Hydrogen H yog ib qho tshuaj lom neeg, ib qho ntawm feem ntau hauv peb lub Ntiaj Teb. Qhov loj ntawm hydrogen raws li ib feem nyob rau hauv muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov khoom yog 75% ntawm tag nrho cov ntsiab lus ntawm atoms ntawm lwm hom. Nws suav nrog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws thiab tseem ceeb tshaj plaws kev sib txuas ntawm lub ntiaj teb - dej. Ib qho tshwj xeeb ntawm hydrogen kuj yog tias nws yog thawj lub caij hauv lub caij nyoog ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg ntawm D. I. Mendeleev.
Tshawb nrhiav thiab tshawb nrhiav
Thawj qhov hais txog hydrogen hauv cov ntawv sau ntawm Paracelsus hnub rov qab mus rau xyoo pua kaum rau. Tab sis nws txoj kev sib cais los ntawm cov roj sib tov ntawm huab cua thiab kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tau tsim nyob rau xyoo pua xyoo pua los ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb Lemery. Hydrogen tau kawm tiav los ntawm Askiv chemist, physicist thiab naturalist Henry Cavendish, uas tau sim ua pov thawj tias qhov loj ntawm hydrogen yog qhov tsawg tshaj plaws hauv kev sib piv nrog lwm cov pa roj. Nyob rau theem tom ntej ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm kev tshawb fawb, ntau tus kws tshawb fawb tau ua haujlwm nrog nws, tshwj xeeb yog Lavoisier, uas hu ua nws "muab dej."
yam ntxwv raws li txoj haujlwm hauv PSHE
Element uas qhibPeriodic Table ntawm D. I. Mendeleev, yog hydrogen. Lub cev thiab tshuaj lom neeg cov khoom ntawm lub atom qhia ib co duality, txij li thaum lub hydrogen yog ib txhij muab rau cov thawj pab pawg neeg, lub ntsiab subgroup, yog hais tias nws coj zoo li ib tug hlau thiab muab ib tug tib electron nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm ib tug tshuaj tiv thaiv, thiab mus rau lub ntsiab subgroup. xya - nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm tiav filling ntawm valence plhaub, uas yog, txais tos tsis zoo particle, uas characterizes nws zoo li halogens.
Txoj kev ntawm cov qauv hluav taws xob ntawm lub caij
Cov khoom ntawm hydrogen atom, cov tshuaj complex nws yog ib feem ntawm, thiab cov khoom yooj yim H 2 yog txiav txim siab feem ntau los ntawm kev teeb tsa hluav taws xob ntawm hydrogen. Lub particle muaj ib tug electron nrog Z=(-1), uas rotates nyob rau hauv nws orbit nyob ib ncig ntawm lub nucleus, muaj ib tug proton nrog unit loj thiab zoo xwb (+1). Nws txoj kev teeb tsa hluav taws xob tau sau ua 1s 1, uas txhais tau tias muaj ib qho tsis zoo hauv thawj zaug thiab tsuas yog s-orbital rau hydrogen.
Thaum ib qho hluav taws xob raug tshem tawm lossis muab tso tseg, thiab lub atom ntawm cov khoom no muaj xws li cov khoom uas nws muaj feem xyuam rau cov hlau, cation tau txais. Qhov tseeb, cov hydrogen ion yog ib qho zoo ntawm cov ntsiab lus. Yog li, hydrogen tsis muaj hluav taws xob tsuas yog hu ua proton.
Lub cev muaj zog
Yog tias peb piav qhia luv luv ntawm lub cev ntawm hydrogen, ces nws yog cov roj tsis muaj xim, me ntsis soluble roj nrog cov txheeb ze atomic loj sib npaug li 2, 14.5 npaug ntawm qhov sib dua ntawm huab cua, nrog qhov kub thiab txias.liquefaction ntawm -252.8 degrees Celsius.
