Cov lus tsis meej ntawm Sab Hnub Tuaj tseem ua rau cov neeg xav paub, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov lus Persian sib haum xeeb, uas cov kws sau paj huam loj tshaj plaws ntawm ancient sij hawm tau sau lawv cov paj huam. Cov lus Persian qub tshaj plaws suav nrog hauv Iranian pab pawg lus, tus naj npawb ntawm cov neeg hais lus mus txog 200 lab. Lawv yog leej twg, cov neeg sab hnub tuaj no uas yog ib feem ntawm Aryan ceg ntawm Indo-European lus tsev neeg? Paub meej hauv kab lus no!
pab pawg lus Iranian
Lub npe "Iranian lus" hnub rov qab mus rau nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th. Cov pab pawg lus no yog txuam nrog Iran raws li nws cov haiv neeg nyob ze li sai tau, lossis, ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, raug tshem tawm ntawm nws, khaws cia qee qhov cuam tshuam.
qhov xwm txheej no feem ntau siv rau cov lus Persian, uas tau ntau xyoo tau suav tias yog hom lus tseem ceeb ntawm pawg Iranian.
Raws li lub tswv yim ntawm "Iranian" ib qho yuav tsum nkag siab tsis yog Persian xwb, tab sis kuj yog tag nrho cov lus nyuajcov lus, uas suav nrog cov lus Persian uas twb tau hais lawm.
Keeb Kwm
Cov lus Iranian tau tsim nyob rau hauv keeb kwm yav dhau los (II txhiab xyoo BC), thaum cov lus Proto-Aryan tau tuav thaj chaw ntawm Central Asia, nws yog thaum ntawd cov lus Proto-Iranian tau tshwm sim - tus progenitor ntawm niaj hnub "Iranian" dialect. Niaj hnub no, nyob rau hauv tib lub Persian Tshiab, tsuas yog echoes ntawm nws.
Sawv los ua ib hom lus sib txawv los ntawm hom Aryan, Proto-Iranian tau txais cov lus hauv qab no:
- Poob lub suab lus uas tau hais nrog lub siab nyiam, piv txwv li, "bx" hloov mus ua "b", "gh" - "g", "dh" - "d", thiab lwm yam.
- Fricativization ntawm lag ntseg, piv txwv li, "pf" tig mus ua "f" ntev.
- Palatalization txheej txheem, piv txwv li, kev hloov ntawm "s" mus "z", "g" rau "z", thiab lwm yam.
- Txoj kev xav ntawm "s" mus rau "ssh".
- txheej txheem ntawm kev sib cais ntawm "tt" rau "st", "dt" rau "zd".
Iranian pab pawg ntawm tsev neeg Indo-European hom lus yog nyob rau hauv ib qho nrog Albanian, Armenian, B altic, Germanic thiab Aryan lus. Tib pawg raws li Iranian lus kuj suav nrog cov lus tuag xws li Anatolian, Illyrian thiab Tocharian. Thawj ob yog cov lus ntawm cov tebchaws Greek, thiab qhov kawg yog cov hauv paus Balkan.
Keeb Kwm thiab kev faib tawm
Keeb kwm, Iranian pab pawg lus tau muaj nyob txog 3000 xyoo. Muaj peb lub sijhawm nyob rau hauv tag nrho: ancient, nruab nrab thiab tshiab. Feem ntau ntawm tag nrho cov paub txog cov lus thaum ub, uas khaws tag nrho cov kev cai Aryan thiab inflectionalSynthetic tuning.
Lub sijhawm nruab nrab thiab lub sijhawm tshiab ntawm Iranian pawg lus tau coj txoj hauv kev ntawm kev puas tsuaj ntawm inflection. Cov no yog "cov xeeb ntxwv" ntawm Aryan, uas tau dhau los ua cov lus piav qhia ntau dua. Hom kawg lossis hom lus New Iranian yog ib pawg lus uas tam sim no muaj sia nyob lossis tsis ntev los no tau tuag lawm, raws li lawv cov neeg hais lus kawg tawm mus thoob ntiaj teb.
Ib qho kev qhia meej ntawm kev txhim kho tuaj yeem taug qab mus rau ceg nto moo tshaj plaws ntawm Iranian pab pawg lus - Persian. Nws kuj tau muab faib ua qub Persian-Middle Persian thiab New Persian (Farsi).
Lwm cov ceg Iranian tsis tau khaws lawv cov ntaub ntawv sau tseg, lossis tuag ntev ua ntej lawv tshwm sim. Tias yog vim li cas nws nyuaj rau kawm cov lus Iranian tshiab, vim tias tsis muaj kev sib txuas ntawm caj ces tag.
Txawm li cas los xij, cov kws tshawb fawb kawm lus Iranian tsis poob siab, sau ntau thiab ntau qhov tseeb tshiab los ntawm kev khawb ntawm qhov chaw ntawm cov chaw qub. Nws tsim nyog qhia txog txhua lub sijhawm kom ntxaws ntxiv.
