Tus yam ntxwv ntawm calcium. cov khoom ntawm calcium. Calcium Formula

2024 Tus sau: Angel Austin | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 05:28

Ntawm tag nrho cov ntsiab lus ntawm lub caij nyoog, muaj ntau yam ntawm lawv, tsis yog nws tsis tuaj yeem tsim ntau yam kab mob hauv cov kab mob, tab sis feem ntau nws tsis tuaj yeem ua neej nyob thiab loj hlob ib txwm. Ib qho ntawm cov no yog calcium.

Nws yog qhov nthuav tias thaum nws los txog rau cov hlau no, ua ib yam khoom yooj yim, nws tsis muaj txiaj ntsig rau tib neeg, txawm tias muaj kev puas tsuaj. Txawm li cas los xij, ib tus tsuas yog hais txog cov ions Ca²⁺, raws li tam sim ntawd muaj ntau cov ntsiab lus qhia lawv qhov tseem ceeb.

Txoj Haujlwm ntawm calcium nyob rau hauv Lub Sijhawm Sijhawm

Tus cwj pwm ntawm calcium, zoo li lwm yam khoom, pib nrog qhov qhia txog nws txoj haujlwm hauv lub sijhawm. Tom qab tag nrho, nws ua rau nws kawm tau ntau yam txog lub atom no:

• core nqi;
• ntaus electrons thiab protons, neutrons;
• oxidation xeev, siab dua thiab qis;
• kev teeb tsa hluav taws xob thiab lwm yam tseem ceeb.

Lub caij peb tab tom txiav txim siab yog nyob rau hauv plaub lub sijhawm loj ntawm pawg thib ob, pawg loj subgroup thiab muaj tus lej 20. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov lus tshuaj lom neeg lub sijhawm qhia pom qhov hnyav ntawm calcium - 40.08, uas yog qhov nruab nrab. tus nqi ntawm cov isotopes uas twb muaj lawm ntawm noatom.

Lub xeev oxidation yog ib qho, tas li, sib npaug rau +2. Cov qauv ntawm cov oxide ntau dua CaO. Lub npe Latin rau lub caij yog calcium, yog li lub cim rau atom Ca.

Tus yam ntxwv ntawm calcium ua ib yam khoom yooj yim

Raws li ib txwm muaj, cov khoom no yog hlau, silvery dawb. Cov mis ntawm calcium ua ib yam khoom yooj yim yog Ca. Vim nws cov tshuaj lom neeg muaj zog, nws muaj peev xwm tsim tau ntau lub tebchaw sib txawv ntawm cov chav kawm.

Nyob rau hauv lub xeev ntawm kev sib sau ua ke, nws tsis suav nrog hauv tib neeg lub cev, yog li nws yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev lag luam thiab kev xav tau (tsuas yog cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg).

Yog ib qho ntawm cov hlau feem ntau hais txog qhov sib koom hauv lub ntiaj teb pob zeb, kwv yees li 1.5%. Nws belongs rau cov pab pawg neeg ntawm alkaline ntiaj teb, txij li thaum yaj nyob rau hauv dej nws muab alkalis, tab sis nyob rau hauv cov xwm nws tshwm sim nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ntau yam minerals thiab ntsev. Cov calcium ntau (400 mg / l) suav nrog hauv dej hiav txwv.

Crystal lattice

Tus yam ntxwv ntawm calcium yog piav qhia los ntawm cov qauv ntawm cov iav siv lead ua, uas nws tuaj yeem muaj ob hom (vim muaj alpha thiab beta daim ntawv):

• cubic face-centric;
• ntim centric.

hom kev sib cog lus hauv cov molecule yog xim hlau, ntawm qhov chaw lattice, zoo li tag nrho cov hlau, muaj atom-ions.

Nyob hauv ntuj

Muaj ntau yam hauv paus ntsiab lus uas muaj cov khoom no.