Koj tuaj yeem pom yooj yim los ntawm kev paub tias H2 yog qhov yooj yim tshaj. Ua li no, nws yog txaus los sau peb lub npas nrog ntau yam tshuaj - hydrogen, carbon dioxide, huab cua zoo tib yam - thiab ib txhij tso lawv ntawm koj txhais tes. Tus uas muaj CO2 yuav ncav cuag hauv av sai dua lwm tus, tom qab nws cov cua sib tov yuav nqis los, thiab tus uas muaj H2 yuav nce mus saum qab nthab.
Qhov me me thiab qhov loj ntawm cov khoom siv hydrogen ua rau nws muaj peev xwm nkag mus los ntawm ntau yam khoom. Ntawm cov piv txwv ntawm tib lub pob, qhov no yog ib qho yooj yim los xyuas, nyob rau hauv ob peb hnub nws yuav deflate nws tus kheej, txij li thaum cov roj yuav tsuas dhau los ntawm cov roj hmab. Tsis tas li ntawd, hydrogen tuaj yeem khaws cia hauv cov qauv ntawm qee cov hlau (palladium lossis platinum), thiab evaporate los ntawm nws thaum kub nce.
Cov cuab yeej solubility tsawg ntawm hydrogen yog siv hauv kev sim ua haujlwm rau nws qhov kev sib cais los ntawm txoj kev hloov dej. Lub cev muaj zog ntawm hydrogen (cov lus hauv qab no muaj cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb) txiav txim siab txog nws daim ntawv thov thiab cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tsim khoom.
| Parameter ntawm ib lub atom lossis molecule ntawm cov khoom yooj yim | Meaning |
| Atomic mass (molar mass) | 1.008g/mol |
| Electronic configuration | 1s1 |
| Crystal lattice | Hexagonal |
| Thermal conductivity | (300 K) 0.1815 W/(m K) |
| Density at n. y. | 0, 08987 g/l |
| npog taw tes | -252, 76 °C |
| Tus nqi tshwj xeeb calorific | 120, 9 106 J/kg |
| melting point | -259, 2°C |
| dej solubility | 18, 8ml/L |
Isotopic muaj pes tsawg leeg
Zoo li ntau lwm tus neeg sawv cev ntawm lub sijhawm ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg, hydrogen muaj ntau lub ntuj isotopes, uas yog, atoms nrog tib tus naj npawb ntawm protons hauv lub nucleus, tab sis muaj pes tsawg tus neutrons - hais nrog xoom nqi thiab chav tsev. pawg. Piv txwv ntawm cov atoms uas muaj cov cuab yeej no yog oxygen, carbon, chlorine, bromine thiab lwm yam, suav nrog cov xov tooj cua.
Lub cev muaj zog ntawm hydrogen 1 H, feem ntau ntawm cov neeg sawv cev ntawm pab pawg no, sib txawv ntawm cov yam ntxwv ntawm nws cov neeg sib tw. Hauv particular, cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov tshuaj uas lawv suav nrog txawv. Yog li, muaj cov dej zoo tib yam thiab deuterated, muaj nyob rau hauv nws cov muaj pes tsawg leeg es tsis txhob ntawm ib tug hydrogen atom nrog ib tug proton, deuterium 2H - nws isotope nrog ob lub ntsiab lus: zoo thiab uncharged. Qhov no isotope yog ob zaug hnyav dua li cov hydrogen zoo tib yam, uas piav qhia txog qhov sib txawv hauv cov khoom ntawm cov tebchaw uas lawv tsim. Hauv qhov xwm txheej, deuterium yog 3200 npaug tsawg dua li hydrogen. Tus neeg sawv cev thib peb yog tritium 3 Н, hauv lub nucleus nws muaj ob lub neutrons thiab ib qho proton.
Txoj kev tau txais thiab xaiv
Kev sim thiab kev lag luam hauv kev tsim cov hydrogen txawv heev. Yog, nyob rau hauv me meGas yog tsim los ntawm cov kev cuam tshuam nrog cov ntxhia, thaum loj-scale ntau lawm siv organic synthesis mus rau ib tug ntau dua.
