Granite yog cov pob zeb uas muaj ntau tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv cov pob zeb sab av loj. Cov khoom siv zoo heev no tau txais nws lub npe vim nws cov qauv porous-granular (los ntawm Latin granum - "grain").
Granite yog cais raws li cov pob zeb acid vim tias nws muaj ntau ntawm silicon dioxide - SiO2. Ntxiv rau cov khoom no, muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm granite suav nrog alkali, nrog rau magnesium, hlau thiab calcium. Lub pob zeb no suav hais tias yog ib qho ntawm cov muaj zog tshaj plaws, nyuaj tshaj plaws thiab ruaj khov, nws qhov ceev yog 2600 kg ib cubic meter. Hauv peb tsab xov xwm, peb yuav txiav txim siab txog qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm granite, nrog rau tham txog cov kev faib tawm uas twb muaj lawm ntawm lub pob zeb no, qhia nws cov khoom thiab nta.
Keeb kwm thiab tshwm sim ntawm granite
Granites ntseeg tau tias tau tsim nyob rau lub sijhawm ntevgeological keeb kwm ntawm tag nrho cov continents. Muaj ob versions ntawm lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm yug nyob rau hauv nqe lus nug. Thawj hais tias granite yog tsim los ntawm cov txheej txheem ntawm crystallization ntawm magmatic yaj. Raws li txoj kev xav thib ob, lub pob zeb peb tab tom txiav txim siab tau tsim los ntawm kev cuam tshuam ntawm ultrametamorphism. Raws li kev cuam tshuam ntawm lub siab, qhov kub thiab txias thiab cov kua dej nce los ntawm cov txheej txheem sib sib zog nqus ntawm lub ntiaj teb, cov txheej txheem ntawm granitization yog nqa tawm.
Ntau qhov tso nyiaj ntau ntawm cov pob zeb hnyav no tau paub, suav nrog Asmeskas, Tuam Tshoj, Brazil, Scandinavian lub tebchaws thiab Ukraine. Tseem muaj nplua nuj deposits ntawm no tej yam ntuj tso khoom nyob rau hauv peb lub teb chaws. Nws yog mined nyob rau hauv tsib caug granite quarries, xws li nyob rau hauv lub Arkhangelsk thiab Voronezh cheeb tsam, raws li zoo raws li nyob rau hauv lub Caucasus. Feem ntau, muaj ntau yam ores pom nyob ze ntawm cov nyiaj tau hais tseg, suav nrog tin, tooj liab, zinc, tungsten, molybdenum thiab txhuas.
Xav txog dab tsi suav nrog hauv granite. Feldspar thiab quartz
Raws li nws cov khoom, cov pob zeb no yog cov khoom siv polymineral, uas yog, nws tsis yog ib feem, tab sis ntawm ob peb. Ib qho ntawm cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb uas ua rau granite yog feldspar. Nws yog ib qho ntxhia ntawm cov pab pawg silicate. Raws li txoj cai, hauv granite nws yog tsawg kawg yog 50%, lossis txawm tias tag nrho 60! Cov pob zeb tsim pob zeb no muaj nyob hauv pob zeb hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov poov tshuaj feldspar (orthoclase, adularia) thiab acid plagioclase (oligoclase, bytonite, labradorite, thiab lwm yam). Lwm qhov tseem ceebIb feem ntawm granite yog quartz - ib qho nyuaj pob zeb-forming ntxhia ntawm feem coob ntawm cov pob zeb tsis muaj zog. Tsis pub ntau tshaj 30% ntawm tag nrho cov ntim ntawm lub pob zeb nyob rau hauv kev txiav txim siab tseem nyob ntawm nws feem. Nws inclusions zoo li me me glassy nplej. Nyob rau hauv nws lub xeev ntuj, quartz yog xim tsis muaj xim, tab sis raws li lub pob zeb nyob rau hauv muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm granite, nws kis tau ib tug txawv xim - daj, liab, liab, ntshav, thiab lwm yam.
