.
- Kev ruaj ntseg. Tsis pom kev deformation nrog me ntsis hloov hauv cov av noo.
- Txoj kev ruaj ntseg. Tsis muaj deformation kiag li txawm tias muaj qhov hloov pauv loj hauv cov av noo.
Hauv qab no yog daim ntawv qhia kev ruaj ntseg ntawm hom ntoo.
| Nyiaj teb lub npe | Degree of stability |
| Acacia | 2 |
| Birch | 3 |
| Karelian birch | 3 |
| Beech | 1 |
| 4 | |
| Elm | 2 |
| Pear | 2 |
| Oak | 4 |
| Spruce | 2 |
| Cedar | 4 |
| European Maple | 2 |
| Canadian Maple | 2 |
| teb maple | 1 |
| Larch | 2-3 |
| Alder | 1 |
| Asmeskas Walnut | 4 |
| Brazil Nut | 2 |
| Walnut | 4 |
|
Y European walnut |
4 |
| Spanish Walnut | 3 |
| Aspen | 1 |
| 2 | |
| Poblar | 1 |
| 1 | |
| 2 | |
| Apple tree | 2 |
Cov nuj nqis suav rau ntoo nrog cov dej noo ntawm 12%.
tus yam ntxwv kho tshuab
Qhov zoo ntawm ntoo yog txiav txim siab los ntawm cov ntsuas hauv qab no:
- Hnav tsis kam - lub peev xwm ntawm ntoo los tiv thaiv hnav thaum sib txhuam. Nrog rau qhov nce ntawm hardness ntawm cov khoom, nws hnav txo nrog ib qho kev faib tsis sib npaug ntawm qhov chaw ntawm cov qauv. Cov dej noo ntawm cov ntoo kuj cuam tshuam rau kev hnav tsis kam. Qhov qis dua, qhov siab dua.
- Deformability - lub peev xwm los kho cov duab tom qab ploj ntawm cov yeeb yam. Thaum ntoo yog compressed,deformation ntawm lub workpiece, uas ploj mus nrog lub load. Lub ntsiab taw qhia ntawm deformability yog elasticity, uas nce nrog noo noo cov ntsiab lus ntawm ntoo. Nrog maj mam ziab, elasticity poob, uas ua rau txo qis hauv kev tiv thaiv deformation.
- Flexibility - lub peev xwm ntawm ntoo los khoov hauv qab loads. Cov nroj tsuag deciduous muaj kev ua tau zoo, conifers mus rau qhov tsawg dua. Cov peev txheej no tseem ceeb hauv kev tsim cov khoom khoov, uas yog thawj zaug moistened thiab tom qab ntawd khoov thiab qhuav.
- Kev cuam tshuam lub zog - lub peev xwm los nqus cov quab yuam tsis muaj chipping ntoo. Kev ntsuam xyuas yog nqa tawm siv lub pob steel, uas tau muab tso rau hauv qhov chaw ua haujlwm los ntawm qhov siab. Ntau yam deciduous qhia tau zoo dua li conifers.
Nruam loads maj mam deteriorate cov khoom ntawm ntoo thiab ua rau qaug zog ntawm cov khoom. Txawm tias tsob ntoo ruaj khov tshaj plaws los tsis muaj peev xwm tiv thaiv sab nraud.
Cov Lus Qhia Tshwj Xeeb
Cov ntsuas ntsuas ntawm qhov ntsuas tsis zoo yog qhov tsim nyog rau kev tsim khoom ntawm ntau hom qauv. Ntoo raug suav hais tias tsim nyog yog tias cov ntsuas ntsuas tsis qis dua qhov ntsuas qhov ntsuas. Hauv kev sim, tsuas yog cov qauv qauv uas muaj cov dej noo tsis tshaj 15% yog siv. Rau cov ntoo uas muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm cov dej noo, siv cov qauv tshwj xeeb rau kev tsim qauv, tom qab ntawd cov ntsuas tau hloov mus rau tus qauv ntsuas.
Thaum tsim cov qauv ntoo, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom paub qhov tseeb lub zog ntawm cov khoom siv. Hauv kev muaj tiag, lawv tsawg dua li cov qauv uas tau txais hauv cov qauv kuaj. Cov ntaub ntawv sivtau los ntawm kev thauj khoom thiab deformation ntawm cov qauv ntawm qhov ntau thiab tsawg.
tus qauv tsim
Qhov kev tsim qauv ntawm ntoo yog qhov kev ntxhov siab nyob rau hauv cov dav hlau sib txawv ntawm cov qauv ntoo tsim los ntawm qee qhov kev thauj khoom uas tsob ntoo tuaj yeem tiv taus txhua lub sijhawm kom txog thaum nws tawg tag. Cov duab no txawv rau ncab, compression, khoov, shearing thiab crushing.
Cov nuj nqis tiag tiag yog tau los ntawm kev muab cov ntaub ntawv sib npaug los ntawm cov coefficients ntawm kev ua haujlwm.
| Npe | Tsim qauv ntoo coefficient | ||
| Kev nyuaj siab nrog fibers | Ntxhais hla cov fibers | Tshuaj | |
| Larch | 1,2 | 1,2 | 1 |
| Siberian cedar | 0, 9 | 0, 9 | 0, 9 |
| Pine | 0, 65 | 0, 65 | 0, 65 |
| 0, 8 | 0, 8 | 0, 8 | |
| Oak | 1,3 | 2 | 1,3 |
| Maple, Ash | 1,3 | 2 | 1,6 |
| Acacia | 1,5 | 2, 2 | 1,8 |
| Nyob zoo ib tsoom niam txiv kwv tij neej tsas sawv daws. | 1, 1 | 1,6 | 1,3 |
| Elm | 1 | 1,6 | 1 |
| Poplar, alder, aspen, linden | 0, 8 | 1 | 0, 8 |
Kev ua haujlwm yog cuam tshuam los ntawm tag nrho cov npe ntawm yam. Cov coefficients saum toj no coj mus rau hauv tus account xws li yam. Txhua qhov raug rau ya raws ntawm cov qauv ua rau txo qis hauv kev ua haujlwm kawg.
Zoo kawg
Thaum tsim cov qauv ntoo, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom paub cov ntsuas ntsuas ntawm cov khoom siv hauv kev tsim kho. Cov nodes ntawm tus kheej yuav muaj kev ruaj khov lossis ib ntus uas tuaj yeem ua rau lawv puas tsuaj tag. Cov ntaub ntawv teev tseg hauv GOST thiab SNiP tau txais los ntawm kev sim cov qauv qauv. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov tseeb qhov tseem ceeb yuav txawv heev los ntawm cov cai. Yog li ntawd, cov qauv muab los ntawm cov qauv siv rau kev suav.