Cov tshuaj lom neeg hauv qab no yog siv hauv chav kuaj:
- Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm alkali thiab alkaline ntiaj teb hlau nrog dej los tsim alkali thiab cov roj xav tau.
- Electrolysis ntawm aqueous electrolyte tov, H2↑ yog tso tawm ntawm lub anode, thiab oxygen tawm ntawm cathode.
- Decomposition ntawm alkali hlau hydrides nrog dej, cov khoom yog alkali thiab, raws li, H gas2↑.
- Reaction ntawm dilute acids nrog hlau los ua ntsev thiab H 2↑.
- Qhov kev ua ntawm alkalis ntawm silicon, aluminium thiab zinc kuj txhawb kev tso tawm ntawm hydrogen nyob rau tib lub sijhawm nrog kev tsim cov ntsev nyuaj.
Nyob rau hauv kev lag luam, roj yog tau los ntawm txoj kev xws li:
- Thermal decomposition ntawm methane nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm ib tug catalyst rau nws constituent yooj yim tshuaj (350 degrees mus txog tus nqi ntawm xws li ib tug ntsuas kub) - hydrogen H 2 ↑ thiab carbon C.
- Hla dej vaporous los ntawm coke ntawm 1000 degrees Celsius los tsim carbon dioxide CO2 thiab H2 ↑ (txoj kev siv ntau tshaj).
- Kev hloov pauv ntawm cov pa roj methane ntawm nickel catalyst ntawm qhov kub txog 800 degrees.
- Hydrogen yog ib qho khoom los ntawm electrolysis ntawm aqueous daws ntawm poov tshuaj los yog sodium chlorides.
Tshuajkev sib tshuam: generalities
Lub cev lub cev ntawm hydrogen feem ntau piav qhia nws tus cwj pwm hauv cov txheej txheem tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog ib lossis lwm qhov sib xyaw. Lub valency ntawm hydrogen yog 1, txij li thaum nws nyob rau hauv thawj pab pawg neeg nyob rau hauv lub periodic rooj, thiab cov degree ntawm oxidation qhia ib tug txawv. Nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov tebchaw, tshwj tsis yog rau hydrides, hydrogen nyob rau hauv s.o.=(1+), nyob rau hauv molecules xws li ХН, ХН2, ХН3 - (1 -).
Ib hydrogen roj molecule, tsim los ntawm kev tsim ib tug generalized electron khub, muaj ob lub atoms thiab yog heev ruaj khov, uas yog vim li cas nyob rau hauv ib txwm tej yam kev mob nws yog me ntsis inert thiab nkag mus rau hauv cov kev tshwm sim thaum ib txwm tej yam kev mob hloov. Nyob ntawm seb qhov degree ntawm oxidation ntawm hydrogen nyob rau hauv muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm lwm yam tshuaj, nws muaj peev xwm ua ob qho tib si raws li ib tug oxidizing neeg sawv cev thiab ib tug txo tus neeg sawv cev.
Cov tshuaj uas nws hnov qab thiab tsim hydrogen
Txoj kev sib cuam tshuam los tsim cov tshuaj nyuaj (feem ntau ntawm qhov kub siab):
- Alkaline thiab alkaline ntiaj teb hlau + hydrogen=hydride.
- Halogen + H2=hydrogen halide.
- Sulfur + hydrogen=hydrogen sulfide.
- Oxygen + H2=dej.
- Carbon + hydrogen=methane.
- Nitrogen + H2=ammonia.
Kev sib cuam tshuam nrog cov tshuaj complex:
- Tsim cov pa roj carbon monoxide thiab hydrogen.
- Rov qab cov hlau los ntawm lawv cov oxides siv H2.
- Hydrogen saturation ntawm unsaturated aliphatichydrocarbons.
Hydrogen bond
Lub cev lub cev ntawm hydrogen yog qhov uas lawv tso cai, ua ke nrog cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, los tsim ib hom kev sib cog lus tshwj xeeb nrog tib lub atom los ntawm cov molecules nyob sib ze uas tsis sib koom ua ke electron (piv txwv li, oxygen, nitrogen thiab fluorine). Qhov piv txwv meej tshaj plaws uas nws yog qhov zoo dua los xav txog qhov tshwm sim no yog dej. Nws tuaj yeem hais tias nws yog stitched nrog hydrogen bonds, uas tsis muaj zog dua covalent lossis ionic sawv daws yuav, tab sis vim muaj ntau ntawm lawv, lawv muaj kev cuam tshuam loj rau cov khoom ntawm cov khoom. Qhov tseem ceeb, hydrogen bonding yog ib qho kev sib cuam tshuam electrostatic uas khi cov dej molecules rau hauv dimers thiab polymers, ua rau nws nce siab kub.
Hydrogen hauv cov ntxhia sib xyaws
Cov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm tag nrho cov inorganic acids muaj xws li ib tug proton - ib tug cation ntawm ib tug atom xws li hydrogen. Ib yam khoom uas nws cov kua qaub residue muaj lub xeev oxidation ntau dua (-1) hu ua polybasic compound. Nws muaj ob peb hydrogen atoms, uas ua rau dissociation nyob rau hauv aqueous daws multistage. Txhua tus proton tom qab tawg tawm ntawm cov kua qaub ntxiv thiab nyuaj dua. Los ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntau ntawm hydrogens hauv nruab nrab, nws cov acidity yog txiav txim siab.
Hydrogen kuj muaj cov pab pawg hydroxyl ntawm cov hauv paus. Hauv lawv, hydrogen txuas nrog oxygen atom, vim li ntawd, lub xeev oxidation ntawm cov alkali residue yog ib txwm sib npaug rau (-1). Cov ntsiab lus ntawm hydroxyl hauv nruab nrab txiav txim siab nws qhov pib.
Kev thov hauv tib neeg kev ua ub no
Lub tog raj kheej nrog cov khoom, nrog rau cov ntim nrog lwm cov kua roj liquefied, xws li oxygen, muaj qhov tshwj xeeb zoo li. Lawv pleev xim rau ntsuab tsaus nrog lub ci liab "Hydrogen" ntawv. Gas yog pumped rau hauv lub tog raj kheej nyob rau hauv ib tug siab ntawm txog 150 atmospheres. Lub cev muaj zog ntawm hydrogen, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog lub teeb ntawm lub xeev gaseous ntawm kev sib sau ua ke, yog siv los sau nws hauv kev sib xyaw nrog helium balloons, balloons, thiab lwm yam.
Hydrogen, lub cev thiab tshuaj lom neeg lub zog uas tib neeg tau kawm siv ntau xyoo dhau los, tam sim no siv ntau yam lag luam. Feem ntau nws mus rau kev tsim cov ammonia. Hydrogen tseem koom nrog hauv kev tsim cov hlau (hafnium, germanium, gallium, silicon, molybdenum, tungsten, zirconium, thiab lwm yam) los ntawm oxides, ua cov tshuaj tiv thaiv raws li tus neeg sawv cev txo qis, hydrocyanic thiab hydrochloric acids, methyl cawv, thiab cov kua roj ntsha. roj. Kev lag luam khoom noj siv nws tig cov roj zaub rau hauv cov rog rog.
Kev txiav txim siab cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg thiab kev siv hydrogen hauv ntau yam txheej txheem ntawm hydrogenation thiab hydrogenation ntawm cov rog, coals, hydrocarbons, roj thiab roj roj. Nrog kev pab los ntawm nws, cov pob zeb muaj txiaj ntsig, cov teeb pom kev zoo yog tsim, cov khoom siv hlau yog forged thiab welded nyob rau hauv lub zog ntawm cov pa oxygen-hydrogen nplaim.
