Rau ntau txhiab xyoo, tus txiv neej tau sim ntau yam hlau thiab tau txais ntau thiab ntau lub zog alloys los ntawm lawv. Rau qhov no, ntau yam tshuaj lom neeg tau siv. Lub Hnub Nyoog Bronze yog ib lub sijhawm uas cov hlau nplaum thiab tooj liab (CuSn 6) tau nrov. Cov khoom no yog dab tsi thiab vim li cas nws thiaj li nrov?
History of Bronze Age
Ua tsaug rau kev txhim kho hauv kev ua cov hlau xws li tooj liab thiab tin, hauv 3000 BC. Lub hnub nyoog Bronze pib. Nws yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev tsim khoom ntawm cov hlau xws li tooj liab, uas tau siv los ua cov cuab yeej thiab cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub.
Hauv kev lag luam metallurgical niaj hnub no, ntxiv rau tooj liab thiab tin, cov ntaub ntawv xws li txhuas, phosphorus, txhuas, thiab zinc kuj tseem siv. Lub npe nws tus kheej los ntawm Persian lo lus "berenj", uas txhais tau tias "tooj liab".
Nws paub tias thawj bronze yog tsim los ntawm Cu thiab arsenic thiab hu ua arsenic. Txawm li cas los xij, vim nws toxicity, nws sai heevhloov mus rau pewter. Tsis yog qhov xav tsis thoob, cov kws ua hlau feem ntau tau pom tias yog dab tuag thiab raug txiav. Qhov tseeb, nws yog. Kev sib cuag nrog arsenic ntev heev ua rau lawv lub cev tsis zoo. Vim li no, ib qho hlau ntawm tooj liab thiab tin yog hu ua tooj liab, vim nws yog cov khoom no feem ntau muaj nyob hauv nws.
yam ntxwv ntawm bronze
Peb txhua tus paub tias cov hlau zoo li tooj liab yog mos, ductile thiab tawg kiag li. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nws muaj hluav taws xob ntau thiab thermal conductivity. Ib qho alloy ntawm tin thiab tooj liab yog ib yam khoom uas muaj ntau tshaj li cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov tshuaj no cais. Nyob rau hauv lwm yam lus, bronze muaj siab hardness, lub zog, tab sis nyob rau tib lub sij hawm nws yog heev fusible.
Kev tshawb pom ntawm cov hlau no ua lub luag haujlwm loj hauv kev lag luam metallurgical. Txawm hais tias muaj ntau lwm cov ntaub ntawv tau tsim tom qab, txawm tias niaj hnub no nws nrov heev vim nws cov khoom siv kho tshuab zoo.
Lub peev xwm ntawm bronze los tiv thaiv corrosion
Ib qho ntawm cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm cov hlau yog nws cov corrosion kuj. Qhov no yog qhov tseeb tshwj xeeb rau cov khoom xyaw uas muaj cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm manganese thiab silicon (ntau dua 2%).
Nws tau raug pom tias bronze muaj kev tiv thaiv corrosion siab nyob rau hauv kev sib cuag nrog dej (marine thiab dej tshiab), concentrated alkalis thiab acids, lub teeb hlau sulfates thiab chlorides, thiab qhuav gases (tinless bronzes).
Tau kawg, feem ntauLub zog corrosion ntawm cov hlau yog nyob ntawm cov ntsiab lus alloying. Yog li, cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov hlau lead siab txo lub peev xwm los tiv thaiv corrosion, thaum npib tsib xee nce cov cuab yeej no.
Nyob ntawm bronze
Cov ntsiab lus Alloying, uas tej zaum yuav muaj nyob rau hauv cov khoom ntawm cov hlau no, tuaj yeem hloov pauv nws cov khoom, thiab hom bronze kuj nyob ntawm lawv. Tsis tas li ntawd, tin tuaj yeem hloov tau los ntawm lwm cov khoom. Piv txwv li, BrAMTS-7-1 tuaj yeem txiav txim siab raws li hauv qab no: 92% tooj liab, 7% txhuas, 1% manganese. Hom bronze no tsis muaj tin thiab vim qhov no nws muaj kev tiv thaiv siab rau alternating load. Nws yog siv los ua bolts, screws, ceev thiab qhov chaw rau hydraulic installation.