1. hiav txwv dej.
2. pob zeb thiab ntxhia.
3. Cov kab mob nyob (plhaub thiabplhaub, pob txha, thiab lwm yam).
4. dej hauv av hauv lub ntiaj teb crust.

Cov pob zeb thiab cov zaub mov hauv qab no tuaj yeem txheeb xyuas tau tias yog qhov chaw ntawm calcium.

1. Dolomite yog sib xyaw ntawm calcium thiab magnesium carbonate.
2. Fluorite - calcium fluoride.
3. Gypsum - CaSO₄ 2H₂O.
4. Calcite - chalk, limestone, marble - calcium carbonate.
5. Alabaster - CaSO₄ 0.5H₂O.
6. Apatity.

Nyob rau hauv tag nrho, muaj txog 350 yam minerals thiab pob zeb uas muaj calcium.

Txoj kev tau txais

Nws tsis tuaj yeem cais cov hlau tsis pub dawb rau lub sijhawm ntev, vim nws cov tshuaj lom neeg muaj siab, koj yuav tsis pom nws hauv daim ntawv dawb huv. Yog li ntawd, kom txog rau thaum lub xyoo pua 19th (1808), lub ntsiab lus nug yog lwm qhov tsis meej uas lub rooj zaum lub sijhawm nqa.

Calcium li hlau tau tuaj yeem ua rau tus kws tshuaj Askiv humphrey Davy. Nws yog nws thawj zaug pom cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm melts ntawm cov zaub mov thiab cov ntsev nrog hluav taws xob tam sim no. Txog niaj hnub no, tseem yog txoj hauv kev zoo tshaj plaws kom tau txais cov hlau no yog electrolysis ntawm nws cov ntsev, xws li:

• sib xyaw ntawm calcium thiab potassium chlorides;
• sib xyaw ntawm fluoride thiab calcium chloride.

Nws tseem tuaj yeem rho tawm calcium los ntawm nws cov oxide siv txoj kev aluminothermic ntau hauv metallurgy.

Lub cev muaj zog

Tus yam ntxwv ntawm calcium nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm lub cev tsis muaj peev xwm piav tau ntau lub ntsiab lus.

1. Lub xeev tag nrho yog nyob rau hauv ib txwm muaj.
2. Melting point - 842 ⁰ C.
3. Hlau yog mos, tuaj yeem txiav nrog rab riam.
4. Color - silvery white, ci iab.
5. Nws muaj cov khoom siv hluav taws xob zoo thiab thermal.
6. Thaum cua sov rau lub sijhawm ntev, nws hloov mus ua kua, tom qab ntawd lub xeev vapor, poob nws cov khoom siv hlau. Boiling point 1484 ⁰C.

Lub cev lub cev ntawm calcium muaj ib qho tshwj xeeb. Thaum lub siab siv rau cov hlau, qee lub sijhawm nws poob nws cov khoom siv hlau thiab muaj peev xwm ua hluav taws xob. Txawm li cas los xij, nrog kev nthuav dav ntxiv, nws tau rov qab los dua thiab pom nws tus kheej ua tus superconductor, ob peb zaug siab dua li lwm cov ntsiab lus hauv cov ntsuas no.

tshuaj muaj zog

Txoj haujlwm ntawm cov hlau no siab heev. Yog li ntawd, muaj ntau yam kev sib tshuam uas calcium nkag mus. Kev cuam tshuam nrog txhua yam tsis yog hlau yog ib txwm muaj rau nws, vim tias nws yog tus neeg sawv cev txo qis nws muaj zog heev.

1. Raws li ib txwm muaj kev cuam tshuam yooj yim los tsim cov sib txuas sib txuas nrog: halogens, oxygen.
2. Thaum rhuab: hydrogen, nitrogen, carbon, silicon, phosphorus, boron, sulfur thiab lwm yam.
3. Nyob rau hauv qhov qhib huab cua, nws tam sim ntawd cuam tshuam nrog carbon dioxide thiab oxygen, yog li ntawd nws yuav npog nrog ib tug grey txheej.
4. Reacts hnyav nrog cov kua qaub, qee zaum nplaim taws.

