Thaum koj hnov lo lus "ntshiv", thawj lub koom haum, ntawm chav kawm, yog ua noj, yam tsis muaj zaub mov yuav zoo li tasteless. Tab sis qhov no tsis yog tib yam khoom uas yog nyob rau hauv chav kawm ntawm cov tshuaj ntsev. Koj tuaj yeem pom cov piv txwv, muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab cov khoom siv tshuaj ntsev ntawm cov ntsev hauv kab lus no, nrog rau kawm paub yuav ua li cas sau lub npe ntawm ib qho ntawm lawv. Ua ntej yuav mus, cia peb pom zoo, nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm no peb yuav txiav txim siab tsuas yog inorganic nruab nrab ntsev (tau los ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm inorganic acids nrog tag nrho cov hloov ntawm hydrogen).
txhais thiab tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg
Ib lub ntsiab lus ntawm ntsev yog:
Qhov no yog binary compound (piv txwv li, muaj ob ntu), uas suav nrog cov hlau ions thiab cov kua qaub seem. Ntawd yog, qhov no yog ib yam khoom uas tshwm sim los ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm cov kua qaub thiab hydroxide (oxide) ntawm ib qho hlau
Muaj dua qhov txhais:
Qhov no yog cov khoom sib xyaw uas yog cov khoom tiav lossis ib nrab hloov ntawm hydrogen ions ntawm cov kua qaubhlau ions (haum rau nruab nrab, yooj yim thiab acidic)
Ob lub ntsiab lus yog lawm, tab sis tsis txhob cuam tshuam cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov txheej txheem ntsev.
Kev faib cov ntsev
Xav txog ntau tus neeg sawv cev ntawm chav kawm ntsev, koj pom tau tias lawv yog:
- Oxygen-muaj (ntsev ntawm sulfuric, nitric, silicic thiab lwm yam acids, acid residue uas muaj oxygen thiab lwm yam uas tsis yog-hlau).
- Oxygen-free, i.e. ntsev tsim thaum lub sij hawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm ib tug acid uas nws acidic residue tsis muaj oxygen - hydrochloric, hydrobromic, hydrogen sulfide thiab lwm yam.
Los ntawm tus lej hloov pauv hydrogen:
- Monobasic: hydrochloric, nitric, hydroiodic thiab lwm yam. Cov kua qaub muaj ib qho hydrogen ion.
- Dibasic: Ob lub hydrogen ions raug hloov los ntawm cov hlau ions hauv kev tsim cov ntsev. Piv txwv li: sulfuric, sulfurous, hydrogen sulfide thiab lwm yam.
- Tribasic: nyob rau hauv cov kua qaub, peb hydrogen ions yog hloov los ntawm hlau ions: phosphoric.
Muaj lwm hom kev faib tawm los ntawm kev sib xyaw thiab cov khoom, tab sis peb yuav tsis txheeb xyuas lawv, vim tias lub hom phiaj ntawm tsab xov xwm txawv me ntsis.
Qhia hu kom raug
Txhua yam khoom muaj lub npe uas nkag siab tsuas yog rau cov neeg nyob hauv thaj chaw, nws tseem hu ua tsis tseem ceeb. Cov lus ntsev yog ib qho piv txwv ntawm lub npe colloquial; raws li thoob ntiaj teb nomenclature, nws yuav raug hu txawv. Tab sis nyob rau hauv kev sib tham, kiag li txhua tus neeg paub txog lub npe ntawm cov npe yuav nkag siab yam tsis muaj teeb meem uas peb tab tom tham txog cov tshuaj nrog cov tshuaj formula NaCl. Qhov no ntsev yogib tug derivative ntawm hydrochloric acid, thiab nws cov ntsev yog hu ua chlorides, uas yog, nws yog hu ua sodium chloride. Koj tsuas yog yuav tsum kawm cov npe ntawm cov ntsev uas tau muab rau hauv cov lus hauv qab no, thiab tom qab ntawd ntxiv lub npe ntawm cov hlau uas tsim cov ntsev.
Tab sis nws yooj yim heev los ua lub npe yog tias cov hlau muaj qhov muaj txiaj ntsig tas li. Thiab tam sim no xav txog cov ntsev (ib qho piv txwv nrog lub npe), uas muaj cov hlau uas muaj qhov sib txawv - FeCl 3. Cov tshuaj hu ua ferric chloride. Nov yog lub npe tiag tiag!
| Acid formula | Acid name | Acid residue (formula) | piv txwv thiab lub npe tsis tseem ceeb | |
| HCl | ntsev | Cl- | chloride | NaCl (rooj ntsev, pob zeb ntsev) |
| HI | hydroiodic | NaI | ||
| HF | hydrofluoride | F- | NaF | |
| HBr | hydrobromic | Br- | bromide | |
| H2SO3 | sulphurous | SO32- | sulfite | Na2SO3 |
| H2SO4 | sulphuric | SO42- | CaSO4 (anhydrite) | |
| HClO | hypochlorous | ClO- | NaClO | |
| HClO2 | chloride | ClO2- | chlorite | NaClO2 |
| HClO3 | chloric | ClO3- | chlorate | NaClO3 |
| HClO4 | chloric acid | ClO4- | perchlorate | NaClO4 |
| H2CO3 | coal | CO32- | carbonate | CaCO3 (limestone, chalk, marble) |
| nitrogen | NO3- | AgNO3 (lapis) | ||
| 2 | nitrogenous | NO2- | nitrite | KNO2 |
| H3PO4 | phosphoric | PO43- | phosphate | AlPO4 |
| H2SiO3 | silicon | SiO32- | silicate | Na2SiO3 (kua iav) |
| hmnO4 | manganese | MnO4- | KMnO4 (potassium permanganate) | |
| H2CrO4 | chrome | CrO42- | chromate | CaCrO4 |
| H2S | hydrosulphuric | S- | sulfide | HgS(cinnabar) |
tshuaj muaj zog
Raws li chav kawm, ntsev yog tshuaj lom neeg los ntawm qhov tseeb tias lawv tuaj yeem cuam tshuam nrog alkalis, acids, ntsev thiab ntau cov hlau ua haujlwm:
1. Thaum cuam tshuam nrog alkalis hauv kev daws, qhov yuav tsum tau ua ua ntej rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog nag lossis daus ntawm ib qho ntawm cov khoom tshwm sim.
2. Thaum cuam tshuam nrog cov kua qaub, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tshwm sim yog tias muaj cov kua qaub tsis haum, cov kua qaub insoluble, los yog cov ntsev insoluble. Piv txwv:
- Volatile acids suav nrog carbonic, vim nws yooj yim decomposes rau hauv dej thiab carbon dioxide: MgCO3 + 2HCl=MgCl2 + H 2O + CO2.
- Insoluble acid - silicic, tsim los ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm silicate nrog lwm cov kua qaub.
- Ib qho cim qhia ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog nag lossis daus. Cov ntsev dab tsi tuaj yeem pom hauv lub rooj solubility.
3. Kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm ntsev nrog ib leeg tshwm sim tsuas yog nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm kev khi ntawm ions, piv txwv li ib qho ntawm cov ntsev tsim precipitates.
4. Txhawm rau txiav txim siab seb qhov kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov hlau thiab ntsev yuav ua li cas, ib qho yuav tsum xa mus rau lub rooj kev ntxhov siab hlau (qee zaum kuj hu ua cov haujlwm series).
Tsuas yog cov hlau ua haujlwm ntau dua (nyob rau sab laug) tuaj yeem hloov hlau los ntawm ntsev. Ib qho piv txwv yog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm tus ntsia thawv hlau nrog xiav vitriol:
CuSO4 + Fe=Cu + FeSO4
Zoocov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm feem ntau cov neeg sawv cev ntawm chav kawm ntsev. Tab sis kuj tseem muaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tshwj xeeb hauv chemistry, tus neeg xav txog cov khoom ntsev, piv txwv li, decomposition raws li incandescence los yog tsim ntawm crystalline hydrates. Txhua ntsev yog tus kheej thiab txawv ntawm nws tus kheej txoj kev.
