Nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm lub sij hawm, tsis yog-hlau yog nyob rau hauv lub sab sauv txoj cai daim duab peb sab, thiab thaum cov pab pawg neeg cov zauv txo, lawv cov zauv nyob rau hauv nws kuj poob. Hauv pawg xya (halogens), tag nrho cov ntsiab lus tsis yog hlau. Cov no yog fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine thiab astatine. Txawm hais tias peb tsis xav txog qhov kawg, txij li thawj zaug, nws yog cov xov tooj cua hauv nws tus kheej, nws tshwm sim hauv lub ntiaj teb pob zeb tsuas yog ib qho khoom nruab nrab ntawm kev lwj ntawm uranium, thiab nws cov compound HAt (hydrogen astatide), tau txais hauv chav kuaj, yog tsis ruaj tsis khov thiab coj tus cwj pwm hauv kev daws tsis zoo li lwm yam hydrogen halides. Nyob rau hauv lub thib rau pab pawg neeg twb muaj tsawg dua non-metals (oxygen, sulfur, selenium thiab tellurium, uas yog ib tug metalloid), nyob rau hauv lub thib tsib muaj peb (nitrogen, phosphorus thiab arsenic), nyob rau hauv lub plaub - ob (carbon thiab silicon)., thiab nyob rau hauv peb muaj ib tug ib leeg boron. Hydrogen compounds ntawm nonmetals ntawm tib pab pawg muaj cov tshuaj zoo sib xws.
Halogens
Hydrohalides yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws halogen compounds. Raws li lawv cov khoom, cov no yog anoxic acids, dissociating hauv dej mus rau hauv halogen anion thiab hydrogen cation. Tag nrho cov ntawm lawv yog heev soluble. Cov tshuaj sib txuas ntawm cov atoms hauv cov molecule yog covalent, cov electron khub hloov mus rau halogen li ntau electronegative. Txij li thaum lub siab dua lub sij hawm lub sij hawm, qhov ntau dua lub electronegativity ntawm lub atom, nrogRaws li lub sij hawm txo, covalent daim ntawv cog lus yuav ntau thiab ntau polar. Hydrogen nqa ib feem ntau dua tus nqi zoo, hauv kev daws nws yooj yim dua kom tawg tawm ntawm halogen, uas yog, cov compound dissociates ntau dua thiab ntse dua, thiab lub zog ntawm acids nce nyob rau hauv lub series ntawm iodine rau chlorine. Peb tsis tau hais txog cov tshuaj fluorine, vim hais tias nyob rau hauv nws cov ntaub ntawv qhov tseeb opposite yog pom: hydrofluoric (hydrofluoric acid) tsis muaj zog thiab dissociates tsis zoo nyob rau hauv cov kev daws. Qhov no tau piav qhia los ntawm qhov tshwm sim xws li hydrogen daim ntawv cog lus: hydrogen tau nkag rau hauv lub plhaub hluav taws xob ntawm cov fluorine atom ntawm "txawv teb chaws" molecule, thiab ib qho kev sib txuas lus sib txuas tau tshwm sim uas tsis tso cai rau cov khoom sib cais raws li qhov xav tau.
Qhov no tau lees paub meej los ntawm daim duab nrog cov ntsiab lus kub ntawm ntau cov hydrogen compounds ntawm cov hlau tsis muaj hlau: cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm thawj lub sijhawm - nitrogen, oxygen thiab fluorine - uas muaj hydrogen bonds txawv ntawm lawv.
Oxygen group
Cov hydrogen compound ntawm oxygen yog dej ntshiab. Tsis muaj ib yam dab tsi zoo tshaj plaws txog nws, tshwj tsis yog tias cov pa oxygen hauv qhov sib xyaw no, tsis zoo li leej faj, selenium thiab tellurium hauv cov zoo sib xws, yog nyob rau hauv sp3-hybridization - qhov no yog pov thawj los ntawm lub kaum sab xis ntawm daim ntawv cog lus. ob daim ntawv cog lus nrog hydrogen. Nws tau xav tias qhov no tsis raug soj ntsuam rau cov ntsiab lus ntawm pawg 6 vim qhov sib txawv loj ntawm lub zog ntawm cov txheej txheem sab nrauv (hydrogen muaj 1s, oxygen muaj 2s, 2p, thaum lwm tus muaj 3, 4 thiab 5, raws li.).
