Nyob rau hauv txoj kev ntawm kev txheeb cais pawg, tag nrho ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb tshwm sim tau muab faib ua cov chav kawm thiab subclasses, uas muaj cov qauv homogeneous raws li qee yam ntxwv. Txhua qhov kev faib tawm no tau piav qhia los ntawm cov txheej txheem ntawm cov ntsuas ntsuas. Cov ntaub ntawv muab faib tuaj yeem nthuav tawm hauv cov rooj.
Qhov kev nqis tes no yog txoj hauv kev tseem ceeb siv hauv kev kawm tiag tiag ntawm cov xwm txheej hauv zej zog. Nws tshwm sim raws li qhov yuav tsum tau ua ua ntej rau daim ntawv thov ntawm ntau pawg ntawm kev txheeb cais, cov txheej txheem thiab cov txheej txheem analytical. Piv txwv li, kev faib tawm yog tsim nyog txhawm rau siv cov ntsuas dav dav, xws li qhov nruab nrab.
Kev pab ntawm V. I. Lenina
Hauv kev txheeb cais Lavxias ua ntej kev hloov pauv, tshwj xeeb, hauv ntau lub zemstvos (cov no yog tsoomfwv hauv nroog), kev paub ntau ntxiv tau txais hauv kev sib koom ua ke ntau hom koom haum. Thiab tseem nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd, kev ua haujlwm tseem ceeb tau ua tiav los txhim kho tsis yog cov ntxhuav nrog kev faib tawm ib los ntawm ib qhocov yam ntxwv, tab sis kuj complex schemes. Nyob rau hauv lawv, tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv yog pab pawg los ntawm ob los yog ntau yam tsis. Txawm li cas los xij, cov teeb meem theoretical ntsig txog kev siv cov kev txheeb cais pawg tsis tau txais kev pom zoo rau kev tshawb fawb. Lub xeev ntawm txoj haujlwm no txuas ntxiv mus txog thaum ua haujlwm ntawm V. I. Lenin. Nws muaj lub tswv yim siab ntawm kev paub txog tus nqi thiab cov tswv yim tseem ceeb ntawm kev faib tawm. Hais txog cov ntxhuav raws li cov cim qhia ntawm pawg txheeb cais ntawm ntau dua ib tus yam ntxwv, Lenin tau sau tias: "Nws tuaj yeem hais tsis muaj qhov exaggeration tias lawv yuav hloov pauv kev tshawb fawb thiab, tau kawg, kev lag luam ua liaj ua teb."
Vladimir Ilyich cov lus pom zoo txog qhov xav tau rau kev soj ntsuam kev nom kev tswv thiab kev lag luam ua ntej ntawm cov qauv thiab txiav txim siab cov xwm txheej ua ntej pib kev sim nrog kev faib cov ntaub ntawv thawj zaug yog qhov tseem ceeb.
theem ntawm kev txheeb cais pawg
Systematization yog siv tsis tau tsuas yog nyob rau hauv kev tsom xam ntawm cov qauv ntawm cov pejxeem, tab sis kuj txiav txim seb hom phenomena thiab nyob rau hauv kev kawm ntawm kev sib raug zoo ntawm ntau yam yam ntxwv los yog yam. Piv txwv ntawm pab pawg uas qhia txog cov qauv pej xeem yog kev faib cov neeg los ntawm lub hnub nyoog (thaum lub sijhawm ntawm ib xyoos lossis, feem ntau, tsib xyoos) thiab kev lag luam los ntawm qhov loj me.
Los ntawm kev sib txuas cov chav kawm lossis teeb tsa lub sijhawm tsis sib xws, nws muaj peev xwm tsim kom muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm tus kheej, thiab tom qab ntawd txiav txim siab txog techno-economic lossis socio-economic hom ntawm cov ncauj lus tseem ceeb(piv txwv li, kev lag luam lossis ua liaj ua teb). Yog li, pawg ntawm cov pej xeem ntawm ib lub teb chaws los ntawm hnub nyoog tuaj yeem ua tiav raws li lub hauv paus, ntxiv rau cov khoom siv yooj yim, ntawm cov kev faib tshwj xeeb xws li cov poj niam hnub nyoog 16 txog 54 xyoo thiab cov txiv neej hnub nyoog 16 txog 59 xyoo. Kev siv cov chav kawm tshwj xeeb no ua rau nws muaj peev xwm los laij cov txiaj ntsig kev lag luam hauv lub tebchaws, hu ua lub teb chaws lub zog ua haujlwm. Cov ciam teb ib ntus yog me ntsis arbitrary thiab tej zaum yuav txawv ntawm lub xeev mus rau lub xeev.
