"History" ntawm Herodotus: thawj txoj haujlwm tshawb fawb ntawm keeb kwm ntiaj teb

Cov txheej txheem:

"History" ntawm Herodotus: thawj txoj haujlwm tshawb fawb ntawm keeb kwm ntiaj teb
"History" ntawm Herodotus: thawj txoj haujlwm tshawb fawb ntawm keeb kwm ntiaj teb
Anonim

"History" ntawm Herodotus - tus naas ej Greek kws tshawb fawb thiab cov neeg taug kev - raug suav hais tias yog lub ntiaj teb thawj qhov kev tshawb fawb keeb kwm yav dhau los. Tau sau nyob rau hauv nws mus ncig teb chaws cov ntaub ntawv uas nws kim heev keeb kwm, geography, mythology, lub neej thiab kev lis kev cai ntawm ntau haiv neeg, nws tau sau ib tug tseem ceeb ua hauj lwm, uas rau niaj hnub no yog ib tug ntawm cov tseem ceeb qhov chaw ntawm keeb kwm ntawm lub ancient ntiaj teb no. Kev ntseeg siab ntawm ntau cov ntaub ntawv nthuav tawm los ntawm Greek tus sau rau ntawm nplooj ntawv ntawm cuaj-ntim ua haujlwm tau raug lees paub ntau zaus los ntawm archaeologists, ethnographers thiab geography ntawm tiam tom ntej.

Herodotus 'predecessors: logographs

Nws ntseeg hais tias keeb kwm ntawm keeb kwm yog kev tshawb fawb tau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub neej qub. Ua ntej no, tib neeg kuj tau sim piav qhia txog cov xwm txheej uas tshwm sim dhau los ntawm ntau txoj hauv kev (ntau phau ntawv biblical, ntau yam annals thiab chronicles ua piv txwv). Cov hauj lwm no, uas ua ntej kev tshawb fawb keeb kwm yav dhau los, feem ntau hu ua "cov ntawv sau keeb kwm".

Txawm tias ua ntej "Keeb Kwm" ntawm Herodotus tau raug sau, cov lus Greek keeb kwm yav dhau los tau sawv cev los ntawm kev sau ntawv ntawm cov neeg sau npe - cov kws sau ntawv uas suav nrog kev nthuav qhia ntawm cov xwm txheej tiag tiag nrog cov dab neeg, dab neeg thiab cov lus piav qhia thaj chaw ntawm qhov chaw.tau hais lus. Thawj lub logo yog suav tias yog Cadmus ntawm Miletus, uas nyob hauv lub xyoo pua 6 BC. Niaj hnub no txoj kev tshawb fawb kuj paub cov npe ntawm Hecateus ntawm Miletus, Acusilaus ntawm Argos, Charon ntawm Lampsak, Xanthos ntawm Lydia.

Cov haujlwm ntawm cov kws sau ntawv no tau ua los ntawm kev kos duab. Txawm hais tias lawv tau sau nyob rau hauv prose, lawv khaws ntau yam kev coj ua ntawm kev hais lus paj huam Hellenic. Cov peev txheej rau cov neeg sau npe yog cov lus dab neeg thiab cov nkauj, cov keeb kwm hauv zos thiab cov ntawv sau keeb kwm, lawv cov kev soj ntsuam, nrog rau cov dab neeg ntawm cov neeg taug kev, cov tub lag luam, thiab cov neeg tsav nkoj uas tau mus deb. Cov kev tsim kho raws caij nyoog uas cov neeg sau ntawv tso siab tsis raug, tab sis lawv yog cov thawj coj siv cov npe ntawm cov vaj ntxwv thiab cov thawj coj hauv kev piav qhia cov xwm txheej keeb kwm, qhia lub tswv yim ntawm "hnub nyoog", sib npaug rau ib puas xyoo lossis peb "tiam". Ua tib zoo saib xyuas cov dab neeg thiab keeb kwm, lawv kuj tau ua haujlwm ntawm cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm nplua nuj thiab muab nkag mus rau ntau yam ethnographic thiab thaj chaw. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov tseem ceeb rau lawv tseem tsis yog kev tshawb nrhiav keeb kwm qhov tseeb, tab sis kev kos duab ntawm kev hais lus, yog li cov haujlwm ntawm cov kws sau ntawv tseem suav hais tias tsis yog kev tshawb fawb, tab sis cov lus dab neeg dab neeg.

Herodotus: biography

Thawj txoj haujlwm, uas suav tias yog keeb kwm, yog tsim los ntawm Greek kws tshawb fawb thiab tus kws xav Herodotus. Keeb kwm tsis tau khaws cia ntau yam ntaub ntawv txog tus txiv neej zoo no.

keeb kwm ntawm herodotus
keeb kwm ntawm herodotus

Lub sijhawm ntawm nws lub neej suav tias yog 484(5) - 425 BC. Nws yug hauvDorian lub nroog Halicarnassus (nyob rau sab hnub poob ntawm Asia Minor) hauv tsev neeg muaj koob muaj npe thiab muaj nyiaj. Thaum nws tseem hluas, nws tau koom nrog kev tawm tsam kev nom kev tswv ntawm kev tawm tsam tus thawj tswj hwm tus thawj tswj hwm, tsis ua tiav hauv qhov no thiab, nrog rau ntau lwm tus, raug yuam kom raug ntiab tawm.

Thaum pib, Herodotus tau nyob ntawm Samos cov kob, ib qho ntawm cov muaj zog tshaj plaws thiab nplua nuj tshaj plaws Ionian Islands tuaj, uas tswj tag nrho sab hnub poob ntawm Hiav Txwv Mediterranean. Ib tug tub hluas uas txawj ntse thiab kawm tau ntawv sai sai tau kawm keeb kwm, lus, lub xeev cov qauv ntawm thaj av no thiab tuaj yeem nyob hauv Samos kom nyob tau zoo - txawm li cas los xij, nws nyiam mus ncig ntxiv.

Travels of Herodotus

Herodotus npaj los sau keeb kwm ntawm Greco-Persian tsov rog. Nws xav nthuav tawm cov lus zais ntawm lub zog ntawm cov tub rog Persian - kom nkag siab raws nraim li cas tus tswv cuab ntawm ntau haiv neeg thiab ntau hom lus tuaj yeem cuam tshuam tau zoo. Xav qhia yam uas lwm tus kws tshawb fawb tsis paub thiab lwm tus kws tshawb fawb tsis tau hais, nws tus kheej tau siv sijhawm ntau mus ncig - saib, xav, piav qhia, sib txuas lus nrog tib neeg.

Thawj nws mus rau lub moos Cyprus thiab lub moos Tiles, qhov chaw uas nws hais lus nrog cov pov thawj, ces nws mus rau sab qab teb - mus rau lub Gaza, los ntawm qhov chaw uas nws mus rau tim lyiv teb chaws. Thaum nws nqis los ntawm Nile mus rau Siena, nws tau mus rau Hiav Txwv Liab kom kawm, hnov thiab pom ntawm nws lub qhov muag kom ntau li ntau tau txog lub ntiaj teb nyob ib ncig ntawm nws - tom qab tag nrho, qhov no yog qhov uas Herodotus xav tau.

Zaj dab neeg ntawm nws taug kev mus rau sab hnub tuaj: tus kws tshawb fawb tau npog qhov deb ntawm Libya mus rau Assyria, Babylon thiab Ecbatana. Tom qab ntawd, nws rov qab mus rau Asia Minor, ces mus rau Hellespont thiab thaj av ntawm NorthLub ntug dej hiav txwv Dub, raws li nws tau mus txog Olbia - thaj chaw ntawm Miletus. Herodotus kuj tau mus xyuas cov nroog Greek hauv Balkans. Nws tau lees paub nws txoj kev taug kev nrog cov npe ntawm cov neeg uas nws pom hauv cov chaw ntawd. Nyob rau hauv 444 BC, nws mus rau Olympic ua si nyob rau hauv Athens, qhov chaw uas nws tshaj tawm nws nyeem nws sau ntawv. Rau qhov no, nws tau txais los ntawm cov neeg Greek ib qho khoom plig loj rau lub sijhawm ntawd - kaum tala (txog peb puas kilograms ntawm kub).