Npaum cov khoom ntawm calcium tshwm thaum nws los txogtxog nws nyob rau hauv muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm ntsev. Yog li, lub qhov tsua zoo nkauj stalactites thiab stalagmites loj hlob ntawm lub qab nthab thiab phab ntsa tsis muaj dab tsi ntau tshaj li calcium carbonate, tsim los ntawm dej, carbon dioxide thiab bicarbonate nyob rau hauv lub zog ntawm cov txheej txheem hauv av.

Muab cov hlau ua haujlwm li cas hauv nws lub xeev ib txwm muaj, nws tau khaws cia hauv cov chaw sim, zoo li cov alkaline. Nyob rau hauv ib lub khob iav tsaus, nrog lub hau kaw nruj nreem thiab nyob rau hauv ib txheej ntawm kerosene los yog paraffin.

Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv zoo rau cov calcium ion yog cov xim ntawm cov nplaim taws hauv cov xim zoo nkauj, nplua nuj cib-liab xim. Nws kuj tseem tuaj yeem txheeb xyuas cov hlau hauv cov khoom sib txuas los ntawm cov dej tsis sib haum ntawm qee yam ntawm nws cov ntsev (calcium carbonate, fluoride, sulfate, phosphate, silicate, sulfite).

hlau pob qij txha

Cov hom hlau sib txuas yog raws li hauv qab no:

• oxide;

Yhydroxide;

• calcium ntsev (nruab nrab, acidic, yooj yim, ob npaug, complex).

Calcium oxide yog hu ua quicklime. CaO yog siv los tsim cov khoom siv hauv tsev (txiv qaub). Yog tias koj tua cov oxide nrog dej, koj tau txais cov hydroxide sib xws, uas nthuav tawm cov khoom ntawm alkali.

Ntau cov calcium ntsev, uas yog siv nyob rau hauv ntau qhov chaw ntawm kev lag luam, yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws. Cov ntsev zoo li cas, peb twb tau hais saum toj no. Nov yog cov piv txwv ntawm cov khoom sib xyaw no.

1. Medium ntsev - carbonate CaCO₃, phosphate Ca₃(PO₄) ₂ thiab lwm yam.
2. Acidic - hydrosulfate CaHSO₄.
3. Basic - bicarbonate(SaOH)₃PO₄.
4. Complex - [Ca (NH₃)₈] Cl_2.
5. Double - 5Ca(NO₃)₂NH₄NO 3_10H2_O.

Nws yog nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov tebchaw ntawm cov chav kawm no uas calcium yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau cov kab mob lom, vim ntsev yog qhov chaw ntawm ions rau lub cev.

Lub luag haujlwm lom neeg

Dab tsi yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm calcium rau tib neeg lub cev? Muaj ntau yam laj thawj.

1. Nws yog cov ions ntawm cov khoom no uas yog ib feem ntawm cov khoom siv hauv nruab nrog cev thiab cov ntaub so ntswg, koom nrog kev tswj hwm ntawm cov txheej txheem ntawm excitation, tsim cov tshuaj hormones thiab neurotransmitters.
2. Calcium accumulates hauv cov pob txha, hniav enamel li ntawm 2.5% ntawm tag nrho lub cev qhov hnyav. Qhov no yog ntau heev thiab ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev ntxiv dag zog rau cov qauv no, tswj lawv lub zog thiab ruaj khov. Kev loj hlob ntawm lub cev yam tsis muaj nws ua tsis tau.
3. ntshav txhaws kuj nyob ntawm cov ions hauv nqe lus nug.
4. Nws yog ib feem ntawm lub plawv cov leeg, koom nrog nws txoj kev zoo siab thiab kev cog lus.
5. Yog tus koom nrog cov txheej txheem ntawm exocytosis thiab lwm yam kev hloov hauv lub cev.

