Ruthenium yog qhov lightest thiab tsawg tshaj plaws "noble" ntawm tag nrho cov platinum pab pawg hlau. Nws yog kab tias feem ntau "multivalent" keeb (xws li cuaj lub xeev tau paub). Txawm hais tias ntau tshaj li ib nrab xyoo ntawm kev tshawb fawb keeb kwm, nws tseem ua rau muaj ntau cov lus nug thiab teeb meem rau cov kws kho mob niaj hnub no. Yog li dab tsi yog ruthenium ua cov tshuaj lom neeg? Pib nrog, luv luv digression rau hauv keeb kwm.
Lub npe thiab keeb kwm ntawm kev tshawb pom ntawm ruthenium yog inextricably txuas nrog Russia. Thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, lub ntiaj teb cov zej zog tau zoo siab thiab txhawj xeeb los ntawm cov xov xwm uas cov nplua nuj tshaj plaws ntawm platinum tau pom nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws. Muaj lus xaiv hais tias nyob rau hauv lub Urals lub extraction ntawm no precious hlau yuav nqa tawm nrog ib tug dog dig duav. Qhov tseeb ntawm kev tshawb pom ntawm cov nplua nuj deposits tsis ntev los no tau lees paub los ntawm qhov tseeb hais tias Minister of Finance ntawm Russia, EF Kankrin, xa lub siab tshaj plaws txoj cai ntawm minting npib los ntawm platinum mus rau lub St. Petersburg Mint. Nyob rau xyoo tom ntej, kwv yees li ib thiab ib nrab lab npib (3, 6 thiab 12 rubles) tau muab tso rau hauv kev ncig, rau kev tsim cov hlau uas muaj nuj nqis 20 tons tau siv.
"Discovery" Ozanne
Xib fwb ntawm Derpt-Yuryevsky (tam sim no Tartu) University Gottfried Ozann pib kawm txog cov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm Ural ore muaj nuj nqis. Nws tuaj txog qhov xaus tias platinum nrog peb yam tsis paub hlau - polynomial, polynomial thiab ruthenium - cov npe uas tau muab los ntawm Ozann nws tus kheej. Los ntawm txoj kev, nws muab lub npe thib peb tom qab Russia (los ntawm Latin Ruthenia).
Ozanne cov npoj yaig thoob plaws Tebchaws Europe, coj los ntawm tus kws tshaj lij Swedish chemist Jens Berzelius, tau thuam tus xibfwb cov ntawv tshaj tawm. Hauv kev sim ua kom pom tseeb rau nws tus kheej, tus kws tshawb fawb tau rov ua nws qhov kev sim, tab sis ua tsis tiav qhov txiaj ntsig zoo ib yam.
Ob xyoo tom qab, Xib Fwb ntawm Chemistry Karl Karlovich Klauss (Kazan University) tau nyiam Ozanne txoj haujlwm. Nws tau tso cai rau tus Secretary of Treasury tso cai nqa ntau phaus ntawm cov nyiaj npib uas tshuav los ntawm Mint lub chaw sim rau kev rov kuaj dua.
Kazan tshuaj ruthenium
Lavxias tus kws tshaj lij A. E. Arbuzov tau sau tseg hauv nws cov ntawv sau tias txhawm rau txhawm rau tshawb pom lub ntsiab lus tshiab nyob rau hnub ntawd, tus kws tshuaj tshuaj xav tau kev mob siab rau thiab ua siab ntev, kev soj ntsuam thiab kev pom, thiab qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws, kev sim ua kom pom tseeb. Tag nrho cov zoo li saum toj no tau tshwm sim hauv cov tub ntxhais hluas Karl Clauss mus rau qib siab tshaj plaws.
Tus kws tshawb fawb txoj kev tshawb fawb kuj tseem muaj qhov tseem ceeb - ntxiv kev rho tawm ntawm platinum ntshiab los ntawm cov ore residues. Tom qab tsim nws tus kheej txoj kev npaj rau kev sim, Klauss fused cov khoom siv ore nrog s altpeter thiab rho tawm cov ntsiab lus soluble: osmium, iridium,palladium. Lub insoluble ib feem yog raug rau ib tug sib tov ntawm concentrated acids ("aqua regia") thiab distillation. Nyob rau hauv lub precipitate ntawm hlau hydroxide, nws pom lub xub ntiag ntawm ib tug tsis paub hais tias hlau thiab cais nws thawj zaug nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm sulfide, thiab ces nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntshiab (kwv yees li 6 grams). Tus xibfwb tau tuav lub npe thov los ntawm Ozann rau lub caij - ruthenium.