Cov lus qub Iranian
Lub sijhawm no muaj kwv yees hnub tim IV-III c. BC. Cov cheeb tsam npog - cov neeg hais lus ntawm pawg lus Iranian thaum ub nyob rau sab qab teb sab hnub poob ntawm Zagros mus rau Tuam Tshoj, Altai thiab Northern Black Sea cheeb tsam nyob rau sab qaum teb hnub poob. Qhov chaw loj no tau pab txhawb rau kev sib cais hauv pawg lus thiab ua haujlwm los tsim cov lus ntawm Iran thaum ub.
Cov hauv qab no raug txiav txim siab thiab sau tseg raws li kev tshawb fawb ntawm Orientalists:
- Kub Persian lus - hom lus ntawm Achaemenid vaj, cov poj koob yawm txwv ntawm tag nrho sab qab teb sab hnub poobIranian pab pawg, nrog rau cov lus ntawm cov ntawv sau npe ntawm cov monuments thiab keeb kwm monuments.
- Avestan yog cov lus sau lossis phau ntawv ntawm Avesta, uas yog phau ntawv dawb ceev ntawm Zoroastrians. Cov lus no yav dhau los tsuas yog qhov ncauj thiab tau cuam tshuam nrog cov neeg Iran thaum ub tshwj xeeb nrog rau kev ntseeg ntawm lawv lub neej. Nws yog lus piv txwv, thov Vajtswv thiab Zoroastrian nkauj.
- Cov lus nruab nrab yog hom lus ntawm Media, uas muaj cov lus ntawm Proto-Aryan lus. Nco ntsoov tias cov lus Mev yog cov poj koob yawm txwv ntawm pab pawg sab hnub poob ntawm Iranian lus.
- Cov lus Scythian yog ib hom lus ntawm Scythians thiab ib feem ntawm cov Sarmatians, ua qauv qhia txoj kev xav tau diphthongs - lub cim ntawm txhua hom lus Iranian. Scythians thiab Sarmatians nyob rau hauv lub steppes ntawm lub Caucasus thiab nyob rau hauv lub Northern Black Hiav txwv cheeb tsam. Cov lus no yog ib qho ntawm feem ntau enigmatic thiab mysterious nyob rau hauv Iranian pab pawg neeg; cov Scythian thiab Sarmatian pab pawg neeg tsuas yog paub los ntawm Greek qhov chaw. Cov pab pawg neeg Slavic kuj tau ntsib nrog cov lus Scythian, tab sis lub sijhawm ntawd tsuas yog cuneiform muaj nyob rau yav tom ntej thaj chaw ntawm Russia, uas tau sawv cev los ntawm kab thiab "txiav" - notches. Lawm, zoo li qub thaum lub sij hawm "sau ntawv" tsis tuaj yeem cuam tshuam ib qho kev tawm suab nrov.
Tag nrho cov lus teev tseg, thiab cov uas tau ploj lawm, tsuas yog rov qab los ntawm txoj kev sib piv cov keeb kwm kev paub lus.
Cov lus qub Iranian tau ua los ntawm cov lus tsis sib xws, nrog rau qhov ntev thiab lub suab ntawm cov lus.
Middle Iranian lus
Lub sijhawm thib ob, lossis Middle Iranian,hnub tim IV - IX centuries BC. e. Xws li ib tug chronology yog me ntsis arbitrary, txij li thaum tsuas yog cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm ntawm Persians thaum ub pab sau nws. Qhov xwm txheej ntawm txoj kev tshawb no yog qhov nyuaj ntxiv los ntawm qhov tseeb tias lub sijhawm nruab nrab Iranian tsis tawm ntawm Iranian "cov xeeb ntxwv". Yog vim li cas lub sij hawm no hu ua lub sij hawm tuag nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm Iranian pab pawg neeg ntawm hom lus.
Cov yam ntxwv tsis zoo ntawm cov lus tseem raug rhuav tshem, thiab cov lus raug tsim tsis yog los ntawm kev xaus, tab sis nyob rau hauv txoj kev tshuaj ntsuam.
Qhov no yog qhov nthuav! Nyob rau hauv cov lus ntawm Western Iran, lub inflectional system poob mus rau qhov kawg, thiab tsuas yog cov lus qhia conjugation tseem.
Thaj chaw ntawm kev pab them nqi thiab kev faib tawm
Thaj chaw faib khoom ntawm Iran cov lus tau pib muaj kev faib kom meej rau hauv pawg sab hnub poob thiab sab hnub tuaj. Txoj kab sib faib khiav raws ciam teb ntawm Parthia thiab Bactria.
Nyob rau hauv tag nrho, orientalists, txiav txim los ntawm cov ntawv sau monuments pom, txawv cov lus hauv qab no Middle Iranian:
- Nruab nrab Persian yog hom lus ntawm Sasanian Iran lossis Pahlavi. Qhov no yog ib hom lus Zoroastrian uas paub zoo nrog cov ntawv nplua nuj - ntau cov ntawv sau keeb kwm ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd tau sau ua hom lus no, uas tau siv txawm tias nyob rau ntawm cov npib ntawm cov vaj ntxwv Fars.