Lwm qhov piv txwv yog tin foundry bronze ntawm hom BrO10S10. Nws muaj txog li 83% tooj liab, 9% tin, 8% txhuas thiab mus txog 0.1% hlau, silicon, phosphorus thiab txhuas. Nws yog tsim los rau qhov chaw uas ua haujlwm nyob rau hauv cov kev kub siab tshwj xeeb, xws li cov kabmob dawb.
Txawm hais tias tooj liab yog cov hlau nplaum thiab tooj liab, qee zaum, cov khoom siv tshuaj xws li Sn tsis siv. Lwm qhov piv txwv ntawm tinless bronze yog kub-resistant. Rau nws siv, tsuas yog tooj liab 98-99% thiab cadmium 1-2% yog siv. Ib qho piv txwv yog hom BrKd1. Nws yog kub-resistant cadmium bronze nrog kub kub ua hauj thiab hluav taws xob conductivity. Nws tuaj yeem siv rau kev tsim khoom ntawm cov khoom siv vuam tshuab, cov khoom siv hluav taws xob thiab lwm qhov chaw ua haujlwm ntawm qhov kub thiab txias thiab xav tau qhov zoo.conductivity.
Lwm hom alloy siv los ua gaskets hauv tsheb bearings thiab bushings yog siab-machined tin bronze. Lub alloy ntawm tooj liab thiab tin muaj xws li alloying ntsiab xws li txhuas (4%), zinc (4%), txhuas (0.002%), hlau (0.005%). Cov qib steel hu ua BroOTsS4-4-4. Nws yog ua tsaug rau qhov feem pua ntawm cov tshuaj no uas cov hlau no tuaj yeem ua tiav los ntawm kev siab thiab txiav. Cov xim ntawm bronze kuj nyob ntawm impurities. Yog li, qhov tsawg dua tooj liab cov hlau muaj, qhov tsis tshua muaj cov xim: ntau dua 90% - liab, txog 80% - daj, tsawg dua 35% - grey-steel.
Bronze ua haujlwm
Raws li tau hais ua ntej, cov hlau nplaum thiab tooj liab yog cov khoom siv ruaj khov. Nws yog ib qho nyuaj rau sharpening, txiav thiab ua hauj lwm nrog siab. Feem ntau, qhov no yog cov khoom siv casting nrog tsawg shrinkage - txog ib feem pua. Thiab txawm tias tsis muaj fluidity thiab nyiam rau kev sib cais, bronze yog siv los ua castings nrog complex configurations. Art casting yog tsis muaj kev zam.
Alloying cov ntsiab lus uas tau ntxiv rau cov hlau nplaum thiab tooj liab txhim kho nws cov khoom thiab txo tus nqi. Piv txwv li, alloying nrog txhuas thiab phosphorus txhim kho cov txheej txheem ntawm bronze, thaum zinc tsub kom nws corrosion kuj. Rau qee lub hom phiaj, deformed alloys yog tsim. Lawv yooj yim hloov lawv cov tsos thaum siv txias forging.
Scope of application
Tau kawg, kev siv tooj liab tsis poob nws qhov chaw nyob hauv peb lub sijhawm. Souvenircov khoom, cov khoom siv kho kom zoo nkauj sab hauv, kho kom zoo nkauj rau rooj vag thiab wickets … Tsis tas li ntawd, cov hlau alloy yog siv rau kev tsim cov fittings (kov, hinges, locks) thiab kav dej fixtures (faucets, fittings, gaskets, faucets). Hauv thaj chaw muaj kev lag luam, bronze kuj muaj thaj chaw dav siv. Yog li, casting alloy yog siv los ua bearings, sealing rings, bushings.
Kev siv ntau ntawm tooj liab yog tshwj xeeb cuam tshuam los ntawm nws cov khoom corrosive. Vim li no, nws yog siv rau kev tsim cov khoom ntawm cov txheej txheem uas ua haujlwm hauv kev sib cuag nrog dej. Lub siab elasticity ntawm alloy ua rau nws muaj peev xwm los tsim cov springs thiab qhov chaw ntawm instrumentation los ntawm nws.
Smelting Bronze
Tau kawg, txhua lub alloy muaj nws qhov zoo thiab qhov tsis zoo. Bronze yog ib qho alloy uas muaj tooj liab thiab tin, thiab yog li ntawd nws zoo kawg nkaus zam txhua yam remelting. Nws tuaj yeem siv ntau zaus rau ntau lub hom phiaj sib txawv. Ntawm qhov tod tes, yog cov bronze muaj ntau cov impurities xws li magnesium, silicon, aluminium, ces cov khoom siv kho tshuab yuav txo qis thaum lub sij hawm remelting.
Qhov no yog vim lub fact tias cov alloying ntsiab uas txhim kho cov yam ntxwv ntawm bronze yog oxidized thaum melting thiab tsim refractory oxides, uas yog nyob rau hauv lub ciam teb ntawm cov siv lead ua lattice. Lawv rhuav txoj kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov nplej, ua rau cov tooj dag ntau dua.
Yuav ua li cas paub qhov tooj liab ntawm tooj dag thiab tooj liab
Ib qho ntawm cov lus nug ntau tshaj yog qhov txawvno alloy los ntawm lwm tus zoo sib xws nyob rau hauv tsos. Ntawm chav kawm, nyob rau hauv kev lag luam thiab nrog kev pab los ntawm tshwj xeeb reagents, qhov no yog heev yooj yim. Tab sis yuav ua li cas yog tias koj xav tau txiav txim siab cov khoom hauv tsev?
Cia peb pib nrog qhov tseeb tias cov hlau muaj cov tin thiab tooj liab. Qhov loj ntawm cov tshuaj no nyob rau hauv feem pua yuav txawv. Cov tooj liab ntau dua, cov xim yuav ci dua, tab sis vim yog cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov tin hauv cov hlau, nws yuav yog qhov kev txiav txim siab hnyav dua, piv txwv li, ntshiab Cu.
Yog tias peb piv cov tooj liab nrog tooj dag, tom kawg muaj xim daj ntau dua. tooj liab nws tus kheej yog ductile heev, tab sis alloys raws li nws yog heev elastic thiab nyuaj. Koj tuaj yeem txiav txim siab seb cov khoom twg nyob rau pem hauv ntej ntawm koj los ntawm cua sov. Yog li, nyob rau hauv tooj dag, nyob rau hauv lub siab kub, zinc oxide raug tso tawm thiab cov khoom tau txais ib qho ashy "plaque". Tab sis bronze, thaum rhuab, yuav tsis hloov nws cov khoom.
Artworks
Ntau zaus koj tuaj yeem pom ntau yam bronze figurines thiab figurines. Ntau yam kev kos duab tau tsim nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm thiab nyob rau hauv nruab nrab hnub nyoog.
Alloys uas muaj tooj liab thiab tin yog siv los ua:
- laj kab thiab rooj vag, uas tsis yog tsuas yog zoo nkauj heev, tab sis kuj ruaj khov.
- Txhua yam ntawm cov qauv ntaiv.
- khoom plig thiab duab puab.
- Kho kom zoo nkauj teeb pom kev zoo: sconces thiab chandeliers.
- khoom rau kho kom zoo nkauj sab hauv.
Txhawm rau piss qhov tsim nyogmuaj pes tsawg leeg, tsim ib tug tshwj xeeb qauv ntawm ntoo, gypsum los yog polymeric cov ntaub ntawv - lub thiaj li hu ua molding. Cov kab noj hniav ntawm daim duab no tau ntim nrog av nplaum thiab tshem tawm tom qab casting. Tom qab kev tsim khoom, qhov chaw tuaj yeem plated nrog kub, npib tsib xee, chrome lossis nyiaj.
Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev uas yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias, raws li txoj cai, ib qho hlau ntawm tin thiab tooj liab uas tsis muaj alloying ntsiab yog siv los ua cov duab kos duab. Qhov no yog vim lub fact tias ntau yam xws li cov khoom muaj nyob rau hauv bronze, qhov ntau dua nws shrinkage, uas cuam tshuam rau qhov zoo thiab cov duab ntawm cov khoom.