Qhib thiab ua pov thawj
Tab sis raws li nws tau nthuav tawm, zaj dab neeg ntawm kev tshawb pom ntawm cov tshuaj ruthenium yog pib xwb. Tom qab tshaj tawm cov txiaj ntsig ntawm txoj kev tshawb fawb xyoo 1844, lub lawg ntawm kev thuam tau poob rau Clauss. Cov lus xaus ntawm tus kws paub txog Kazan tsis paub txog tau txais kev ntseeg siab los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb loj tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb. Txawm tias xa cov qauv ntawm lub caij tshiab rau Berzelius tsis tau txuag qhov xwm txheej. Raws li tus tswv Swedish, Clauss's ruthenium tsuas yog "tus qauv ntawm impure iridium".
Tsuas yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm Karl Karlovich ua tus kws tshuaj ntsuam xyuas thiab tus kws sim thiab cov kev tshawb fawb ntxiv tau tso cai rau tus kws tshawb fawb los ua pov thawj nws qhov xwm txheej. Xyoo 1846, qhov kev tshawb pom tau txais kev lees paub thiab lees paub. Rau nws txoj haujlwm, Klauss tau txais txiaj ntsig Demidov nqi zog ntawm Lavxias Academy ntawm Kev Tshawb Fawb hauv tus nqi ntawm 10 txhiab rubles. Ua tsaug rau cov txuj ci thiab kev ua siab ntev ntawm Kazan tus xibfwb, ruthenium, thawj lub ntsiab lus pom nyob rau hauv Russia, tau ntxiv rau qib ntawm platinoids.
tshawb nrhiav ntxiv
Qhov teeb meem tseem ceeb hauv kev kawm cov tshuaj thiab lub cev ntawm ruthenium yog cov ntsiab lus tsis tshua muaj siabcov hlau no nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb crust. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv pov tseg ntawm platinum ntau lawm (cov khoom ua hauj lwm ntawm Clauss), nws cov ntsiab lus yog hais txog 1%. Cov kws tshawb fawb tshuaj feem ntau lees paub ruthenium ua ib yam khoom tsis zoo rau kev kawm. Kev nplua nuj ntawm impasses feem ntau ua rau cov kws tshawb fawb txwv lossis ncua lawv txoj haujlwm.
Tus kws tshawb fawb Soviet SM Starostin tau mob siab rau nws lub neej tag nrho los kawm txog cov khoom ntawm "tsis xis nyob" hlau thiab nws cov ntsiab lus. Cov txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb ntawm tus kws kho mob cov haujlwm yog cov lus xaus txog cov khoom ntawm ruthenium nitroso complexes thiab cov teeb meem cuam tshuam nrog lawv hauv kev sib cais cov hlau ntshiab los ntawm cov uranium thiab plutonium. Dab tsi yog ruthenium ua cov tshuaj lom neeg?
Lub cev muaj zog
Ruthenium yog cov hlau uas nws cov xim, nyob ntawm txoj kev tau txais, xws li grey-xiav mus rau nyiaj-dawb. Qee cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub cev ntawm cov tshuaj ruthenium tso cai rau peb los txiav txim siab tias nws yog ib yam khoom tshwj xeeb. Nrog rau siab brittleness (crystals yog txawm yooj yim hauv av rau hauv hmoov los ntawm tes), ruthenium muaj ib tug heev hardness - 6.5 ntawm ib tug kaum-point mineralogical hardness scale (Mohs scale). Tej zaum qhov lightest ntawm platinum pawg hlau. Qhov ceev yog 12.45g / cm3. Nws yog refractory heev - qhov kub hloov mus rau lub xeev cov kua yog 2334 ° C. Thaum melting nyob rau hauv ib tug hluav taws xob arc, ib txhij evaporation ntawm cov hlau yog pom. Thaum lub sij hawm kub kub calcination nyob rau hauv qhib cua, lub caij "volatilizes" nyob rau hauv daim ntawvtetroxides.
Ruthenium yog cais raws li ib tug superconductor. Cov hlau ua kom pom qhov tsis muaj zog thaum txias rau 0.47 K. Cov cuab yeej no tseem ceeb heev los ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab kev pom zoo. Raws li lub platinoid, ruthenium yog cov hlau zoo nkauj heev.
Element Ru
Cov khoom ntawm "Kazan" hlau yog nyob rau hauv ntau qhov kev hwm rau cov neeg sawv cev ntawm VΙΙΙ (platinum) pawg. Ruthenium yog cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg ntawm lub rooj sib tham nrog tus lej atomic 44, tshwj xeeb los ntawm siab inertness. Nws muaj 7 lub ntuj ruaj khov thiab 20 cov isotopes khoom siv nrog cov lej ntawm 92 txog 113.
Raws li qhov kub thiab txias, nws tsis raug oxidation thiab corrosion, acids thiab alkalis. Thaum rhuab saum 400 ° C, nws reacts nrog chlorine, ntawm 930 ° C - nrog oxygen. Nrog qee cov hlau, cov tshuaj ruthenium tsim cov hlau ruaj khov hu ua intermetallic compounds.
Hauv ntau lub tebchaw, nws nthuav tawm qhov valence ntawm xoom mus rau yim. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws suav nrog ruthenium dioxide thiab tetroxide, sulfide RuS2 thiab fluoride RuF5.
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Hauv nws daim ntawv hlau ntshiab, nws muaj cov khoom ntawm cov catalyst nrog cov kev xaiv siab, uas tso cai rau nws siv rau kev sib txuas ntawm ntau yam organic thiab inorganic tshuaj. Ua haujlwm zoo tshaj plaws sorbent rau hydrogen.
Spread in nature
Cov tshuaj lom neeg ruthenium yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm huabtsis tshua muaj thiab tawg nyob rau hauv qhov. Nyob rau hauv nws tej yam ntuj tso ib puag ncig, nws tsim ib tug paub mineral, laurites. Nws yog ib tug khoom nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm me me hlau-dub octahedra. Qhov kev nplua nuj tshaj plaws thiab nto moo tshaj plaws yog nyob rau ntawm platinum placers ntawm cov kob ntawm Borneo (Kalimantan). Nyob rau hauv Russia, txoj kev loj hlob tab tom pib nyob rau hauv nruab nrab thiab yav qab teb Urals, nyob rau hauv Kola Peninsula, nyob rau hauv lub Krasnoyarsk thiab Khabarovsk Territories.
Hauv tag nrho lwm cov tebchaw ntuj, tus nqi ntawm ruthenium tsis tshaj 0.1%. Cov kab ntawm cov hlau tau pom nyob rau hauv qee qhov tooj liab-nickel ores thiab acid igneous pob zeb. Qee cov nroj tsuag muaj peev xwm ua kom pom tseeb thiab sib sau ruthenium, ntawm cov neeg sawv cev ntawm tsev neeg legume sawv tawm.
Tag nrho cov ntsiab lus ntawm lub ntiaj teb lub pob zeb, raws li cov kws tshaj lij, tsis pub tshaj 5,000 tons.
Industrial production
Lub caij ruthenium suav tias yog qhov zoo, thiab lub hauv paus tseem ceeb ntawm cov hlau yog pov tseg pob zeb los ntawm platinum ntau lawm. Tus thawj coj tsis sib haum xeeb hauv kev rho tawm ntawm ruthenium (nrog rau platinum) yog koom pheej ntawm South Africa. Kev txhim kho thiab tsim cov hlau no kuj yog ua los ntawm Russia, Canada thiab Zimbabwe. Los ntawm txoj kev, lub teb chaws kawg nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm kev tshawb fawb reserves ntawm platinoids.
Tus nqi ntawm ruthenium muab rau kev lag luam yog li ntawm 17 txog 20 tons hauv ib xyoos. Lub voj voog ntau lawm kom tau txais cov khoom siv sijhawm ntev li 6 lub lis piam thiab yog cov saw txuas txuas ntxiv ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv thermochemical tom qab ib qho ntxiv.
Technology kom tau txaisruthenium los ntawm neutron irradiation ntawm isotopes ntawm radioactive technetium. Tab sis nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg tias kev sib cais ntawm cov hlau ntshiab thiab ruaj khov, vim nws cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg, tsis muaj kev cia siab thiab kev paub tsis txaus, tseem yog cov yeeb nkab npau suav..
Applications
Txawm hais tias tag nrho cov khoom ntawm cov hlau tseem ceeb hauv ruthenium muaj tag nrho, lub caij tseem tsis tau txais kev faib dav hauv kev lag luam hniav nyiaj hniav kub. Nws tsuas yog siv los ntxiv dag zog rau cov hlau thiab ua cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub zoo dua qub.
Raws li tus nqi ntawm ruthenium noj, cov khoom lag luam yog nyob rau hauv kev txiav txim hauv qab no:
- Electronic.
- Electrochemical.
- tshuaj.
Cov khoom catalytic ntawm lub caij yog nyob rau hauv kev thov siab. Nws yog siv nyob rau hauv lub synthesis ntawm hydrocyanic thiab nitric acids, nyob rau hauv zus tau tej cov saturated hydrocarbons, glycerin thiab lub polymerization ntawm ethylene. Hauv kev lag luam metallurgical, ruthenium additives yog siv los ua kom muaj zog tiv thaiv corrosion, muab lub zog rau alloys, tshuaj lom neeg thiab kev ua haujlwm. Radioactive isotopes ntawm ruthenium feem ntau pab cov kws tshawb fawb hauv lawv cov kev tshawb fawb.
Ntau lub tebchaw ntawm cov khoom kuj tau siv los ua cov oxidizers zoo thiab dyes. Tshwj xeeb, chlorides yog siv los txhim kho luminescence.
Biological tseem ceeb
Ruthenium muaj peev xwm khaws cia hauv cov hlwb ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg nyob, feem ntau yog cov leeg nqaij (tsuas yog hlau ntawm pawg platinum). Tej zaum provoketxoj kev loj hlob ntawm kev tsis haum tshuaj, muaj kev cuam tshuam tsis zoo rau cov mucous daim nyias nyias ntawm lub qhov muag thiab ua pa sab sauv.
Hauv tshuaj, cov hlau zoo yog siv los ua ib qho kev paub txog cov ntaub so ntswg. Cov tshuaj raws li nws yog siv los kho tuberculosis thiab ntau yam kab mob uas cuam tshuam rau tib neeg cov tawv nqaij. Vim li no, nws zoo nkaus li cog lus tias yuav siv lub peev xwm ntawm ruthenium los tsim cov nitroso complexes ruaj khov hauv kev tawm tsam cov kab mob cuam tshuam nrog ntau dhau ntawm nitrates nyob rau hauv tib neeg lub cev (hypertension, mob caj dab, septic shock thiab qaug dab peg).
leej twg yuav liam?
Tsis ntev los no, Western European cov kws tshawb fawb tau cuam tshuam rau pej xeem nrog cov lus hais tias cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov xov tooj cua isotope ntawm ruthenium Ru 106 tab tom loj hlob thoob plaws tebchaws. Cov kws tshaj lij tsis suav nrog nws tus kheej kev kawm hauv huab cua. Raws li qhov tsis raug tso tawm los ntawm lub chaw tsim hluav taws xob nuclear, txij li thaum ntawd radionuclides ntawm cesium thiab iodine yuav tsum muaj nyob hauv huab cua, uas tsis tau lees paub los ntawm kev sim cov ntaub ntawv. Qhov cuam tshuam ntawm cov isotope ntawm tib neeg lub cev, zoo li txhua yam khoom siv hluav taws xob, ua rau irradiation ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg thiab cov kabmob, kev loj hlob ntawm cov qog nqaij hlav. Cov peev txheej muaj kuab paug, raws li Western xov xwm, nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm Russia, Ukraine lossis Kazakhstan.
Nyob rau hauv cov lus teb, ib tus neeg sawv cev ntawm Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kev Sib Txuas Lus ntawm Rosatom tau hais tias txhua lub lag luam ntawm lub xeev lub tuam txhab ua haujlwm thiab ua haujlwm li qub. Lub koom haum International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), hauv nws txoj kev xav, raws li nws cov ntaub ntawv saib xyuas,hu ua txhua qhov kev iab liam tawm tsam Lavxias Federation tsis muaj qhov tseeb.
