Pum fungus penicillium yog ib tsob nroj uas tau nthuav dav hauv qhov xwm txheej. Nws belongs rau cov chav kawm tsis zoo. Tam sim no, muaj ntau tshaj 250 ntawm nws ntau yam. Golden pinicillium, txwv tsis pub racemose ntsuab pwm, muaj lub ntsiab lus tshwj xeeb. Qhov ntau yam no yog siv los tsim cov tshuaj. "Penicillin" raws li cov kab mob no tso cai rau koj kov yeej ntau cov kab mob.
Habitat
Penicillium yog ntau hom kab mob fungus uas cov av yog qhov chaw nyob. Feem ntau cov nroj tsuag no tuaj yeem pom nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm xiav lossis ntsuab pwm. Nws loj hlob ntawm txhua hom substrate. Txawm li cas los xij, nws feem ntau pom nyob rau saum npoo ntawm cov zaub sib tov.
qauv ntawm nceb
Raws li cov qauv, cov kab mob penicillium zoo ib yam li Aspergillus, uas kuj yog cov tsev neeg cov kab mob fungus. Lub vegetative mycelium ntawm cov nroj tsuag no yog pob tshab thiab branching. Nws feem ntau muaj ntau lub hlwb. Cov fungus penicillium txawv ntawm mukor hauv nws cov mycelium. Nws yog multicellular. Raws li rau mucor mycelium, nws yog unicellular.
Vultures ntawm penicilla yog nyob rau saum npoo ntawm substrate, los yogmus rau hauv nws. Elevating thiab erect conidiophores tawm ntawm qhov no ntawm cov fungus. Xws li formations, raws li ib tug txoj cai, ceg nyob rau hauv lub Upper ib feem thiab daim ntawv txhuam hniav uas muaj xim unicellular pores. Cov no yog conidia. Cog tassels, tig, tuaj yeem ua tau ntau yam:
- asymmetrical;
- three-tier;
- bunk;
- sib-tier.
Ib yam ntawm penicilla cov ntaub ntawv ntawm conidia hu ua coremia. Kev yug me nyuam ntawm cov fungus yog ua los ntawm kev sib kis ntawm spores.
Vim li cas kab mob
Cov kab mob fungal (penicillium thiab mukor) provoke spoilage ntawm cov khoom, thiab tseem koom nrog hauv kev decomposition ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg ntawm tsiaj thiab zaub keeb kwm. Qhov no yog vim muaj ntau ntawm cov enzymes. Nws yog tsim nyog sau cia tias pwm plaque ntawm cov nroj tsuag substrate tuaj yeem tsim ib txhij los ntawm ntau hom fungus. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, kev noj haus ntawm hom nroj tsuag no yog nqa tawm los ntawm kev nqus ntawm cov khoom npaj ua organic. Nws yog vim li no uas penicillium suav hais tias yog kab mob cab.
Txawm yog tus neeg raug mob
Ntau tus ntseeg tias penicillium fungi yog kab mob. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov no tsis yog qhov xwm txheej. Qee hom ntawm cov nroj tsuag no muaj cov kab mob pathogenic nrog rau cov tsiaj thiab tib neeg. Feem ntau ntawm kev puas tsuaj yog ua tiav thaum cov kab mob kis mus rau cov khoom ua liaj ua teb thiab cov khoom noj khoom haus, kev sib tw sai heev.hauv lawv. Yog tias khaws cia tsis raug, penicillium kis kab mob. Yog tias koj pub rau tsiaj, ces lawv txoj kev tuag tsis raug txiav tawm. Tseeb tiag, hauv cov zaub mov zoo li no khaws cov tshuaj lom ntau ntau uas cuam tshuam rau kev noj qab haus huv.
Tshuaj siv tshuaj
Puas penicillium nceb yuav pab tau? Cov kab mob uas ua rau qee yam kab mob kis tsis zoo rau cov tshuaj tua kab mob ua los ntawm pwm. Qee hom ntawm cov nroj tsuag no tau siv dav hauv cov khoom noj thiab tshuaj lag luam vim lawv muaj peev xwm tsim cov enzymes. Cov tshuaj "Penicillin", uas tawm tsam ntau hom kab mob, tau txais los ntawm Penicillium notatum thiab Penicillium chrysogenum.
Nws tsim nyog sau cia tias kev tsim cov tshuaj no tshwm sim hauv ntau theem. Rau pib, cov fungus yog zus. Rau qhov no, pob kws extract yog siv. Cov tshuaj no tso cai rau koj kom tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo tshaj plaws ntawm penicillin. Tom qab ntawd, cov fungus yog zus los ntawm immersing kab lis kev cai nyob rau hauv ib tug tshwj xeeb fermenter. Nws ntim yog ob peb txhiab liters. Nroj tsuag nquag muaj ntau ntau nyob ntawd.
Tom qab raug tshem tawm ntawm cov kua nruab nrab, cov kab mob penicillium tau ua tiav ntxiv. Nyob rau theem ntawm kev tsim khoom, cov ntsev ntsev thiab cov kuab tshuaj organic yog siv. Cov tshuaj no ua rau kom tau txais cov khoom kawg: potassium thiab sodium ntsev ntawm penicillin.
Moulds and food industry
Vim qee yam khoom, cov ncebpenicillium yog siv dav hauv kev lag luam khoom noj. Qee yam ntawm cov nroj tsuag no yog siv los ua cheese. Raws li txoj cai, cov no yog Penicillium Roquefort thiab Penicillium camemberti. Cov pwm no yog siv los tsim cov cheese xws li Stiltosh, Gorntsgola, Roquefort thiab lwm yam. Cov khoom "marble" no muaj cov qauv xoob. Cheese ntawm no ntau yam yog yus muaj los ntawm ib tug tshwj xeeb aroma thiab tsos.
Nws tsim nyog sau cia tias kab lis kev cai ntawm penicillium yog siv nyob rau qee theem hauv kev tsim cov khoom lag luam. Piv txwv li, pwm hom Penicillium Roquefort yog siv los tsim Roquefort cheese. Hom fungus no tuaj yeem sib ntxiv txawm nyob rau hauv xoob nias curd loj. Cov pwm no zoo kawg nkaus zam cov pa oxygen tsawg. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov fungus yog resistant rau high ntsev cov ntsiab lus nyob rau hauv ib tug acidic ib puag ncig.
Penicill muaj peev xwm tso tawm lipolytic thiab proteolytic enzymes uas cuam tshuam rau cov mis nyuj rog thiab cov protein. Raws li kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov tshuaj no, cov cheese tau txais friability, oiliness, nrog rau cov aroma thiab saj.
Cov khoom ntawm cov kab mob fungus penicilla tseem tsis tau kawm tiav. Cov kws tshawb fawb tsis tu ncua ua kev tshawb fawb tshiab. Qhov no tso cai rau koj los nthuav tawm cov khoom tshiab ntawm cov pwm. Xws li kev ua haujlwm tso cai rau koj los kawm txog cov khoom ntawm cov metabolism. Nyob rau yav tom ntej, qhov no yuav tso cai rau siv cov kab mob penicillium hauv kev xyaum.