- Parthian yog ib hom lus ntawm Parthia, uas yog ib tug raws ntawm Median. Qhov no yog lus ntawm lub xeev Arshakid. Cov lus no tau ploj mus nyob ib ncig ntawm lub xyoo pua 5, thaum qub Persian tau nthuav dav.
- Cov lus Bactrian yog hom lus ntawm Kushan thiab Ephthalites nrog kev siv Greek sau. Cov lus no tau raug yuam tawm hauv 9th-10th centuries. hauv. Persian tshiab.
- Cov lus Saka yog ib qho lus tsis meej tshaj plaws ntawm Iranian pawg lus. Saka belongs rau pawg lus ntawm Khotanese dialects txuam nrog kev cai dab qhuas thiab, raws li, nrog nws cov yam ntxwv lus. Yog li ntawd, ntau monuments ntawm Buddha cov ntaub ntawv tau pom nyob rau hauv no dialect. Saka tau hloov los ntawm cov lus Turkic Uighur.
- Sogdian yog hom lus ntawm Sogdian colonists los ntawm Central Asia. Cov lus Sogdian tau tso ntau cov ntawv sau tseg. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 10th, nws tau hloov los ntawm New Persian thiab Turkic. Txawm li cas los xij, raws li cov kws tshawb fawb, nws tau tso ib tug xeeb ntxwv - qhov no yog hom lus Yaghnobi.
- Cov lus Khorezmian yog hom lus ntawm Khorezm uas tsis muaj nyob rau ntev thiab tau hloov los ntawm cov lus Turkic.
- Cov lus Sarmatian yog hom lus ntawm Sarmatians, uas tau hloov tag nrho cov lus Scythian thoob plaws hauv Northern Black Sea. Qhov no yog cov lus steppe ntawm cov pab pawg sab hnub tuaj, uas yog tus hais lus ntev tshaj plaws ntawm cov lus no ntawm Middle Iranian lub sijhawm, yuav luag txog rau xyoo pua 13th. Tom qab ntawd, cov lus Sarmatian tau dhau los ua tus tsim ntawm Alanian.
Cov lus Iranian tshiab
Cov neeg ntawm Iranian pab pawg neeg Indo-European lus niaj hnub no muaj ntau hom lus Iranian thaum ub. Lub sijhawm tshiab Iranian pib tom qab kev kov yeej ntawm Iran los ntawm Arabs thiab txuas ntxiv nws txoj kev coj noj coj ua tam sim no.
Cov lus Iranian tshiab muaj kev coj ua loj, uas feem ntau yog qhov tsis muaj kev sau ntawv. Ntau yam lus tshwm sim thiab ploj mus sai heev uas Orientalists tsis muaj sijhawm los kho kom zootxawm lub hauv paus. Vim muaj tej yam zoo li no, ntau lub zej zog hais lus tau raug tshem tawm ntawm lawv tus kheej cov ntaub ntawv, thiab feem ntau lawv yog ib hom lus supradialectal uas tsis muaj qhov kawg.
Cov lus Arabic, tau kawg, muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau cov lus Iranian tshiab. Persian tshiab, lub xeev hom lus ntawm Iran, los txog rau niaj hnub no. Ntawm thaj chaw, nyob rau thaj tsam roob ntawm Greater Iran, ib tus tuaj yeem pom cov lus tsis yog Persian, piv txwv li, Kurdish thiab Balochi. Cov npe nrov tshaj plaws ntawm cov lus tsis yog Persian yog cov lus ntawm Ossetians, uas yog cov xeeb ntxwv ntawm Alans thaum ub.
Niaj hnub Iranian tsev neeg
Pab pawg lus Iranian suav nrog:
- Persian tshiab muab faib ua tus ntxhais cov ntawv sau: Farsi, Dari thiab Tajik.
- Tatsky.
- Luro-Bakhtiar.
- Dialects ntawm Fars thiab Lara.
- Kurdshuli.
- Kumzari.
- Kurdish, nrog nws tus kheej cov lus hais: Kurmanji, Sorani, Feili thiab Laki.
- Dalemite.
- Turkic.
- Semnansky.
- Baluchi.
- Pashutu thiab Vanetsi yog hom lus ntawm Afghanistan.
- Pamir pawg lus.
- Yagnobi language.
- Ossetian.
Yog li, cov neeg ntawm pawg lus Iranian tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm cov lus. Cov lus tseem ceeb ntawm Iran niaj hnub no yog New Persian, tab sis nyob rau thaj chaw ntawm lub xeev loj no - Greater Iran - koj tuaj yeem pom ntau yam lus tsis meej thiab cov ntaub ntawv menyuam yaus, xws li Farsi mus rauOssetian.
