Kub yog ib yam hlau uas tsis muaj zog heev. Txawm nyob rau hauv qhov xwm txheej, nws tshwm sim tsuas yog nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm nuggets (as opposed to alkali thiab alkaline ntiaj teb hlau, uas muaj tsuas yog nyob rau hauv minerals los yog lwm yam tebchaw). Thaum raug huab cua ntev, nws tsis oxidized los ntawm oxygen (cov hlau noble kuj muaj nuj nqis rau qhov no). Yog li ntawd, nws yog qhov nyuaj heev los nrhiav qhov kub yaj hauv, tab sis nws yog ua tau.
Industrial method
Thaum rho tawm cov kub los ntawm qhov hu ua cov xuab zeb kub, koj yuav tsum ua haujlwm nrog kev ncua ntawm kwv yees li qhov sib npaug me me ntawm cov kub thiab cov nplej ntawm cov xuab zeb, uas yuav tsum tau sib cais ntawm ib leeg. Koj tuaj yeem ua qhov no los ntawm kev yaug dej, lossis koj tuaj yeem siv sodium lossis potassium cyanide - tsis muaj qhov sib txawv. Qhov tseeb yog tias kub tsim ib qho nyuaj soluble nrog cyanide ions, thaum xuab zeb tsis yaj thiab nyob twj ywm li nws yog.
Lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb hauv qhov tshuaj tiv thaiv no yog muaj cov pa oxygen (dab tsi muaj nyob hauv huab cua txaus): oxygen oxidizes kub nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm cyanide ions thiab ib tug complex yog tau. Nrog huab cua tsis txaus lossis los ntawm nws tus kheej tsis muaj cyanidetsis muaj tshuaj tiv thaiv.
Tam sim no qhov no yog txoj hauv kev tshaj plaws ntawm kev tsim cov kub. Tau kawg, tseem muaj ntau theem ua ntej tau txais cov khoom kawg, tab sis peb tshwj xeeb hauv cov theem no: cov tshuaj cyanide yog cov kub yaj hauv.
Amalgam
Cov txheej txheem sib xyaw kuj tseem siv hauv kev lag luam, tsuas yog thaum ua haujlwm nrog cov pob zeb thiab cov pob zeb nyuaj. Nws lub ntsiab lus nyob rau hauv lub peev xwm ntawm mercury los tsim ib qho amalgam - ib qho intermetallic compound. Hais lus nruj me ntsis, mercury tsis yaj kub hauv cov txheej txheem no: nws tseem nyob hauv cov amalgam.
Thaum sib sau ua ke, lub pob zeb tau ntub nrog kua mercury. Txawm li cas los xij, cov txheej txheem ntawm "rub" kub rau hauv ib qho amalgam yog ntev, txaus ntshai (mercury vapor yog lom) thiab tsis muaj txiaj ntsig, yog li txoj kev no tsis tshua siv nyob qhov twg.
Royal vodka
Muaj ntau cov kua qaub uas tuaj yeem ua rau cov ntaub so ntswg nyob thiab ua rau muaj tshuaj lom neeg kub hnyiab (mus txog rau qhov tuag). Txawm li cas los xij, tsis muaj ib qho kua qaub uas kub yaj. Ntawm tag nrho cov acids, tsuas yog nto moo sib tov, aqua regia, tuaj yeem ua rau nws. Cov no yog nitric thiab hydrochloric (hydrochloric) acids, noj nyob rau hauv ib tug ratio ntawm 3 mus rau 1 los ntawm ntim. Cov khoom zoo ntawm no infernal cocktail yog vim lub fact tias cov kua qaub yog npaum li cas nyob rau hauv high concentrations, uas zoo heev tsub kom lawv oxidizing zog.
Aqua regia pib ua nrog qhov tseeb tias nitric acid pib oxidize hydrochloric acid ua ntej, thiab thaum lub sij hawm no cov tshuaj tiv thaiv atomic chlorine yog tsim - ib tug heev reactive particle. Nws yog nws leej twg mus tua kub thiab tsim ib qho nyuaj nrog nws - chloroauric acid.
Nov yog ib qho tshuaj zoo heev. Feem ntau, kub yog khaws cia hauv chav kuaj hauv daim ntawv ntawm crystalline hydrate ntawm xws li cov kua qaub. Rau peb, nws tsuas yog ua pov thawj tias kub yaj hauv aqua regia.
Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum tau ua tib zoo saib ib zaug ntxiv rau qhov tseeb tias nws tsis yog ib qho ntawm ob lub acids uas oxidizes cov hlau hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv no, tab sis cov khoom ntawm lawv cov kev sib raug zoo. Yog li ntawd, yog hais tias peb coj, piv txwv li, tsuas yog "nitrogen" - ib tug paub zoo oxidizing acid - tsis muaj dab tsi yuav los ntawm nws. Tsis muaj concentration lossis kub tuaj yeem ua rau kub yaj hauv nitric acid.
Chlorine
Tsis zoo li cov kua qaub, tshwj xeeb yog hydrochloric acid, ib tus neeg cov tshuaj tuaj yeem dhau los ua cov kub yaj hauv. Kev paub dav hauv tsev neeg tshuaj dawb yog ib qho kev daws ntawm gaseous chlorine hauv dej. Tau kawg, koj tsis tuaj yeem ua dab tsi nrog lub khw muag khoom zoo ib yam, koj xav tau ntau dua.
chlorine dej ua raws li hauv qab no: chlorine dissociates rau hauv hydrochloric thiab hypochlorous acids. Hypochlorous acid decomposes nyob rau hauv lub teeb rau hauv oxygen thiab hydrochloric acid. Nyob rau hauv xws li decomposition, atomic oxygen tso tawm: zoo li atomic chlorine nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog aqua regia, nws yog heev nquag thiab oxidizes kub rau ib tug qab zib ntsuj plig. Qhov tshwm sim yog ib qho nyuaj ntawm kub nrog chlorine, ib yam li hauv txoj kev dhau los.
Lwm yam halogens
Tsuas yog cov tshuaj chlorine,kub kuj zoo oxidized los ntawm lwm cov ntsiab lus ntawm xya pawg ntawm lub sij hawm lub rooj. Yuav kom hais meej txog lawv: "dab tsi kub yaj hauv" yog qhov nyuaj.
Kub tuaj yeem cuam tshuam txawv nrog fluorine: hauv kev sib txuas ncaj qha (nrog rau qhov kub ntawm 300-400 ° C), kub III fluoride yog tsim, uas yog tam sim ntawd hydrolyzed hauv dej. Nws tsis ruaj khov heev uas nws decomposes txawm tias raug hydrofluoric (hydrofluoric) acid, txawm hais tias nws yuav tsum tau xis nyob ntawm fluoride ions.
Tsis tas li, los ntawm kev ua ntawm cov tshuaj oxidizing uas muaj zog tshaj plaws: fluorides ntawm noble gases (krypton, xenon), kub fluoride V tuaj yeem tau. Cov fluoride feem ntau tawg ntawm kev sib cuag nrog dej.
Tej yam yooj yim me ntsis nrog bromine. Bromine yog cov kua nyob rau hauv ib txwm muaj, thiab kub disperses zoo nyob rau hauv nws cov kev daws teeb meem, tsim soluble kub bromide III.
Kub kuj ua rau iodine thaum rhuab (txog 400 ° C), tsim kub iodide I (lub xeev oxidation no yog vim qhov qis qis ntawm iodine piv rau lwm cov halogens).
Yog li, kub yeej hnov mob nrog halogens, tab sis txawm tias kub yaj hauv lawv yog qhov sib cav.
Lugol's solution
Qhov tseeb, iodine (hom iodine I
2) yog insoluble hauv dej. Cia peb dissolve nws complex nrog poov tshuaj iodide. Cov tshuaj no hu ua Lugol's solution - thiab nws tuaj yeem yaj kub. Los ntawm txoj kev, lawv feem ntau lubricate lub caj pas ntawm cov neeg mob caj pas, yog li tsis yog txhua yam yooj yim.
Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv no kuj dhau los ntawm kev tsim cov complexes. Kub tsim complex anions nrog iodine. siv,Raws li txoj cai, rau kub etching - ib tug txheej txheem nyob rau hauv uas kev sib cuam tshuam tsuas yog nrog rau saum npoo ntawm cov hlau. Lugol txoj kev daws teeb meem yog qhov yooj yim rau qhov no, vim tias tsis zoo li aqua regia thiab cyanides, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tau qeeb qeeb (thiab cov reagents tau siv tau ntau dua).
Bonus
hais tias ib qho kua qaub yog ib yam uas kub tsis yaj, peb dag me ntsis - qhov tseeb, muaj cov kua qaub no.
Perchloric acid yog ib qho ntawm cov kua qaub uas muaj zog tshaj plaws. Nws cov khoom oxidizing yog siab heev. Nyob rau hauv ib tug dilute daws, lawv tshwm tsis zoo, tab sis nyob rau hauv high concentrations lawv ua hauj lwm xav tsis thoob. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ua rau nws cov kub perchlorate ntsev - daj thiab tsis ruaj khov.
Ntawm cov kua qaub uas kub yaj, kuj tseem muaj cov kua qaub uas muaj selenic. Yog li ntawd, ib qho ntsev kuj tsim - liab-daj kub selenate.
