Ib tus huab tais uas muaj teeb meem loj tshaj plaws ntawm Scandinavia yog Swedish huab tais Charles 12. Thaum lub sijhawm nws kav, kev kov yeej ntawm lub tebchaws Scandinavian no tau ncav cuag lawv qhov siab tshaj plaws, tab sis nyob rau hauv nws, vim yog kev swb ntawm kev ua tsov ua rog, qhov kawg ntawm lub zog loj Swedish tuaj. Puas yog ib tus phab ej loj tshaj plaws ntawm lub tebchaws, lossis Charles 12 tus Vajntxwv ntawm Sweden ua tsis tiav? Zaj keeb kwm ntawm tus huab tais no yuav ua rau peb nkag siab qhov teeb meem no.
Tus neeg zoo li cas - tus huab tais Swedish Charles 12? Ib tug luv luv biography ntawm no huab tais, raws li xav, yog los ntawm yug los ntawm ib tug crowned neeg. Nws yuav yog qhov pib ntawm peb zaj dab neeg.
Yog li, yav tom ntej Swedish Vaj Ntxwv Karl 12 tau yug los rau lub Rau Hli 1682 hauv lub nroog Stockholm. Nws txiv yog Swedish huab tais Charles 11 ntawm Palatinate-Zweibrücken dynasty, thiab nws niam yog Ulrika Eleonora, tus ntxhais ntawm King Frederick 3 ntawm Denmark.
Charles 12 tau txais kev kawm zoo heev rau lub sijhawm ntawd, raws li kev pov thawj tsawg kawg yog qhov tseeb tias tus txiv no tau hais ntau yam lus.
Ascension to the throne
Charles 11 tuag ntxov, thaum nws muaj 41 xyoos, thaum nws tus tub muaj 14 xyoo xwb. Txij thaum ntawd los Carl12 - Swedish huab tais. Nws tau crowned tam sim ntawd tom qab nws niam nws txiv tuag thaum lub Peb Hlis Ntuj xyoo 1697.
Txawm hais tias nws txiv qhov kev xav thiab hnub nyoog tseem tsis tau paub, Charles 12 tau hais kom lees paub nws tias nws yog ib tug neeg laus thiab tsis kam qhia lub koom haum.
thawj tub rog phiaj xwm
Txij li thawj xyoo ntawm nws txoj kev kav, Karl 12, tus huab tais Swedish, tau koom nrog ntau yam kev sib tw ua tub rog. Biography ntawm tus kav no muaj yuav luag tag nrho cov lus piav qhia ntawm nws cov phiaj xwm. Hauv qhov kev ua si muaj cua daj cua dub, cov hluas maximalism ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb.
Charles 12 paub tias nws yuav ntsib kev tawm tsam nrog kev koom tes ntawm Russia, Denmark thiab Poland, tab sis txawm li cas los xij, tsis ntshai nkag mus rau hauv kev tawm tsam nrog cov tebchaws no. Nws coj nws thawj zaug tawm tsam Denmark hauv 1700. Yog li pib ua tsov rog Northern Great.
Cov lus qhia rau kev ua phem yog kev tawm tsam ntawm tus npawg ntawm Charles 12, Vaj Ntxwv Frederick ntawm Denmark, ntawm tus phooj ywg ntawm Swedish huab tais Frederick ntawm Holstein-Gottorp. Coj nrog nws cov tub rog me me, Charles 12 ua rau xob laim tsaws hauv lub nroog ntawm nws tus neeg sib tw - lub nroog Copenhagen. Qhov kev txiav txim siab thiab nrawm ntawm kev txiav txim siab ntawm tus huab tais Swedish yuam kom tus huab tais Danish thov kom muaj kev thaj yeeb, uas tsis xav kom muaj kev sib haum xeeb ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas Charles.
Qhov tseeb ntawm Denmark lub capitulation ua rau muaj kev tsis txaus siab ntawm nws cov phooj ywg - tus huab tais Polish Augustus 2, uas kuj yog tus xaiv tsa ntawm Saxony, thiab Lavxias teb sab Tsar Peter 1, tom qab lub npe hu ua Great.
Tsov rog hauvB altics
Tam sim lub Ob Hlis 1700, Saxon cov tub rog ntawm Lub Yim Hli 2 tau tawm tsam rau lub nroog Swedish hauv B altic. Tsis ntev, cov neeg sawv cev muaj zog tshaj plaws ntawm kev tawm tsam Swedish pab pawg, Peter 1, tau koom nrog kev ua phem.
Cov tub rog Lavxias tau tawm tsam lub nroog B altic ntawm Narva thiab Ivangorod, uas koom nrog Sweden. Hauv qhov xwm txheej no, Charles 12 rov qhia nws txoj kev txiav txim siab thiab kev xav ceev. Nyob rau ntawm lub taub hau ntawm lub expeditionary corps, uas yav tas los yeej yeej nyob rau hauv Denmark, nws tsaws nyob rau hauv lub B altic. Txawm tias muaj tseeb hais tias cov rog ntawm Lavxias teb sab pab tub rog nyob rau hauv lub commander ntawm Field Marshal de Croix yog peb lub sij hawm loj tshaj cov tub rog ntawm lub Swedes, Karl tsis ntshai muab ib tug txiav txim sib ntaus sib tua. Nws audacity tau muab nqi zog raws li Sweden yeej nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov yeej. Cov tub rog Lavxias tau raug kev puas tsuaj loj thiab cov khoom siv, tshwj xeeb, poob tag nrho cov phom loj.
Kev tswj hwm lub xeev B altic tau rov qab los ntawm Karl 12.
Tsov rog nrog Poland
Tus neeg sib tw tom ntej ntawm Charles 12, uas yuav tsum tau ua nrog, yog tus huab tais Polish thiab tib lub sijhawm Saxon xaiv tsa Lub Yim Hli 2.
Nws yuav tsum hais tias Lub Yim Hli 2 tuaj yeem tso siab rau nws cov tub rog Saxon nkaus xwb. Hauv tebchaws Poland, nws yog ib tug neeg txawv tebchaws caw tuaj rau lub zwm txwv. Tsis tas li ntawd, txoj cai tswjfwm tseem ceeb ntawm Lub Tebchaws tau muab rau qhov tsis muaj tsoomfwv lub hauv paus nruj, muaj kev ywj pheej tseem ceeb rau cov neeg siab dawb, uas ua rau muaj hwj chim tsis muaj zog. Tsis txhob hais txog qhov tseeb tias hauv tebchaws Poland muaj kev tawm tsam rau lub Yim Hli 2, npaj los txhawb Charles 12. Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv nws tau ua los ntawmtycoon Stanislav Leshchinsky.
Swedish huab tais Charles 12 hauv 1702 invaded Poland. Ntawm Kev Sib Tw ntawm Kliszow, nws yeej lub Yim Hli 2, txawm hais tias nws cov tub rog muaj ob npaug ntau dua li cov tub rog yeeb ncuab. Cov Swedes ntes tag nrho cov yeeb ncuab phom loj.
Hauv xyoo 1704, cov neeg sawv cev ntawm Polish gentry, uas txhawb Charles 12, tau tso lub Yim Hli 2 thiab tshaj tawm Stanislav Leshchinsky huab tais. Vajntxwv Stanislav muaj peev xwm tsim kom muaj kev tswj hwm ntawm thaj chaw ntawm Lub Tebchaws nrog kev txhawb nqa ntawm Swedish huab tais xyoo 1706. Qhov no tshwm sim tom qab Charles 12 thaum kawg kov yeej lub yim hli ntuj 2 thiab yuam lub tom kawg kom xaus lub Treaty of Altransted, raws li nws renounced lub zwm txwv Polish, tab sis tuav lub xaiv tsa ntawm Saxony.
Trip to Russia
Yog li, thaum kawg ntawm 1706, ntawm tag nrho cov koom haum ntawm lub teb chaws tawm tsam Sweden, tsuas yog Russia tseem ua haujlwm. Tab sis nws txoj hmoo, zoo li, tau raug kaw. Charles cov tub rog yeej yeej cov neeg Lavxias, thaum tib lub sijhawm tawm tsam lwm lub xeev. Tam sim no, thaum Petus 1 poob cov phooj ywg, tsuas yog ib qho txuj ci tseem ceeb tuaj yeem cawm Lavxias lub nceeg vaj los ntawm kev ua tiav tiav.
Txawm li cas los xij, thaum huab tais Swedish Karl 12 tsis khoom nrog Polish affairs, Peter 1 tau tswj kom rov qab tau ntau lub nroog B altic los ntawm nws thiab txawm pom nws lub nroog tshiab hauv cheeb tsam ntawd - St. Lawm, qhov xwm txheej ntawm lub xeev no ua rau kev tsis txaus siab ntawm Scandinavian huab tais. Nws txiav txim siab los xaus tus yeeb ncuab nrog ib lub tshuab, ntes Moscow.
Raws li tsov rog nrogPoland, ua ntej pib qhov kev tawm tsam, Charles 12 pom cov phooj ywg. Tus Me Me Lavxias teb sab hetman Ivan Mazepa thiab Cossack foreman, tsis txaus siab rau kev txwv ntawm lawv txoj kev ywj pheej los ntawm tsarist tsoom fwv, ua raws li cov no. Nws yog Mazepa qhov kev txhawb nqa uas ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv Karl qhov kev txiav txim siab tsiv mus rau Moscow los ntawm Me Me Russia. Txog rau lub sijhawm kawg, Peter 1 tsis ntseeg txog qhov kev koom ua ke no, txij li nws tau ua siab ncaj rau Cossack hetman, txawm hais tias nws tau rov qab qhia txog qhov tseeb ntawm qhov kev pom zoo ntawm Swedish huab tais thiab Mazepa. Tsis tas li ntawd, lub teb chaws Ottoman, uas thaum lub sij hawm ntawd yog tsov rog nrog Lavxias teb sab xeev, yuav tsum ua raws li ib tug phooj ywg ntawm Charles 12.
Lub caij nplooj zeeg xyoo 1708, cov tub rog ntawm Charles 12 tau nkag mus rau thaj chaw ntawm Lavxias teb sab, uas tau dhau los ua tebchaws Lavxias. Tus huab tais Swedish tau mus rau Mev Russia, thiab General Levengaupt tau tsiv mus pab nws los ntawm cov xeev B altic. Thaum lub Cuaj Hlis 1708, nws tau swb los ntawm cov tub rog Lavxias nyob ze Lesnaya, tsis muaj sijhawm los txuas nrog nws lub tebchaws.
Kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Poltava
Charles 12 (Swedish vajntxwv) thiab Peter 1 tau ntsib xyoo 1709 hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Poltava, uas huab tais Scandinavian tau tawm tsam ntau lub hlis. Nws yog qhov tseeb qhov kev txiav txim siab sib ntaus sib tua tsis yog ntawm cov phiaj xwm Lavxias nkaus xwb, tab sis ntawm tag nrho Northern War. Kev sib ntaus sib tua hnyav heev, thiab cov nplai tau leaned ua ntej mus rau ib sab, ces mus rau lwm qhov. Thaum kawg, ua tsaug rau cov neeg txawj ntse ntawm Peter 1, cov Swedes tau swb tag nrho. Lawv poob yuav luag 10 txhiab tus neeg raug tua thiab raug mob, thiab ntau dua 2.5 txhiab tus neeg raug ntes.
Karl 12 nws tus kheej raug mob thiab NW nyuam qhuav khiav nrog cov neeg ncaj ncees, tawm musfeem ntau ntawm cov tub rog rau lawv txoj hmoo. Tom qab ntawd, cov seem ntawm cov tub rog Swedish capitulated ntawm Perevolochna. Yog li, tus naj npawb ntawm Swedes raug ntes tau nce los ntawm 10-15 txhiab tus neeg.
Rau Russia, kev sib ntaus sib tua tau dhau los ua qhov tseem ceeb, uas tus huab tais Swedish Charles 12 raug tsoo. Daim duab ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj ua rau nco txog qhov xwm txheej zoo kawg nkaus ntawm qhov chaw sib ntaus sib tua.
Cas of defeat
Tab sis vim li cas Karl 12 - tus huab tais Swedish poob kev sib ntaus sib tua? Lub xyoo ntawm kev kav ntawm huab tais no tau cim los ntawm kev yeej muaj koob meej thiab nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej nyuaj dua. Puas yog txhua yam hais txog kev txawj ntse ntawm Peter 1?
Tau kawg, cov tub rog txawj ntse ntawm Lavxias teb sab sovereign tau ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev yeej ntawm Swedes, tab sis muaj lwm yam tseem ceeb. Cov tub rog Lavxias ob zaug, thiab tej zaum ntau dua, ntau dua Swedish. Ivan Mazepa, uas nws pab Charles suav ntau heev, tsis tuaj yeem ua rau feem ntau ntawm Cossacks mus rau sab ntawm Swedish huab tais. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov Turks tsis tau maj nrawm los pab.
Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev swb ntawm Charles tau ua los ntawm qhov tseeb tias kev hloov pauv ntawm thaj chaw ntawm Russia tsis yooj yim rau nws. Nws cov tub rog raug kev txom nyem loj uas tsis yog kev sib ntaus sib tua cuam tshuam nrog qhov hnyav ntawm kev sib tw. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, nws twb tsis tu ncua ruffled los ntawm tsis xwm yeem Lavxias teb sab cavalry, tawm tsam thiab nkaum. Yog li, tag nrho cov kev poob ntawm Swedish pab tub rog los ntawm lub sij hawm nws mus txog Poltava muaj nqis rau yuav luag ib feem peb ntawm cov tub rog. Tom qab ntawd, cov Swedes khaws Poltava nyob rau hauv siege li peb lub hlis. Lub zog ntawm Russians tsis tsuas yog outnumbered Swedes ob zaug, tab sis kuj tseem tshiab, nyob rau hauv sib piv rau cov battered.yeeb ncuab tub rog.