Task
Kev nthuav dav kom muaj nuj nqis ntawm kev lag luam thiab cov tuam txhab tso cai rau peb mus rau lub ntsiab lus ntawm ntau pab pawg tsim nyog, xws li cov koom haum me, nruab nrab thiab loj. Tom qab ntawd, ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov teeb meem kev lag luam dav dav tuaj yeem qhia meej, piv txwv li, cov txheej txheem ntawm cov concentration ntawm kev tsim khoom, kev loj hlob ntawm kev lag luam efficiency thiab nce kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev ua haujlwm. Vladimir Ilyich Lenin cov ntaub ntawv tshiab ntawm cov cai tswj kev txhim kho kev lag luam hauv kev ua liaj ua teb yog ib qho piv txwv ci ntsa iab ntawm kev soj ntsuam sib sib zog nqus uas siv kev sib koom ua ke los ua kom pom qhov nyuaj ntawm cov qauv. Thiab tseem muaj kev sib raug zoo ntawm qhov loj ntawm kev lag luam thiab nws cov khoom tsim tau tag nrho.
Txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb tshaj plaws thiab nyuaj tshaj plaws ntawm pawg txheeb cais yog txhawm rau txheeb xyuas thiab piav qhia meej txog hom kev lag luam kev lag luam. Cov kev kawm zoo li no sawv cev rau cov kev qhia ntawm cov txheej txheem kev sib raug zoo lossis cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb. Lawv zoo li yuav tshwm sim rau ntau tus neeg phenomena. Nyob rau hauv nws tsom xam ntawm stratification ntawm peasantry, Vladimir Ilyich Lenin siv cov pab pawg neegkom meej thiab meej. Ua ntej tshaj plaws, nws tau nthuav tawm cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tsim cov chav kawm tseem ceeb hauv tebchaws Russia ua ntej kev hloov pauv, nyob rau sab hnub poob European lub tebchaws thiab hauv Asmeskas kev ua liaj ua teb.
Thiab, raws li nws tau muab tawm, cov ntaub ntawv Soviet muaj kev paub ntau yam hauv kev sau ntawv thiab txheeb cais pawg. Piv txwv li, daim ntawv tshuav nyiaj li cas ntawm lub teb chaws kev khwv nyiaj txiag ntawm lub USSR presupposes ib tug complex thiab branched system ntawm kev faib tawm. Lwm cov piv txwv ntawm typological statistical grouping nyob rau hauv lub Soviet qhov chaw muaj xws li lub systematization ntawm cov pejxeem los ntawm kev sib raug zoo chav kawm ntawv. Nrog rau kev sib koom ua ke ntawm cov cuab yeej tsim khoom ruaj khov los ntawm kev lag luam kev lag luam ntawm kev lag luam. Thiab koj tuaj yeem muab piv txwv xws li kev faib ua pawg ntawm cov neeg txheeb cais ntawm cov khoom lag luam sib raug zoo.
Bourgeois kev faib tawm tsis siv qhov systematization txaus. Thaum siv pab pawg, nws yog rau feem ntau tsis raug thiab tsis ua rau tus cwj pwm ntawm lub xeev muaj tseeb hauv cov teb chaws peev. Piv txwv li, kev faib cov lag luam ua liaj ua teb los ntawm thaj chaw thaj av exaggerates txoj hauj lwm ntawm cov khoom me me hauv cov hlab ntsha no. Thiab pab pawg ntawm cov pej xeem los ntawm kev ua haujlwm tsis qhia qhov tseeb cov qauv ntawm bourgeois haiv neeg.
Cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev lag luam kev lag luam ntawm lub xeev socialist muab cov ntawv thov tshiab rau kev txheeb cais pawg. Kev faib tawm yog siv los txheeb xyuas qhov kev siv ntawm cov phiaj xwm kev lag luam hauv tebchaws, txhawm rau txiav txim siab qhov laj thawj ntawm kev lag luam poob qab ntawm qee cov lag luam thiab cov haujlwm. Thiab tseem txheeb xyuas cov peev txheej uas tsis siv. Piv txwv li, kev lag luamtuaj yeem muab faib ua pawg raws li qib ntawm kev ua tiav ntawm txoj kev npaj lossis theem ntawm kev muaj txiaj ntsig. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws rau kev qhia txog kev paub txog kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis rau hauv kev lag luam yog kev sib koom ua lag luam, raws li cov ntaub ntawv kev lag luam thiab kev lag luam raws li qib ntawm automation thiab mechanization thiab cov hluav taws xob muaj rau kev ua haujlwm.
Cov ntaub ntawv qhia ua pab pawg yog cov ntaub ntawv tsim los ntawm kev sib koom ua ke ntawm ib pawg ntawm kev soj ntsuam kev txheeb xyuas txog qhov muaj qhov sib txawv rau hauv cov chav kawm cais, kom qhov kev faib tawm zaus ntawm cov tshuab no ua haujlwm yooj yim ntawm kev sau thiab txheeb xyuas tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv.
Information
Cov ntaub ntawv tuaj yeem txhais tau tias yog pab pawg ntawm cov khoom siv uas sawv cev rau qhov zoo lossis ntau tus cwj pwm ntawm qhov sib txawv lossis cov txheej txheem sib txawv. Qhov no yog qhov zoo sib xws rau kev hais tias cov chav kawm tuaj yeem yog cov ntaub ntawv qhia txog qhov chaw. Cov kab ke, nyob rau hauv pab pawg ntawm cov ntaub ntawv txheeb cais, tuaj yeem muab faib ua pawg thiab tsis yog pawg khoom.
Txhua yam ntaub ntawv uas ib tus neeg sau ua ntej tsis raug cais tawm. Ungrouped statistical groupings yog cov ntaub ntawv, tab sis tsuas yog nyob rau hauv ib tug unprocessed daim ntawv. Ib qho piv txwv ntawm cov tshuab no yog cov npe ntawm cov lej uas koj tuaj yeem xav txog.
thawj hom kev faib tawm
Cov ntaub ntawv pab pawg yog cov ntaub ntawv uas tau muab tso rau hauv pab pawg hu ua chav kawm. Hom no twb tau muab cais tawm, thiab yog li qee qhovqib kev tsom xam. Qhov no txhais tau tias tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv tsis yog raw lawm.
Ib chav kawm cov ntaub ntawv yog ib pab pawg uas cuam tshuam nrog cov cuab yeej tshwj xeeb. Piv txwv li, yog tias tus thawj tswj hwm ntawm lub tuam txhab sau cov neeg uas nws ntiav nyob rau hauv ib lub xyoo, nws tuaj yeem pab pawg ua ke los ntawm hnub nyoog: nees nkaum, peb caug, plaub caug, thiab lwm yam. Thiab txhua pab pawg no hu ua chav kawm.
Thiab, qhov no tsis yog kev faib zaum kawg. Txhua chav kawm no muaj qhov dav thiab qhov no hu ua qhov sib nrug lossis qhov loj. Lub tswv yim no tseem ceeb heev thaum nws los txog rau kev kos duab histograms thiab cov phiaj xwm zaus. Txhua chav kawm tuaj yeem muaj qhov sib npaug lossis sib txawv, nyob ntawm seb txhua cov ntaub ntawv yuav muab ua pawg li cas. Lub sijhawm nruab nrab yog ib qho lej.
chav kawm txwv thiab ciam teb
thawj lub tswv yim hais txog qhov muaj nuj nqis tiag tiag uas tuaj yeem pom hauv lub rooj zaum kawg. Cov kev txwv hauv chav kawm poob rau hauv ob pawg: qhov txwv qis ntawm qhov system thiab qhov txwv sab saud. Tau kawg, txhua qhov kev faib hauv cov ntxhuav yog siv los xyuas kom raug thiab cov ntaub ntawv.
Tab sis, ntawm qhov tod tes, cov ciam teb ntawm chav kawm tsis yog ib txwm hwm hauv lub rooj zaus. Lub tswv yim no muab qhov tseeb lub sijhawm ntawm cov tshuab thiab, zoo li ntau yam kev txwv, kuj tau muab faib ua thaj tsam ntawm cov nqi qis thiab sab saud.
Nyob thiab tsis muaj sia
Science nrhiav kom nkag siab thiab piav qhia txog ntuj tsim. Cov kws tshawb fawb to taub tej yam los ntawm kev faib lawv. Nws belongsob leeg muaj sia nyob thiab pawg tsis muaj sia nyob ntawm cov ntaub ntawv txheeb cais.
Thiab, cov hom no tuaj yeem muab faib ua pawg nyob ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm cov khoom. Piv txwv li, yog tias cov tub ntxhais kawm tau sau cov npe hauv lawv cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb txog ntau yam ntaub ntawv thiab cov ncauj lus uas lawv tau kawm, lawv tuaj yeem siv cov ntaub ntawv no los nthuav kev paub thiab cov ntaub ntawv hais txog cov tshuab uas lawv tau kawm.
Txhua yam kev paub tuaj yeem txheeb lossis cais raws li ntau yam sib txawv. Nov yog qee qhov piv txwv:
- Metals piv rau ntau yam tsis yog hlau.
- Stony terrain es tsis txhob desert lossis meadow.
- Visible crystals vs invisible minerals.
- Ib txheej txheem ntuj hloov pauv ib qho khoom tsim.
- Cov tshuaj denser dua dej lossis hnyav dua li cov kua uas tau muab.
- Magnetic vs non-magnetic.
Thiab koj tuaj yeem ua rau pawg sib txawv raws li cov yam ntxwv hauv qab no:
- Lub xeev teeb meem ntawm chav tsev kub (khoom, kua, roj).
- Fusibility ntawm hlau.
- Lub cev muaj zog thiab lwm yam.
Khoom siv:
- Ntau cov kab lus uas ua piv txwv cov pawg saum toj no.
- Magnets rau kev sim cov khoom ntawm cov khoom.
- Ib lub thawv dej los xyuas seb yam khoom ntab lossis tog.
- Cov ntawv xov xwm tshawb fawb.
txheej txheem kev ua haujlwm
Yuav ua li cas tshwm sim:
- Cov tub ntxhais kawm ua haujlwm hauv pab pawg. Txhua tus tau muab qee yam khoom siv thiab nug kom nrhiav txoj hauv kev los pab pawgcov khoom los ntawm qeb. Lawv tsim cov txheej txheem uas lawv yuav siv thiab tom qab ntawd txheeb cov khoom kom haum. Cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov txiaj ntsig tau raug kaw rau hauv lawv cov ntawv sau tshawb fawb.
- Tom qab muab cov ntaub ntawv ua ke, lawv tau txheeb dua raws li lwm cov qauv. Cov kauj ruam tom ntej kuj tseem yuav suav sau cov npe ntawm cov txiaj ntsig. Thiab tom qab ntawd, ib kab ntxiv ntawm cov ntsiab lus tau sau, uas tau txheeb cais vim hloov pauv.
- Cov tub ntxhais kawm sau cov kev soj ntsuam thiab cov rooj hauv lawv cov ntawv sau tshawb fawb.
Results
Cov tub ntxhais kawm kho cov rooj sib tham uas qhia tias lawv cov kev kawm raug txheeb raws li txhua tus qauv. Piv txwv li, ib pawg ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm muaj ib daim ntawv clip, ib daim me me ntawm granite, cork, ib qho khoom ua si yas. Thiab tom qab ntawd ob peb lub rooj sib tw yuav zoo li hauv qab no.
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Cov khoom tau txheeb los ntawm cov hlau nplaum.
React rau hlau nplaum: ntawv clip, granite. Tsis teb: cork, yas.
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Cov khoom txheeb los ntawm qhov ntom ntom piv rau dej.
Pop up: cork, yas. Kev poob dej: ntawv clip, granite.
Tom qab ntawd, cov tub ntxhais kawm ua kev nthuav qhia rau chav kawm. Lawv sib tham txog vim li cas cov khoom sib txawv tau muab faib ua qhov sib txawv raws li cov qauv siv.
Cov tub ntxhais kawm rov ua qhov kev soj ntsuam no txhua zaus, siv cov khoom sib txawv.
tham
Nyob rau theem no:
- Cov tub ntxhais kawm tuaj yeem txuas ntxiv cov kev soj ntsuam no mus rau lwm cov ntaub ntawv yam tsis muajkev tshawb fawb tswv yim.
- Piv txwv yog cov qauv ntawm ntau hom pob zeb. Cov menyuam kawm ntawv yuav kawm paub saib kom ze zog thiab sau raws nraim qhov lawv pom nrog cov duab loj thiab lwm yam khoom uas lawv siv.
- Yog tias cov tub ntxhais kawm tau tsim cov ntaub ntawv txheeb xyuas ntawm cov khoom uas sau rau ntawm daim npav, lawv tuaj yeem txheeb tau. Qhov no yuav pab tau yog tias qhov ntsuas muaj cov ntaub ntawv ntxiv uas tsis nyob hauv chav kawm.
Ib txoj hauv kev los ua cov ntaub ntawv txuas mus ntxiv yog txhawm rau faib tag nrho cov ntsiab lus rau ntau qhov subranges. Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum muab rau txhua yam khoom muaj nqis tas li ntawm cov chav kawm uas nws ntog. Nco ntsoov tias cov ntaub ntawv teev hloov pauv tas li mus rau discrete.
Lub tswv yim ntawm kev txheeb cais pawg
Lub koom haum ua tiav los ntawm kev txhais cov kab ke thiab tom qab ntawd suav cov ntaub ntawv uas poob rau hauv txhua tus ntawm lawv. Cov subranges tsis sib tshooj. Lawv yuav tsum npog tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv teev tseg.
Ib txoj hauv kev ua tau zoo tshaj plaws kom pom cov kab ke ua ke yog histogram. Nws yog ib txheej ntawm cov duab plaub qhov twg lub hauv paus ntawm daim duab spans qhov tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv ntau yam txuam nrog nws. Thiab qhov siab sib raug rau cov ntaub ntawv.