Yog tias cov calcium uas noj tsis txaus, ces kev loj hlob ntawm cov kab mob xws li:

• xav;
• osteoporosis;
• kab mob ntshav.

Cov cai niaj hnub rau tus neeg laus yog 1000 mg, thiab rau cov menyuam yaus hnub nyoog 9 xyoos 1300 mg. Txhawm rau tiv thaiv qhov overabundance ntawm cov khoom no nyob rau hauv lub cev, koob tshuaj yuav tsum tsis txhob tshaj. Lwm yamrooj plaub, kab mob hauv plab tuaj yeem tshwm sim.

Rau tag nrho lwm yam tsiaj nyob, calcium tsis tseem ceeb. Piv txwv li, ntau cov invertebrates, txawm tias lawv tsis muaj lub cev pob txha, txawm li cas los xij, sab nraud txhais tau tias ntxiv dag zog rau lawv kuj yog tsim ntawm cov hlau no. Ntawm lawv:

• shellfish;

-

• mussels thiab oysters;
• sponges;
• coral polyps.

Txhua tus ntawm lawv nqa lawv nraub qaum lossis, hauv txoj cai, tsim nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm lub neej ib yam ntawm cov pob txha sab nraud uas tiv thaiv lawv los ntawm kev cuam tshuam sab nraud thiab cov tsiaj nyeg. Nws cov khoom tseem ceeb yog calcium ntsev.

Vertebrates, zoo li tib neeg, xav tau cov ions no rau kev loj hlob thiab kev loj hlob thiab tau txais los ntawm zaub mov.

Calcium-muaj npaj

Muaj ntau txoj hauv kev uas nws tuaj yeem ua rau cov khoom ploj hauv lub cev. Qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm tag nrho cov, ntawm chav kawm, ntuj txoj kev - cov khoom uas muaj lub siab xav atom. Txawm li cas los xij, yog tias vim li cas qhov no tsis txaus lossis ua tsis tau, txoj kev kho mob kuj tau txais.

Yog li, daim ntawv teev cov khoom noj uas muaj calcium yog ib yam zoo li no:

Y khoom noj mis nyuj thiab qaub-mis;

fish;

ntsuab;

cereals (buckwheat, mov, whole wheat pastries);

qee citrus txiv hmab txiv ntoo (txiv kab ntxwv, tangerines);

legumes;

txhua tus txiv ntoo (tshwj xeeb tshaj yog almonds thiab walnuts).

Yog tias koj tsis haum rau qee yam khoom lossis koj siv tsis tau rau lwm qhov, tom qab ntawd ntxiv cov qib ntawm cov khoom xav tau hauv lub cevcalcium uas muaj kev npaj yuav pab.

Txhua tus yog cov ntsev ntawm cov hlau no, uas muaj peev xwm nqus tau yooj yim los ntawm lub cev, nqus sai sai rau hauv cov ntshav thiab cov hnyuv. Ntawm lawv, cov hauv qab no yog cov nyiam tshaj plaws thiab siv.

1. Calcium chloride - tshuaj rau kev txhaj tshuaj lossis kev tswj qhov ncauj rau cov neeg laus thiab menyuam yaus. Nws txawv nyob rau hauv cov concentration ntawm ntsev nyob rau hauv cov muaj pes tsawg leeg, nws yog siv rau "kub txhaj", vim hais tias nws tsuas yog ua rau ib tug zoo siab thaum txhaj. Cov ntaub ntawv kua txiv hmab txiv ntoo muaj rau kev yooj yim ntawm kev noj.
2. Calcium gluconate. Muaj raws li cov ntsiav tshuaj (0.25 lossis 0.5 g) thiab cov kev daws teeb meem rau kev txhaj tshuaj intravenously. Feem ntau nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov ntsiav tshuaj muaj ntau yam txiv hmab txiv ntoo additives.
3. Calcium lactate - muaj nyob rau hauv 0.5g ntsiav tshuaj