Peb yuav tsum tsis txhob hnov qab tias txawm hais tias Charles 12 twb yog ib tug thawj coj nto moo thaum lub sij hawm sib ntaus sib tua, nws tsuas yog 27 xyoo, thiab cov hluas yog ib tug nquag ua khub ntawm kev ua txhaum loj.
Sitting in Benders
Suav ntawm Charles 12 lub neej yog qhov kev swb thiab kev poob qis. Kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Poltava tau dhau los ua ib hom Rubicon ntawm lub xyoo ntawm lub yeeb koob thiab kev txaj muag. Tom qab ib tug txaus ntshai poob los ntawm Peter 1, Charles 12 tau khiav mus rau cov khoom ntawm nws cov phooj ywg, lub Turkish Sultan. Tus huab tais Swedish nyob hauv lub nroog Bender, ntawm thaj chaw ntawm Transnistria niaj hnub no.
Tau plam tag nrho cov tub rog, tus huab tais ntawm Sweden raug yuam kom tawm tsam Russia los ntawm kev ua nom ua tswv. Nws yaum cov Turkish sultan pib ua tsov rog nrog Russia lub nceeg vaj. Nyob rau hauv 1711, nws cov kev sim siab thaum kawg crowned nrog kev vam meej. Lwm qhov kev tsov rog tshwm sim ntawm Russia thiab Ottoman Empire. Nws cov txiaj ntsig tau poob siab rau Peter 1: nws yuav luag raug ntes thiab poob ib feem ntawm nws cov khoom. Tab sis Karl 12 tsis tau txais dab tsi los ntawm qhov kev yeej ntawm Turks. Tsis tas li ntawd, raws li kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb xaus rau xyoo 1713 ntawm Ottoman Empire thiab Russia, tus huab tais Swedish tau raug ntiab tawm los ntawm Sultan los ntawm Turkish cov khoom. Muaj txawm tias muaj kev sib cav nrog cov Janissaries, thaum Charles raug mob.
Yog li xaus plaub xyoos ntawm tus huab tais Swedish hauv Bendery. Thaum lub sij hawm no, nws lub teb chaws Ottoman tau poob qis hauv qhov loj. Cov cheeb tsam tau poob hauv Finland, B altic States, lub teb chaws Yelemees. Hauv tebchaws Poland, tus yeeb ncuab qub ntawm Charles 12 rov ua dua - Lub Yim Hli 2.
Rov tsev
Hauv kaum ob hnub, Charles 12 hla tag nrho Europe thiabmus txog lub nroog Stralsund - ib tug Swedish muaj nyob rau sab qab teb ntug dej hiav txwv ntawm lub B altic Hiav txwv. Nws tsuas yog nyob ze ntawm Danes. Karl sim tiv thaiv lub nroog nrog cov tub rog me me, tab sis ua tsis tiav. Tom qab ntawd, nws tsiv mus rau Sweden txhawm rau tuav nws cov khoom tsawg kawg hauv Scandinavia.
Karl txuas ntxiv kev ua phem rau hauv Norway, uas yog ib feem ntawm Danish crown. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, paub txog qhov nyuaj ntawm nws qhov xwm txheej, nws tau sim ua kom tiav kev sib haum xeeb nrog Russia.
Kev tuag
Raws li cov ntawv tshaj tawm, Karl 12 raug tua nyob rau xyoo 1718 hauv Norway los ntawm cov mos txwv stray thaum tawm tsam Danes. Nws tshwm sim ntawm Fredriksten Fortress.
Raws li lwm yam, nws txoj kev tuag tshwm sim los ntawm kev koom tes ntawm Swedish aristocracy, uas tsis txaus siab rau kev ua tsis tiav ntawm vaj ntxwv txoj cai txawv teb chaws.
Cov lus nug ntawm leej twg tua tus huab tais Swedish Charles 12 tseem yog qhov tsis paub. Lub xyoo ntawm lub neej ntawm tus huab tais no yog xyoo 1682 txog 1718. Kev tuag dhau Charles ntawm 36.
yam ntxwv dav dav
Tus Vaj Ntxwv Swedish Karl 12 tau ua neej nyob zoo, nplua nuj, tab sis lub neej luv luv. Cov keeb kwm feem ntau pom zoo tias Charles 12 yog tus thawj coj zoo uas paub yuav ua li cas yeej kev sib ntaus sib tua nrog cov tub rog tsawg dua cov yeeb ncuab. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, nws tsis muaj zog li ib tug statesman raug sau tseg. Charles 12 tsis tuaj yeem ua kom muaj kev vam meej yav tom ntej ntawm Sweden. Twb tau nyob rau hauv nws lub neej, lub teb chaws uas muaj hwj chim ib zaug pib poob sib nrug.
Tab sis yeej Carl12 yog ib tus neeg ci ntsa iab tshaj plaws hauv keeb kwm Swedish.