Hydrogen sulfide yog tso tawm thaum lub sij hawm cov protein lwj, yog li nws tshwm sim nws tus kheej nrog cov ntxhiab tsw ntawm cov qe lwj, lom. Nws tshwm sim nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm volcanic gas, yog tso tawm los ntawm cov kab mob nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem twb tau hais (rotting). Hauv chemistry nws yog siv los ua tus neeg sawv cev muaj zog. Thaum lub roob hluav taws tawg, nws sib tov nrog sulfur dioxide los ua volcanic sulfur.
Hydrogen selenide thiab hydrogen telluride kuj yog cov pa roj. Cov tshuaj lom heev thiab muaj cov ntxhiab tsw phem dua li hydrogen sulfide. Raws li lub sij hawm nce, cov khoom txo qis nce, yog li lub zog ntawm aqueous daws ntawm acids.
Nitrogen pawg
Ammonia yog ib qho ntawm cov npe nrov tshaj plaws hydrogen compounds ntawm cov hlau tsis yog hlau. Nitrogen ntawm no kuj yog nyob rau hauv sp3-hybridization, tuav ib tug unshared electron khub, vim nws ces tsim ntau yam ionic tebchaw. Nws muaj zog restorative zog. Nws yog lub npe hu rau nws lub peev xwm zoo (vim tib leeg ib leeg electron khub) rau kev tsim cov complexes, ua raws li ligand. Ammonia complexes ntawm tooj liab, zinc, hlau, cob alt, npib tsib xee, nyiaj, kub thiab ntau ntxiv yog paub.
Phosphine - hydrogen compound ntawm phosphorus - muaj zog txo qis zog. Cov tshuaj lom heev, ignites spontaneously nyob rau hauv cov huab cua. Muaj ib qho dimer tam sim no nyob rau hauv qhov sib tov me me.
Arsine - arsenic hydrogen. Toxic, zoo li tag nrho cov tshuaj arsenic. Nws muaj cov yam ntxwv qej tsw, uas tshwm sim vim oxidation ntawm ib feem ntawm cov khoom.
carbon thiab silicon
Methane - hydrogenQhov sib xyaw ntawm cov pa roj carbon monoxide yog qhov pib ntawm qhov chaw tsis muaj kev cia siab ntawm cov organic chemistry. Qhov no yog qhov tshwm sim rau cov pa roj carbon monoxide, vim tias nws tuaj yeem tsim cov hlua ruaj khov ntev nrog carbon-carbon bonds. Rau lub hom phiaj ntawm tsab xov xwm no, nws tsim nyog hais tias cov pa roj carbon atom kuj muaj sp3 hybridization ntawm no. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tseem ceeb ntawm methane yog combustion, thaum lub sij hawm ntau cov cua sov tawm, uas yog vim li cas methane (natural gas) siv los ua roj.
Silane yog ib qho zoo sib xws silicon compound. Nws ignites spontaneously nyob rau hauv cov huab cua thiab burns tawm. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas nws tseem muaj peev xwm tsim cov hlau zoo li carbon: piv txwv li, disilane thiab trisilane paub. Qhov teeb meem yog tias daim ntawv cog lus silicon-silicon tsis ruaj khov thiab cov chains tawg yooj yim.
Bor
Nrog boron txhua yam nthuav heev. Qhov tseeb yog tias nws qhov yooj yim tshaj plaws hydrogen compound - borane - tsis ruaj khov thiab dimerizes, tsim diborane. Diborane ignites spontaneously nyob rau hauv huab cua, tab sis nws tus kheej yog ruaj khov, ib yam li cov tom ntej no boranes uas muaj txog li 20 boron atoms nyob rau hauv ib tug saw - nyob rau hauv no lawv tau nce siab tshaj silanes nrog ntau tshaj 8 atoms. Tag nrho cov boranes muaj tshuaj lom, nrog rau cov kab mob paj hlwb.
Molecular qauv ntawm hydrogen tebchaw ntawm cov hlau tsis yog hlau thiab hlau tau sau tib yam, tab sis lawv txawv hauv cov qauv: hlau hydrides muaj cov qauv ionic, cov hlau tsis muaj hlau muaj cov qauv sib txawv.
