Kev sib ntaus sib tua rau Kharkov tau los ua ib qho txiaj ntsig zoo thiab tseem ceeb ntawm kev ua tiav ntawm cov tub rog Soviet ntawm Kursk salient. Qhov kev sim siab kawg ntawm kev tawm tsam German tau cuam tshuam, thiab tam sim no txoj haujlwm yog txhawm rau tso cov cheeb tsam kev lag luam ntawm Ukraine sai li sai tau, muaj peev xwm muab ntau rau pem hauv ntej.
hom phiaj ua haujlwm
Kev tawm tsam ntawm Kharkov muaj ntau txoj haujlwm. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws tuaj yeem suav hais tias yog kev tsim lub caij nplooj ntoo hlav rau kev ywj pheej ntxiv ntawm Left-Bank Ukraine feem ntau thiab kev lag luam Donbass tshwj xeeb (muaj peev xwm ntawm flank tawm tsam). Nws tseem yog ib qho tsim nyog los txeeb cov kev thauj mus los hauv nroog (muaj lub tshav dav hlau thiab lub tshav dav hlau ntawm lub tuam txhab dav hlau) thiab thaum kawg nres ntxiv kev sim ntawm Nazis mus rau qhov kev tawm tsam los ntawm kev kov yeej lawv pawg Kharkov (tseem ceeb hauv cov lej thiab lub zog).
Vim Kharkiv?
Vim li cas lub nroog thiaj tseem ceeb? Cov lus teb yog nyob rau hauv keeb kwm ntawm Kharkov, uas yog lub ntsiab chaw ntawm kev khwv nyiaj txiag thiab kab lis kev cai lub neej ntawm Sloboda Ukraine txij li thaum lub xyoo pua 18th. Twb tau nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th, lub nroog tau txaisrailway kev sib txuas lus nrog Moscow. Nws nyob ntawm no hauv 1805 tias thawj lub tsev kawm ntawv niaj hnub no hauv Ukraine tau pib ua haujlwm (medieval academies thiab Lviv University tsis suav nrog qhov no), thiab tom qab ntawd lub koom haum Polytechnic.
Nyob rau lub sijhawm ua tsov ua rog, Kharkov yog lub chaw tsim khoom loj tshaj plaws, nws tsim 40% ntawm cov khoom lag luam ntawm kev lag luam hauv Ukraine thiab 5% thoob plaws hauv lub tebchaws. Raws li, tseem muaj peev xwm tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis.
Tseem muaj lub tswv yim vim li cas. Nws yog nyob rau hauv Kharkov nyob rau hauv lub Kaum Ob Hlis 1917 uas lub Congress ntawm Soviets coj qhov chaw, tshaj tawm lub creation ntawm lub Ukrainian Soviet koom pheej. Txog xyoo 1934, lub nroog yog lub nroog nom tswv ntawm Ukrainian SSR (stands rau "Ukrainian Socialist Soviet koom pheej", thiab tsis nyob rau hauv txoj kev tom qab tsov rog tiam siv los; muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm cov ntawv luv luv hauv Ukrainian lus).
Background
Ob tog German thiab Soviet tau paub zoo txog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm Kharkov. Yog li ntawd, txoj hmoo ntawm lub nroog thaum lub sij hawm ua tsov ua rog nyuaj heev. Lub liberation ntawm Kharkov nyob rau hauv 1943 twb yog plaub sib ntaus sib tua rau lub nroog. Txhua yam tshwm sim li cas? Qhov no yuav tham ntxiv.
Lub Kaum Hli 24-25, 1941, kev ua haujlwm ntawm Kharkov los ntawm Nazis tau ua tiav. Nws raug nqi me ntsis - qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov tsis ntev los no encirclement thiab swb nyob ze Kyiv thiab Uman hnab tshos, qhov twg cov tub rog poob ntawm Soviet tau txiav txim siab ntau pua txhiab tus, cuam tshuam. Qhov tsuas yog qhov xov tooj cua tswj cov mines tau tso tseg hauv lub nroog (qee qhov kev tawg tom qab tau dhau los ua tiav), thiab ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm kev lag luam. Cov cuab yeej raug tshem tawm lossis puas lawm.
Tab sis twb nyob rau lub caij nplooj ntoo hlav lig xyoo 1942, cov lus txib ntawm Soviet tau sim ua kom rov qab lub nroog. Qhov kev tawm tsam tau npaj tsis zoo (thaum tsis muaj kev sib ntaus sib tua-npaj tseg), thiab lub nroog rov los nyob rau hauv kev tswj hwm ntawm Red Army tsuas yog ob peb hnub. Kev ua haujlwm tau kav txij lub Tsib Hlis 12 txog Lub Tsib Hlis 29 thiab xaus nrog kev ncig ntawm ib pawg tseem ceeb ntawm cov tub rog Soviet thiab lawv qhov kev swb tiav.
Qhov kev sim thib peb tau ua nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej zoo dua. Txawm tias thaum lub sij hawm sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Stalingrad, units ntawm Southwestern Front pib ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub Donbass. Tom qab lub surrendering ntawm lub Paulus pab pawg neeg, lub Voronezh pem hauv ntej mus rau qhov kev tawm tsam. Lub Ob Hlis, nws cov units tau coj Kursk thiab Belgorod, thiab nyob rau 16th ntes Kharkov.
Muaj nyob rau hauv lub siab lub tswv yim ntawm kev lag luam tawm tsam loj ("Citadel", uas tau muab xaus rau ntawm Kursk Bulge), cov thawj coj German tsis tuaj yeem pom zoo nrog qhov kev poob zoo li no. tseem ceeb thauj hub li Kharkov. Lub Peb Hlis 15, 1943, lub nroog raug ntes dua los ntawm cov tub rog ntawm ob pawg SS (thiab koj yuav tsum tsis txhob xav tias lawv tsuas paub tua cov neeg Yudais thiab hlawv Khatyn - SS units yog cov neeg tseem ceeb hauv pab tub rog Nazi!)
Yog tus yeeb ncuab tsis tso tseg…
Tab sis thaum Lub Xya Hli Hitler txoj kev npaj tawm tsam ua tsis tiav; lub Soviet commander yuav tsum txhim kho kev vam meej. Kev tawm tsam ntawm Kharkov tau suav tias yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws rau yav tom ntej txawm tias ua ntej kawg ntawm Kev Sib Tw ntawm Kursk. Thaum npaj qhov kev ywj pheej yav tom ntej ntawm Kharkov, cov lus nug tseem ceeb tau tham txog: seb puas yuav ua haujlwm rau puag ncig lossis rhuav tshem.yeeb ncuab?
Peb txiav txim siab tawm tsam kev puas tsuaj - ib puag ncig yuav tsum tau siv sijhawm ntau. Yog lawm, nws tau ua tiav zoo nyob ze Stalingrad, tab sis tom qab ntawd, thaum lub sij hawm tawm tsam, Tub Rog Liab tau rov qab mus rau nws tsuas yog thaum pib ntawm xyoo 1944, thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm Korsun-Shevchenko. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, thaum tawm tsam Kharkov, Soviet cov lus txib txawm txhob txwm tshaj tawm "txoj kev hauv tsev" rau kev tawm ntawm cov tub rog Nazi - nws yooj yim dua kom ua tiav lawv hauv thaj teb.
Hnub no ntawm no - tag kis muaj
Nyob rau lub caij ntuj sov xyoo 1943, thaum muaj kev sib ntaus sib tua nyob ze Kursk, lwm qhov kev nthuav tawm tswv yim ua kom yuam kev, uas tau los ua ib hom "trick" ntawm Red Army. Nws muaj nyob rau hauv kev xa cov tshuab muaj zog txaus nyob rau hauv ntau qhov chaw ntawm ib ntu txuas ncaj qha ntawm sab xub ntiag. Yog li ntawd, tus yeeb ncuab raug yuam kom feverishly hloov nws cov reserves ntev mus. Tab sis nws tsis muaj sij hawm los ua qhov no, raws li lub tshuab raug ntaus nyob rau hauv lwm qhov chaw, thiab nyob rau hauv thawj sector kev sib ntaus sib tua coj ib tug protracted cim.
Yog li nws tau nyob hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua rau Kharkov. Cov kev ua ntawm Soviet pab tub rog nyob rau hauv lub Donbass thiab nyob rau sab qaum teb tip ntawm lub Kursk Bulge yuam cov Nazis hloov rog nyob rau hauv nyob ze Kharkov. Nws muaj peev xwm nce mus ntxiv.
Side Forces
Los ntawm sab Soviet, cov tub rog ntawm Voronezh (tus thawj coj - General ntawm Army Vatutin) thiab Steppe (tus thawj coj - Colonel General Konev) ua haujlwm. Cov lus txib siv cov kev xyaum ntawm reassigning qhov chaw ntawm ib sab mus rau lwm qhov thiaj li yuav siv lawv ntau rationally. Marshal Vasilevsky koom tes ua haujlwm hauv Kharkiv, Oryol thiab Donetsk cov lus qhia.
Cov tub rog ntawm pem hauv ntej suav nrog 5 pab tub rog (xws li 2 tub rog tank) thiab tub rog huab cua. Qhov no qhia tias qhov tseem ceeb npaum li cas txuas nrog rau kev ua haujlwm. Cov khoom siv thiab cov phom loj loj uas tsis tau pom dua ua ntej tau tsim nyob rau hauv cov haujlwm ntawm sab xub ntiag tau muab rau kev ua tiav, rau cov phom ntxiv, phom tus kheej thiab T-34 thiab Kv-1 tso tsheb hlau luam raug xa tawm sai. Lub artillery corps ntawm Bryansk pem hauv ntej kuj tau pauv mus rau qhov chaw tawm tsam. 2 pab tub rog nyob hauv lub hauv paus hauv paus.
Nyob rau sab German, cov tub rog tub rog thiab cov tub rog tank, nrog rau 14 infantry thiab 4 tank Division, tuav kev tiv thaiv. Tom qab ntawd, tom qab pib ua haujlwm, cov Nazis tau nrawm nrawm los ntawm Bryansk Front thiab Mius mus rau thaj tsam ntawm thaj tsam. Ntawm cov kev ntxiv no yog xws li cov npe nrov xws li Totenkompf, Viking, Das Reich. Ntawm Nazi cov thawj coj uas tau koom nrog kev sib ntaus sib tua nyob ze Kharkov, Field Marshal Manstein yog tus nto moo tshaj plaws.
Tus tub rog yav dhau los
Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm Kharkov lub tswv yim lag luam - qhov tseeb Belgorod-Kharkov kev tawm tsam - tau txais lub npe code - kev ua haujlwm "Commander Rumyantsev". Thaum lub sij hawm Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb Zaum Ob, USSR tau tso tseg qhov kev coj ua yav dhau los ntawm kev ua tiav nyob deb ntawm lub teb chaws "tus huab tais" yav dhau los. Tam sim no nyob rau hauv keeb kwm Lavxias teb sab lawv tab tom nrhiav rau cov piv txwv uas yuav txhawb cov neeg ua tsov rog thiab yeej. Lub npe ntawm lub lag luam kom dim Kharkov los ntawm cheeb tsam no. Cov ntaub ntawv tsis yog tib qho - kev ua haujlwm kom tso tawm Belarus yog lub npe hu ua "Bagration", thiab tsis ntev ua ntej. Kev ua haujlwm "Kutuzov" tau ua nyob ze rau sab qaum teb ntawm Kursk Bulge.
Forward to Kharkiv
Suab zoo, tab sis qhov ntawd tsis yog txoj hauv kev ua. Txoj kev npaj yog thawj zaug npog lub nroog nrog rau kev nce qib, tso thaj chaw ntau li ntau tau mus rau sab qab teb thiab sab qaum teb ntawm Kharkov, thiab tom qab ntawd ntes cov qub peev ntawm Ukraine.
Lub npe "Tus Thawj Kav Tebchaws Rumyantsev" tau siv ncaj qha rau lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb - kev tawm tsam tiag tiag ntawm Kharkov. Kev ua haujlwm Belgorod-Kharkov pib thaum Lub Yim Hli 3, 1943, thiab nyob rau tib hnub, 2 Nazi lub tank faib tau xaus rau hauv "cauldron" ze Tomarovka. Nyob rau 5th, units ntawm Steppe Front nkag mus rau Belgorod nrog kev sib ntaus. Txij li thaum Orel tau nyob los ntawm cov tub rog ntawm Bryansk Front nyob rau tib hnub, qhov kev ua tiav ob zaug tau ua kev zoo siab hauv Moscow nrog cov foob pob hluav taws. Nws yog thawj qhov kev qhuas qhuas thaum lub Great Patriotic War.
Lub Yim Hli 6, kev ua haujlwm "Tus Thawj Kav Tebchaws Rumyantsev" tau nyob rau hauv tag nrho viav vias, Soviet tso tsheb hlau luam tiav tshem tawm cov yeeb ncuab hauv Tomarovsky cauldron thiab tsiv mus rau Zolochev. Lawv mus txog lub nroog thaum tsaus ntuj, thiab qhov ntawd yog ib nrab ntawm txoj kev vam meej. Cov tso tsheb hlau luam txav ntsiag to, nrog lawv lub teeb taws tawm. Thaum, tau nkag mus rau hauv lub nroog tsaug zog, lawv tig rau thiab nyem tawm tag nrho ceev, lub surprise ntawm qhov kev tawm tsam predetermined txoj kev vam meej ntawm lub Belgorod-Kharkov lub lag luam. Kev pabcuam ntxiv ntawm Kharkov txuas ntxiv nrog kev nce qib mus rau Bogodukhov thiab pib ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua rau Akhtyrka.
Tib lub sijhawm, qee qhov ntawm Sab Qab Teb thiab Sab Qab Teb Sab Qab Teb tau pib ua haujlwm tawm tsam hauv Donbass, nce mus rau Voronezh pem hauv ntej. Qhov no tsis tau tso cai rau Nazis hloov kev txhawb zog rau Kharkov. Lub yim hli ntuj 10 yogKharkiv-Poltava railway kab tau tswj hwm. Cov Nazis tau sim tawm tsam hauv thaj tsam ntawm Bogodukhov thiab Akhtyrka (xaiv SS units tau koom), tab sis cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev tawm tsam yog qhov kev tawm tsam - lawv tsis tuaj yeem nres kev tawm tsam Soviet.
Rov dua
Lub Yim Hli 13, txoj kab tiv thaiv German tau tawg ncaj qha ze Kharkov. Peb hnub tom qab, kev sib ntaus sib tua twb nyob rau sab nrauv ntawm lub nroog, tab sis cov Soviet units tsis tau mus tom ntej raws li peb xav tau - German fortifications muaj zog heev. Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov kev tawm tsam ntawm Voronezh Front tau ncua vim muaj xwm txheej nyob ze Akhtyrka. Tab sis nyob rau 21st, pem hauv ntej rov pib ua txhaum, defeat lub Akhtyr pab pawg neeg, thiab nyob rau hauv lub 22nd, cov Germans pib thim lawv units los ntawm Kharkov.
Hnub ua haujlwm Kharkov Liberation yog Lub Yim Hli 23, thaum cov tub rog Soviet tau tswj hwm lub nroog tseem ceeb. Txawm li cas los xij, kev tawm tsam ntawm kev tawm tsam ntawm ib tus yeeb ncuab pawg thiab kev tshem tawm ntawm thaj chaw deb ntawm nws txuas ntxiv mus txog rau 30th. Ua tiav kev ywj pheej ntawm Kharkov los ntawm Nazi invaders tau tshwm sim rau hnub no. Lub Yim Hli 30, kev ua koob tsheej tau muaj nyob hauv nroog ntawm lub sijhawm ntawm kev ywj pheej. Ib tug ntawm cov qhua ntawm kev hwm yog yav tom ntej General Secretary N. S. Khrushchev.
Heroes of Liberation
Vim tias qhov tseem ceeb tseem ceeb tau txuas nrog rau kev ua haujlwm Kharkiv, tsoomfwv tsis tau hais txog qhov khoom plig rau nws cov neeg koom. Ob peb chav ntxiv cov lus "Belgorodskaya" thiab "Kharkovskaya" rau lawv cov npe raws li lub npe nto moo. Cov tub rog thiab tub ceev xwm tau muab khoom plig rau lub xeev. Tab sis ntawm no yog Kharkov nws tus kheejlub nroog hero tsis tau muab khoom plig. Lawv hais tias Stalin tso tseg lub tswv yim no vim tias lub nroog thaum kawg tau kev ywj pheej ntawm kev sim thib plaub.
183rd Infantry Division muaj cai rau lub npe ntawm "ob zaug Kharkov". Nws yog cov neeg tua hluav taws ntawm chav tsev no uas yog thawj zaug nkag mus rau lub ntsiab square ntawm lub nroog (lub npe tom qab Dzerzhinsky) thaum Lub Ob Hlis 16 thiab Lub Yim Hli 23, 1943.
Lub Soviet Petlyakov nres aircraft thiab legendary T-34 tso tsheb hlau luam tau ua pov thawj zoo heev hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Kharkov. Tseem, lawv tau tsim, ntawm lwm yam, los ntawm cov kws tshwj xeeb los ntawm Kharkov Tractor Plant! Kev khiav tawm mus rau Chelyabinsk, cov nroj tsuag tsuas yog xyoo 1943 tau pib tsim cov tso tsheb hlau luam ntau (tam sim no nws yog Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant).
Nco Ntsoov
Tsis muaj tsov rog yam tsis muaj kev poob, thiab keeb kwm ntawm Kharkov lees paub qhov no. Lub nroog tau dhau los ua tus thawj coj tu siab hauv qhov teeb meem no. Kev poob ntawm cov tub rog Soviet nyob rau hauv lub nroog no yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv tag nrho Great Patriotic War. Ntawm chav kawm, tag nrho ntawm tag nrho plaub kev sib ntaus sib tua yog implied. Txoj kev ywj pheej ntawm lub nroog thiab ib puag ncig raug nqi ntau dua 71 txhiab tus neeg.
Tab sis Kharkiv ciaj sia, rov tsim kho thiab txuas ntxiv ua haujlwm ntev ntev nrog nws txhais tes thiab lub taub hau rau qhov zoo ntawm lub Koom Haum Niam Tsev … Thiab tam sim no lub nroog no tseem muaj caij nyoog…