herodotus keeb kwm
herodotus keeb kwm

Tom qab qhov xwm txheej no, nws tau koom nrog hauv kev tsim lub koom txoos hauv Thurii los ntawm Greeks. Txaus siab rau cov kab lis kev cai ntawm cov neeg no, nws tau los ua ib tus neeg txhawb nqa ntawm lawv lub xeev txoj cai, coj ua pej xeem thiab tseem nyob hauv thaj av. Nws yog nyob rau hauv Furies qhov chaw ntawm 430-425 BC uas nws tuag, tawm hauv qab nkaus xwb, tab sis txoj haujlwm loj tshaj plaws, thawj tus neeg keeb kwm paub rau noob neej - Herodotus.

"History" summary

Tus kws tshawb fawb tau muab cov txiaj ntsig ntawm nws txoj haujlwm ua ib qho kev ua haujlwm zoo, sau ua cov lus muaj suab npe, muaj yeeb yuj, lees paub tus kws sau ntawv qib siab ntawm kev txawj ntse hauv hom ntawv tseeb. Cov kws tshawb fawb tau tsim lub sijhawm tsim cov khoom sib xyaw tsuas yog kwv yees li: ntawm 427-421 BC.

Herodotus '"History" raws li peb paub nws niaj hnub no muaj cuaj phau ntawv thiab (tsim) cov lus qhia cais. Txhua phau ntawv muaj npe tom qab ib qho ntawm Greek muses thaum ub. Kev faib cov ntawv rau hauv cov phau ntawv tau tshwm sim tom qab los ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov ntawv sau ntawv ntawm Alexandria. Cov lus taw qhia muaj cov ntaub ntawv hais txog lub npe ntawm tus neeg sau ua haujlwmthiab nthuav tawm lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb ntawm nws txoj haujlwm.

herodotus dab neeg luv luv
herodotus dab neeg luv luv

Kev ua haujlwm ntawm Herodotus qhia txog kev tsov rog Greco-Persian thiab kev coj noj coj ua ntawm cov neeg thaum ub. Nws muaj ntau cov ntaub ntawv hais txog keeb kwm ntawm lub tebchaws thaum ub (Lydia, Media, Egypt, Persia, Scythia), lawv kev sib raug zoo nrog cov Greeks thiab ib leeg. Sib txuas cov lus piav qhia ntawm cov xwm txheej nrog nws cov kev xav ntawm cov saum toj no, "txiv ntawm keeb kwm" Herodotus thawj zaug tau tawm tsam rau cov peev txheej uas nws tau tso siab rau thaum sau nws txoj haujlwm, thiab tseem ua rau qhov tseeb. Txhawm rau piav qhia txog thaj chaw loj heev thiab kev tsis sib haum xeeb, nws feem ntau siv cov kev soj ntsuam los ntawm nws tus kheej.

"History" ntawm Herodotus: lub ntsiab lus

Kev ua haujlwm ntawm Herodotus ua rau muaj tus cwj pwm tsis meej ntawm cov neeg uas ua raws nws cov kauj ruam, txuas ntxiv txhim kho keeb kwm kev tshawb fawb. Qee tus hu ua tus kws sau ntawv zoo "tus txiv ntawm keeb kwm", lwm tus liam tias nws dag, nrhiav qhov tsis raug thiab txhais cov xwm txheej tsis raug hauv txoj haujlwm.

Leej Txiv ntawm Keeb Kwm Herodotus
Leej Txiv ntawm Keeb Kwm Herodotus

Txawm li cas los xij, ntau qhov kev tshawb fawb tshawb fawb tau ua tiav ntau pua xyoo tom qab, thiab - qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws - kev tshawb nrhiav keeb kwm qub, ua pov thawj tias feem ntau ntawm cov kev txiav txim siab ntawm Herodotus, tau teev tseg hauv nws "History", yog qhov tseeb. Thiab niaj hnub no, nws txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb tsis yog hauv keeb kwm nkaus xwb, tab sis kuj yog kev kos duab, kab lis kev cai, kev paub sau ntawv, uas ua rau Herodotus yog ib tus kws sau keeb kwm zoo tshaj plaws.

Pom zoo: