India: xeev lus. Hindi, English, Bengali thiab ntau dua

Cov txheej txheem:

India: xeev lus. Hindi, English, Bengali thiab ntau dua
India: xeev lus. Hindi, English, Bengali thiab ntau dua
Anonim

India yog ib lub tebchaws zoo nkauj thiab tshwj xeeb ntawm cov qauv sab hauv thiab cov qauv kev tswj hwm. Nws daim ntawv ntawm tsoom fwv yog tsoom fwv, thiab lub xeev yog lub loj tshaj plaws kev tswj hwm ntawm lub teb chaws. Txhua lub xeev hais nws cov lus, officially enshrined nyob rau hauv lub Constitution, thiab dialects muab los ntawm nws. Is Nrias teb, uas nws hom lus, ntxiv rau Hindi, kuj yog lus Askiv, tswj tsuas yog 29 lub xeev (tsis suav txog xya lub koom haum thaj chaw), thiab cov ciam teb ntawm lawv tau kos raws li lub teb chaws thiab kev paub lus. Hauv qhov no, lawv sib txawv hauv cheeb tsam, pej xeem thiab tus qauv ntawm kev nyob, muaj peev txheej.

india lub xeev lus
india lub xeev lus

Txoj kev kawm txog lus qhov teeb meem

Nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm no, Kuv xav ua tib zoo saib xyuas qhov xwm txheej ntawm kev hais lus hauv Is Nrias teb, vim tias tam sim no nws tau dhau los ua qhov tsis zoo vim yog cov txheej txheem pom zoo ntawm kev tshem tawm kab lis kev cai thiab lwm yam teeb meem, nyiam rau Westernization. Hauv qhov xwm txheej no, nws yuav nyuaj ntxiv rau lub xeev no kom khaws nws tus kheej thiab ua kom muaj kev txhim kho ntxiv ntawm txhua yam ntawm ntau tshaj nees nkaum hom lus thiab tshaj li ib thiab ib nrab txhiab hom lus, ntawm cov uas.tso tawm.

Hindi
Hindi

Tau kawg, lawv feem ntau tsis muaj kev phom sij ntawm kev ploj tuag, txij li Is Nrias teb yog lub tebchaws thib ob uas muaj neeg coob tshaj plaws, thiab ib qho ntawm nws cov lus tseem ceeb tuaj yeem khav theeb ntawm cov neeg hais lus (los ntawm 1.5 lab mus rau 423 lab - lus Hindi). Qhov teeb meem yog nyob rau hauv kev tswj hwm lub purity ntawm cov lus (tsis txhob qiv thiab simplifications) thiab nyob rau hauv qhov yuav tsum tau siv lawv, vim hais tias lus Askiv, lus Mev, thiab lwm yam los ua ntej nyob rau hauv lub niaj hnub ntiaj teb no, yuav luag ib nrab ntawm lub ntiaj teb no hais lus lawv..

Keeb kwm piav qhia ntawm lub teb chaws peculiarities

Qhov tseeb, Is Nrias teb keeb kwm tsis tau tsim los ua ib lub xeev, thiab muaj laj thawj rau qhov no. Lub teb chaws yog lub tsev rau ntau haiv neeg uas qhia lawv tus kheej kev ntseeg thiab koom nrog ntau hom lus. Tag nrho cov neeg no nyob rau ntau pua xyoo tuaj thiab nyob hauv thaj av Indian. Ntau yam kev sib cuam tshuam tau tshwm sim ntawm lawv: qee lub xeev cov neeg nyob sib ze sib koom ua ke nyob rau hauv lawv cov kev txhawb nqa, lwm tus tau sim nthuav tawm lawv txoj kev ntseeg lossis tsim kev sib pauv nyiaj txiag. Txawm li cas los xij, tsis muaj ib lub teb chaws - "Indians", thiab lub teb chaws muaj zog nrog kev sib raug zoo nrog kev sib raug zoo thiab kev coj noj coj ua zoo sib xws tau tsim nyob rau lub sijhawm ntev no.

Lus Bengali
Lus Bengali

Tej zaum nws yog tag nrho vim kev nkag siab tob dhau ntawm ib leeg txoj kev xav thiab kev tsis sib haum xeeb, ntxiv rau tus cwj pwm tsis zoo ntawm Hindus, tsis kam tawm tsam txhua yam. Tom qab tag nrho, kev tawm tsam kev cais tawm thiab kev tsis sib haum xeeb hauv tebchaws tseem muaj zog hauv Is Nrias teb niaj hnub no. Lub teb chaws tsis poob, tej zaum tsuas yog vimcov neeg Askiv uas tau nyob ua ke nws muaj peev xwm tswj hwm lub xeev tau ntev thiab tsim los ntawm lawv lub hauv paus ntau dua lossis tsawg dua cov koom haum ntawm tsoomfwv, uas cov tub ceev xwm Indian tseem siv niaj hnub no.

Language tsev neeg ntawm Is Nrias teb

Tsuas muaj plaub pawg lus uas raug cai nyob hauv lub tebchaws. Nws hloov tawm tias:

  1. Cov cheeb tsam qaum teb thiab nruab nrab yog cov neeg sawv cev ntawm tsev neeg Indo-Aryan.
  2. South India - Dravidian.
  3. Northeast yog thaj tsam ntawm Sino-Tibetan lus.
  4. Cais, hais lus ntawm cov lus ntawm Australo-Asiatic lossis pab pawg neeg Australian (Santal pab pawg) tuaj yeem hu ua.
daim ntawv teev cov lus ntawm India
daim ntawv teev cov lus ntawm India

hom lus ntawm Indian xeev, tus naj npawb ntawm cov neeg hais lus

Lub teb chaws txoj cai lij choj tshaj tawm 22 yam lus. Hauv qab no yog cov npe ntawm cov lus ntawm Is Nrias teb (tsis muaj kev txiav txim tshwj xeeb) los ntawm cov xeev ua lawv txoj kev sib txuas lus tseem ceeb. Cov duab yog raws li kev suav pej xeem xyoo 2002.

  • Hindi - 422 lab
  • Urdu - 51.6 lab (ceeb toom, lub xeev cov lus ntawm Pakistan).
  • Bengali lus lossis Bengali - 83.4 lab
  • Tamil - 61.2 lab
  • Telugu - 75 lab
  • Marathi (cov lus ntawm lub xeev kev lag luam loj tshaj plaws - Maharashtra) - 81.3 lab
  • Gujarati - 47 lab
  • Kannada - 38.7 lab
  • Punjabi - 30 lab
  • Kashmiri - 5.9 lab
  • Oriya - 34 lab
  • Malayalam - 34.1 lab
  • Assamese - 13.9 lab
  • Maithili - 13.1 lab
  • Santalsky - 7, 2million
  • Npali - 2.9 lab
  • Sindian - 2.7 lab
  • Dogri - 2.4 lab
  • Manipuri - 1.5 lab
  • Konkani - 2.5 lab
  • Bodo - 1.4 lab
  • Sanskrit is a dead language.

India: xeev lus yog Hindi

Yog tias peb xav txog qhov tseeb ntawm cov lus ib puag ncig uas Is Nrias teb muaj, nws tsis muaj ib hom lus - muaj ob. Tab sis thawj thiab hom lus tseem ceeb yog Hindi, uas, los ntawm txoj kev, yog hais los ntawm tsoom fwv ntawm lub xeev. Nws yog nthuav heev, thiab nrog rau Urdu, Bengali, Punjabi, thiab lwm yam, los ntawm ancient Indo-Aryan lus - Sanskrit. Nws tau hais los ntawm kwv yees li 422-423 lab tus tib neeg, ua rau Hindi yog ob hom lus uas tau hais ntau tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb.

txoj kev thiab lub luag haujlwm ntawm lus Askiv

Cov lus nug tsis txaus ntseeg tshwm sim: vim li cas lub xeev cov lus hauv Is Nrias teb Askiv, qhov twg yog qhov txuas? Cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm keeb kwm ntiaj teb tuaj rau kev cawm. Nws hloov tawm tias txij li thaum xyoo pua 17th, England, sawv cev ntawm East India Campaign tsim nyob rau hauv nws, tau ua lag luam muaj txiaj ntsig nrog Is Nrias teb. Tom qab tag nrho cov peev txheej dhau los ntawm kev nplua nuj, cov neeg Askiv rau ib puas xyoo (los ntawm 1850) tau muab tag nrho thaj chaw ntawm lub tebchaws, thiab Is Nrias teb tau los ua ib lub tebchaws ntawm Great Britain. Nws txoj cai, tub ceev xwm, lus Askiv monopoly ntawm kev lag luam tau tsim muaj nyob rau ntawd, thiab cov pej xeem hauv zos tau koom nrog kev tsuas, muab cov khoom siv raw thiab kev tsim khoom.

vim li cas lus Askiv yog lus Askiv nyob rau hauv India
vim li cas lus Askiv yog lus Askiv nyob rau hauv India

Thaum lub sijhawm ua ib feem ntawm lub tebchaws Askiv, txog thaum muaj kev ywj pheej tau tshaj tawm xyoo 1947, cov pejxeem ntawm Is Nrias teb raug rub mus rau hauv cov peev txheej.kev sib raug zoo, tau txais cov qauv lus Askiv ntawm tsoomfwv, thiab kuj tau txais cov lus ntawm cov neeg kov yeej thiab lawv txoj kev xav. Yog li ntawd, Is Nrias teb, uas nws hom lus tseem yog Hindi, lees paub lus Askiv sib npaug hauv qhov tseem ceeb.

Cov yav tas feem ntau yog siv thaum sib txuas lus nrog cov neeg txawv teb chaws. Piv txwv li, nws yog nquag siv nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm tourism, vim hais tias ib tug loj heev ntws ntawm tourists txhua xyoo mus so nyob rau hauv lub ntug dej hiav txwv ntawm lub Indian dej hiav txwv. Tsis tas li ntawd, txhua lub rooj sib tham ua lag luam ntawm Indian cov neeg lag luam thiab cov nom tswv nrog cov neeg koom tes thiab cov npoj yaig los ntawm txawv teb chaws tau tuav ua lus Askiv. Lub teb chaws tom qab tau txais kev ywj pheej tsis tau poob kev sib raug zoo thiab muaj txiaj ntsig zoo nrog UK, nws yog ib feem ntawm Tebchaws Askiv Tebchaws.

lus marathi
lus marathi

Zoo kawg

Yog li, qhov teeb meem hais lus nyuaj nyuaj tab tom txhim kho hauv Is Nrias teb. Tom qab tag nrho, thaum txhua lub xeev ntawm lub teb chaws sib txuas lus feem ntau nyob rau hauv nws cov lus official, nws yog ib qho nyuaj heev los tsim ib tug kev cai sab hauv nyob rau hauv lub xeev. Tej zaum yuav muaj kev nkag siab yuam kev, teeb meem nrog kev qhia tseeb ntawm cov ntaub ntawv, tsis ntseeg ntawm tsoomfwv hauv lub zog lossis kev txav hauv tebchaws. Txawm li cas los xij, kuj tseem muaj qhov zoo. Lub xub ntiag ntawm xws li ib tug ntau yam ntawm cov lus nyob rau hauv Is Nrias teb implies hais tias txhua tus ntawm lawv yog txuam nrog tej yam kev cai yam ntxwv, muaj nuj nqis ntawm cov neeg siv nws. Yog li ntawd, Is Nrias teb niaj hnub no yog ib lub tebchaws uas muaj cov cuab yeej cuab tam nplua nuj tshaj plaws, uas ua rau muaj kev txaus siab ntawm cov zej zog hauv ntiaj teb. Yog li ntawd, Indian kab lis kev cai tau txais kev hwm thiab kev lees paub los ntawm nws, thiabyog li kev lav paub kev vam meej nyob rau yav tom ntej.

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