Cov xim tsaus nti thiab lwm yam suav nrog hauv granite
Ntxiv rau quartz thiab feldspar, muaj lwm cov kev suav nrog hauv cov pob zeb acidic no. Feem ntau lawv nyob tsis pub ntau tshaj 10% ntawm tag nrho cov ntim. Cov no yog biotite, lithium micas, muscovite thiab hornblende. Ib qho tsis tseem ceeb yog nyob ntawm cov khoom siv ntxiv - piv txwv li, apatite thiab zircon thiab alkaline minerals - tourmaline, garnet thiab topaz. Yog li, peb tshuaj xyuas qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm granite. Daim duab qhia tau meej meej cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov khoom siv ntuj no.
Hom granite
Nyob ntawm cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov ntxhia thiab tshuaj lom neeg muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm granite, qee qhov ntawm nws cov ntau yam txawv. Ib txoj hauv kev qeb duas yog ua raws li feem pua ntawm plagioclase hauv pob zeb. Muaj cov nram qab no hom granite:
- alkaline feldspar (tsawg dua 10% plagioclase);
- granite nws tus kheej (los ntawm 10% mus rau 65% plagioclase);
- granodiorite (ntawm 65% mus rau 90% plagioclase);
- tonalite (tshaj 90% plagioclase).
Ntxiv rau qhov feem pua ntawm feldspar, cov ntsiab lus ntawm mecov xim tsaus nti. Raws li qhov kev faib tawm no, cov pob zeb hauv qab no yog qhov txawv: alaskite - granite, uas tsis suav nrog cov hlau tsaus-ferrous, thiab leucogranite - muaj cov ntsiab lus tsawg ntawm lawv. Ob-mica granite - muaj, ntxiv rau feldspar thiab quartz, ntawm muscovite thiab biotite, thiab alkaline kuj muaj aegirine thiab amphiboles.
Cov yam ntxwv ntawm tus tsiaj
Muaj lwm qhov kev faib tawm raws li cov qauv thiab cov qauv ntawm cov pob zeb hais. Feem ntau granite muaj granular-crystalline qauv, tab sis qee zaum nws kuj yog porphyritic. Nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig ntuj, cov khoom yog nyob rau hauv loj txheej tsim los ntawm magma txias. Vim lub fact tias nws solidifies unevenly, granite yog tsim, uas muaj ib tug txawv qauv, nrog rau cov nplua thiab ntxhib-grained. Cov qauv ntawm cov tom kawg yog hu ua granite-porphyries. Granite-rapakivi (Finland) tuaj yeem ua piv txwv ntawm pob zeb porphyritic nrog cov qauv ntxhib-grained. Nws muaj flecks ntawm orthoclase qhov loj ntawm lub qe qaib.
Granite xim
Cov pob zeb uas tsim los ntawm granite tuaj yeem pleev xim lub pob zeb no hauv cov xim sib txawv. Raws li txoj cai, nws yog orthoclase uas txiav txim siab xim ntawm pob zeb. Qhov ntau tshaj plaws yog lub teeb grey xim. Nyob rau hauv Russia, liab cov ntaub ntawv yog heev dav. Cov ntxhia muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm granite nrog cov xim ci muaj xws li feldspar, uas muaj cov muaju ntawm hematite, txwv tsis pub hlau oxide. Lawv yog cov uas muab lub pob zeb ua ntshav liab xim. Kuj tuaj hladaj, xiav thiab liab pob zeb. Lub emerald ntxoov ntxoo ntawm pob zeb yog vim ntsuab potassium feldspar - amazonite. Qee zaum lawv pom granite ntawm cov xim txawv txawv iridescent. Nws tshwm sim vim feldspar, uas muaj iridescence. Feem ntau nws yog oligoclase thiab labrador uas muab qhov zoo nkauj iridescent shimmer, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog pom thaum tig lub pob zeb. Qhov no yog cov ntaub ntawv nthuav dav, granite.
Kev sib xyaw thiab cov khoom ntawm pob zeb
Cov khoom siv ntuj no muaj ntau yam zoo kawg nkaus uas ua rau nws tseem tsis tau muaj nyob hauv ntau qhov chaw, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog hauv kev tsim kho. Ua ntej, granite yog ruaj khov. Nws tuaj yeem ua haujlwm tau ntev, khaws nws qhov qub tsos. Qee lub sij hawm tib neeg hu nws "lub pob zeb nyob mus ib txhis", thiab tag nrho vim tias tsis muaj dab tsi tshwm sim rau nws ntau pua xyoo.
Thib ob, cov khoom siv no yog qhov ruaj khov heev. Cov khoom los ntawm nws tsis raug hnav. Quartz, cov ntxhia hauv granite, ua rau cov pob zeb no muaj zog heev uas cov saws nrog cov pob zeb tshwj xeeb txheej yog siv rau hauv kev ua, sib tsoo thiab txiav. Thib peb, ib qho ntawm cov khoom tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm granite yog nws cov kev tiv thaiv ib puag ncig, nrog rau cov kua qaub. Nws tsis tas yuav ua thiab kev tiv thaiv los ntawm ntau yam oxidative thiab lub cev muaj zog. Tsuas yog ntawm qhov kub siab tshaj 600 degrees nws tuaj yeem hloov nws cov qauv thiab tawg. Plaub, granite yog resistant rau ya raws, nws yog xyaum tsis muaj dej, tsis nqus dej thiab tsisraug puas tsuaj vim nag lossis daus. Tau ntau pua xyoo, cov tsev thiab monuments ua los ntawm granite tuaj yeem khaws lawv qhov qub tsos. Thiab, thaum kawg, nws tseem ceeb heev uas granite yog ib puag ncig tus phooj ywg. Nws muaj kev nyab xeeb kiag li rau tib neeg. Tag nrho cov khoom no ua rau cov pob zeb suav tias yog cov khoom siv hauv tsev zoo tshaj plaws.
Kev siv granite
Lub pob zeb hais tau dav siv rau kev tsim kho thiab kev ua haujlwm, vim nws ruaj khov, tiv taus ib puag ncig cuam tshuam thiab tshwj xeeb tshaj yog ruaj khov. Vim nws tsis kam mus txhuam thiab compression, nws yog feem ntau siv nyob rau hauv kho kom zoo nkauj sab hauv thiab sab nrauv.
Granite muaj qhov ua haujlwm siab rau cov av, yog li nws feem ntau siv rau hauv kev tsim cov railings, ntaiv, kab, countertops, qhov rais sills thiab bar txee. Feem ntau cov qhov cub thiab qhov chaw yog dai kom zoo nkauj nrog granite slabs, vim hais tias nws yog resistant rau ob qho tib si kub thiab noo noo nqus. Nyob rau sab nrauv, hom no feem ntau yog siv los ua ib lub ntsej muag, masonry lossis cov khoom siv hauv tsev. Txoj kev taug kev, txoj kev thiab txuas hniav yog nteg tawm nrog granite paving pob zeb, piers, embankment txoj kev thiab squares feem ntau trimmed. Cov laj kab, cov phab ntsa txhawb nqa yog ua los ntawm granite, facades thiab phab ntsa ntawm lub tsev yog dai kom zoo nkauj nrog nws. Thiab rau qhov no, ib hom tsiaj ntawm ntau yam xim tuaj yeem siv. Nyob rau hauv Russia, grey, dawb, liab thiab xim av ntau yam yog feem ntau siv. Hmoov tsis zoo, kev rho tawm thiab ua cov pob zeb tsis zoo yog qhov nyuaj thiab kim, yog li cov khoom siv no tsis tshua muaj siv rau kev tsim vaj tsev zoo tib yam. Nws yog tsuas yog siv raukho kom zoo nkauj ntawm cov khoom uas muaj txiaj ntsig zoo architectural.
Granite architectural monuments
Tom qab polishing kom zoo, qhov chaw ntawm granite ua zoo li daim iav, ib txhij xav txog thiab nqus lub teeb ci. Yog li ntawd, lub pob zeb zoo nkaus li nplua nuj thiab zoo nkauj heev, uas tso cai rau nws los siv rau kev tsim cov duab puab monumental thiab architectural compositions. Ib qho piv txwv ntawm kev zoo nkauj, kev tshav ntuj thiab kev ua haujlwm ntev ntawm granite tuaj yeem yog architectural monuments, cov tuam tsev keeb kwm thiab cov qauv tsim hauv ntau lub teb chaws, suav nrog Russia. Txhua tus qauv granite yog qhov txawv ntawm nws qhov tshwj xeeb majesty thiab monumentality, tawm tsam qhov kev xav nrog nws lub zog thiab kev zoo nkauj.
