Anthropology yog ib qho kev tshawb fawb zoo siab uas tso cai rau ib tus neeg los saib xyuas lawv tus kheej yav dhau los thiab nthuav qhia cov theem ntawm kev hloov pauv, nrog rau kawm txog keeb kwm ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm ntau haiv neeg thiab haiv neeg. Yog li ntawd, cov kws tshaj lij feem ntau yuav tsis paub zoo, tab sis tib lub sijhawm lawv tsim nyog rau kev saib xyuas. Wb mus saib lawv ib co.
YCarlos Castaneda
Tej zaum tus kws tshawb fawb Asmeskas nto moo tshaj plaws. Carlos Castaneda tsis yog ib tug kws tshawb fawb xwb, tab sis kuj yog ib tus kws sau ntawv txawj ntse uas tau hais txog cov lus qhia ntawm Indian tus kws yees duab. Nws tej hauj lwm tsis tuaj yeem raug ntaus nqi rau ib hom ntawv nyeem - qhov no yog ib qho kev sib txuas ntawm cov ntawv nyeem, kev xav, ethnography thiab mysticism. Qee qhov ntawm Castaneda cov lus txhais tam sim no tsis yog siv los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb tib neeg xwb - cov no yog, piv txwv li, cov ntsiab lus ntawm "qhov chaw ntawm lub hwj chim" lossis "chaw sib dhos". Carlos nws tus kheej tau txais kev tshoov siab los ntawm kev sau ntawv ntawm Aldous Huxley, nrog rau cov duab ntawm cov kws kho mob hauv zos hauv Lima, qhov chaw nws tsev neeg nyob rau qee lub sijhawm. Tsis tas li ntawd, muaj kev sib tham nquag nyob rau hauv nws lub voj voog ntawm cov tswv yim tias muaj peev xwm ua npau suav programming. Nyob rau hauv 1959, Castaneda kawm tiav los ntawm tsev kawm ntawv qib siab nrog ib tug degree nyob rau hauv psychology, thiab nyob rau hauv 1960 nws nkag mus rau hauv lub tsev kawm ntawv nrog ib tug tshwj xeeb nyob rau hauv anthropology, qhov chaw uas nws txawm mus tob rau hauv txoj kev kawm ntawm nthuav.nws haiv neeg. Taug kev mus rau Mexico thiab Arizona. Lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm Castaneda txoj haujlwm tshawb fawb yog kev siv cov nroj tsuag hallucinogenic rau shamanic rituals ntawm Indians.
Eugène Dubois
Cov kws tshawb fawb txog keeb kwm feem ntau tau los ua cov kws kho mob tshwj xeeb thiab. Yog li, Dutchman Eugene Dubois, uas tau los ua tus nrhiav pom ntawm Pithecanthropus, yog tus kws kho mob tub rog. Nws yog nws uas nrhiav tau lub pob txha taub hau, tawg ntawm lub ntsej muag skeleton thiab femurs ntawm ib hom uas tom qab ntawd yuav tau kawm raws li ib tug ntawm cov poj koob yawm txwv ntawm txiv neej. Kev tshawb nrhiav pithecanthropes tau ua tiav ntawm cov kob ntawm Java thiab hauv Trinil, rov ua dua qhov kev khawb av nrog cov txiaj ntsig zoo sib xws tau ua hauv Leiden, qhov chaw uas cov kws tshawb fawb qub qub kuj tau tswj xyuas cov pob txha. Interestingly, Dubois 'kev tshawb fawb tsis tau txais los ntawm anthropologists nyob ib ncig ntawm nws. Nws zoo nkaus li txawv txawv thiab kev txiav txim siab tsis sib haum xeeb. Paleoanthropology tsuas yog nyob rau hauv nws cov me nyuam mos, thiab lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm tus txiv neej tsis to taub zoo. