Ntau tus neeg hais lus Suav. Nws yog hais los ntawm cov neeg ntawm Tuam Tshoj, nrog rau cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov neeg Suav nyob rau hauv lwm lub teb chaws Asia. Tab sis yog hais tias nyob rau hauv lwm lub teb chaws cov inhabitants ntawm txawv nroog thiab lub xeev zoo kawg nkaus to taub ib leeg, ces cov Suav yuav nyuaj. Muaj ntau hom lus hauv Suav uas tuaj yeem sib txawv ntawm ib leeg. Txawm tias muaj tseeb hais tias nyob rau hauv 1955 lub ntsiab lus tau xaiv - Putonghua, lwm yam lus tseem muaj nyob. Qhov no yog vim lub fact tias cov dialects yog ib feem ntawm ib tug centuries-laus kab lis kev cai.
Vim li cas thiaj muaj ntau nqe lus?
Linguists faib thaj chaw Suav ua ob hom lus loj - sab qaum teb thiab sab qab teb. Cov xwm txheej tseem ceeb hauv keeb kwm tau tshwm sim nyob rau sab qaum teb ntawm lub tebchaws, thiab txhua yam nyob rau sab qab teb, tab sis nws tau muab faib ua cov cheeb tsam sib txawv. Vim li ntawd, cov neeg nyob rau sab qaum teb tuaj yeem, txawm tias muaj kev nyuaj, sib nkag siab, vim lawv cov lus muaj ntau yam zoo sib xws, tsis zoo li cov neeg nyob hauv lub xeev yav qab teb.
Qhov laj thawj tseem ceeb ntawm qhov tshwm sim hauv SuavCov lus - qhov no yog qhov ntau tus neeg Suav tau tsiv los ntawm lub xeev mus rau lub xeev, thiab lawv cov kev sib cuag nrog cov neeg sawv cev ntawm lwm haiv neeg. Yog li ntawd, muaj kev sib pauv ntawm cov lus, phonetics thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev hais lus sau, thiab qhov no tau pab tsim cov kab lus tshiab. Tab sis tib lub sijhawm, cov kev sib txawv no xyaum tsis cuam tshuam rau cov lus sau.
Kev sau ntawv suav
Keeb kwm ntawm Suav sau rov qab 4,000 xyoo. Nws lub ntsiab feature yog qhov kev hloov ntawm qhov ncauj hais lus xyaum tsis cuam tshuam rau kev sau ntawv. Hieroglyphs yog siv los sau. Qhov nyuaj yog qhov tseeb tias ib tus hieroglyph tuaj yeem txhais cov lus sib txawv.
Ntxiv mus, cov txheej txheem hieroglyphic tsim los txhawm rau ua kom yooj yim rau lawv kev sau ntawv thiab qhia ib tsab ntawv thoob plaws hauv lub tebchaws. Thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, nws tau txiav txim siab los ua kom yooj yim rau kev sau ntawv ntawm hieroglyphs, vim hais tias, raws li tsoomfwv, kev sau ntawv nyuaj ntawm cov cim ua rau kev loj hlob ntawm kev lag luam. Thiab nyob rau hauv 1964, qhov yooj yim sau ntawv ntawm hieroglyphs tau txais lub xeev xwm txheej. Thiab cov hieroglyphs no tau dhau los ua tsab ntawv tseem ceeb hauv Suav teb.
hom lus tseem ceeb
Puas muaj pes tsawg hom lus hauv Suav? Feem ntau cov kws paub lus Askiv ua raws li qhov kev faib tawm no:
- Northern dialects (guanhua).
- Gan.
- Hakka (Kejia).
- Min.
- U.
- Xiang.
- Yue (Cantonese).
Qee cov lus qhia ntxiv peb ntxiv rau cov pab pawg no: pinghua, jin thiab anhui. Cov no yog cov lus tseem ceeb ntawm Suav.
Guanhua
Nov yog lwm lub npe rau ib pab pawg neeg sab qaum teb. Nws yog hom lus tshaj plaws ntawm cov lus Suav - nws tau hais los ntawm kwv yees li 800 lab tus tib neeg. Qhov no suav nrog Beijing putonghua dialect, uas tau saws nyob rau hauv lub 50s-60s. XX caug xyoo ua lus Suav, Singapore thiab Taiwan.
Cov lus qhia sab hnub poob tau muab lwm lub npe rau cov lus Suav - "Mandarin". Qhov no yog vim kev txhais ntawm lo lus "guanhua" - "official letter". Thiab cov thawj coj mandarin hu ua "guan" hauv Suav. Cov pab pawg sab qaum teb ntawm cov lus muaj ob peb ceg, nyob ntawm qhov chaw nyob. Guanhua yog hom lus Suav uas tau hais ntau tshaj plaws.
Putonghua tau sib tham hauv kev lag luam, hais los ntawm tsoomfwv cov tswv cuab, thiab qhia hauv tsev kawm ntawv. Cov lus no tsim nyog kawm, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tias koj xav ua lag luam hauv Suav teb.
Gan thiab Hakka dialects
Cov lus Gan yog hais los ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv xeev Jiangxi, uas yog lub hauv paus thiab sab qaum teb. Nws kuj muaj nyob rau lwm lub xeev Suav: Fujian, Anhui, Hubei thiab Hunan. Tag nrho ntawm 20 lab tus tib neeg hais cov lus no.
Cov lus Hakka (kejia) kuj muaj nyob hauv xeev Jiangxi, tab sis nyob rau thaj tsam yav qab teb. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov lus no muaj nyob rau hauv nruab nrab thiab sab qaum teb thaj tsam ntawm Guangdong thiab nyob rau sab hnub poob ntawm Fujian. Tsis tas li ntawd, muaj cov neeg uas hais cov lus no hauv Taiwan thiab Hainan. Tab sis nyob rau sab hnub poob, cov lus no txawv nyob rau hauvcais lus.
Hakka lub suab hais lus zoo ib yam li Middle Suav. Nws yog raws li cov lus Meixian, uas muaj nyob hauv Guangdong. Ntau tshaj 20 lab tus tib neeg hais cov lus no.
Muaj lus Suav yog ib qho qub tshaj plaws. Min kuj yog lwm lub npe rau Fujian Xeev, qhov twg hom lus no feem ntau. Cov pab pawg lus min kuj pom nyob rau sab qab teb sab hnub tuaj ntawm Tuam Tshoj, suav nrog cov Islands tuaj ntawm Hainan thiab Taiwan.
Cov lus Wu yog qhov dav tshaj plaws tom qab Suav Mandarin. Cov ceg no tseem hu ua Shanghai lus. Yog li ntawd, yog tias koj xav tsim kev sib cuag nrog cov neeg ntawm Tuam Tshoj, ces nws yuav zoo rau kev kawm. Nws qhov chaw faib khoom yog loj heev: nyob rau hauv feem ntau ntawm Zhejiang xeev, nyob rau hauv Shanghai thiab nyob rau hauv yav qab teb cheeb tsam ntawm Jiangsu xeev. Wu kuj pom muaj nyob hauv xeev Anhui, Jiangxi thiab Fujian. Phonetically, cov lus ntawm pab pawg no txawv ntawm lawv lub suab mos thiab lub teeb.
Xiang (Hunan) thiab Yue dialects
Suav Xiang yog hais txog 8% ntawm lub teb chaws cov pej xeem. Cov lus no tau muab faib ua ob ceg: Novosyansk thiab Starosyansk. Qhov kev txaus siab tshaj plaws rau cov neeg kawm lus Askiv yog cov ceg Starosyanskaya. Thiab txoj kev loj hlob ntawm Novosyanskaya ceg tau cuam tshuam los ntawm cov lus Putonghua.
Pab pawg Yue lus tseem hu ua Cantonese. Nws tau txais lub npe no los ntawm British, uas los ntawm Canton txhais tau tias lub xeev ntawm Guangzhou. Yues cov lus muaj nyob hauv Guangdong thiab lwm qhov chaw,cov nyob ze. Lub ntsiab ntawm pawg lus no yog Guangzhou. Cantonese kuj tau hais hauv Hong Kong.
Pinghua, Anhui thiab Jin pawg lus
Cov pab pawg lus no tsis yog cais los ntawm txhua tus kws qhia lus sib cais, tab sis feem ntau suav nrog hauv kev faib tawm ib txwm muaj. Cov lus Pinghua yog ib feem ntawm pawg lus Cantonese, thiab lawv cov lus tseem ceeb yog Nanning. Thiab hais txog pawg Anhui, cov kws qhia lus muaj kev xav sib txawv: qee tus ntseeg tias nws yog pawg Gan, lwm tus ntseeg tias lawv yog ib feem ntawm cov lus sab qaum teb, thiab lwm pab pawg uas lawv koom nrog pawg Wu hom lus. Jin zoo ib yam li guanhua.
Vim li cas thiaj kawm lwm yam lus?
Cov lus Suav twg yog hom lus tshaj plaws? Qhov no yog Mandarin, yog li ntau tus neeg xav tias kev kawm lwm yam lus tsis tsim nyog kiag li. Tau kawg, rau kev ua lag luam, koj yuav tsum kawm hom lus feem ntau, tab sis yog tias koj xav mus xyuas lwm lub xeev, koj yuav tsum kawm lawv cov kab lis kev cai.
Ntxiv mus, ntau tus neeg Suav laus tsis hais lus Mandarin, vim nws tsis yog lawv hom lus, vim nws tau dhau los ua xeev hauv 50s thiab 60s. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov neeg ntawm Tuam Tshoj muaj kev nkag siab zoo rau lawv cov kev coj noj coj ua, thiab lawv cov lus yog ib feem ntawm kab lis kev cai ntau pua xyoo. Ua li no, koj yuav ua kom muaj kev hwm rau Suav thiab nws yuav yooj yim rau koj sib txuas lus nrog lawv.
Vim li cas nws thiaj yog qhov zoo tshaj kom kawm cov kab lus hauv Suav ua ntej mus rau Suav teb? NtauSuav tsis hais lus Askiv, thiab cov uas hais lus txawv txawv ntawm Suav thiab Askiv. Yog li ntawd, txhawm rau ua kom yooj yim rau koj sib txuas lus nrog cov neeg nyob hauv nruab nrab Lub Nceeg Vaj, kawm cov kab lus yooj yim hauv ntau hom lus.
Thaum kawm Suav, kuj xyuam xim rau qhov tseeb tias txhua yam hauv nws nyob ntawm tonality. Txoj kev koj hais ib lo lus txiav txim nws lub ntsiab. Qhov no tonal system nyob rau hauv txhua yam lus txawv me ntsis ntawm lwm tus nyob rau hauv lub predominance ntawm tej intonations.
Tuam Tshoj yog ib qho ntawm cov kev lag luam loj tshaj plaws, yog li kev kawm Suav tau zoo heev. Qhov peculiarity ntawm kev xav ntawm Suav yog xws li tias lawv ua raws li kev cai, thiab koj yuav yeej lawv yog tias koj hais lawv hom lus. Tau kawg, cov qauv sau ntawv yog qhov nyuaj, thiab nws nyuaj rau cov neeg txawv teb chaws los paub lawv cov lus sau, yog li nws txaus los kawm cov lus tsim nyog tshaj plaws thiab kab lus.
lus Suav yog nthuav thiab ntau yam. Los ntawm kev kawm txawv hom lus, koj tuaj yeem paub txog kab lis kev cai ntawm lub xeev zoo dua. Qhov no yog ib lub teb chaws zoo kawg nkaus uas cov neeg nyob hauv lub xeev yav qab teb yuav tsis nkag siab cov neeg nyob sab qaum teb. Thiab nws txhawb kuv kom kawm Suav kab lis kev cai ntxiv.
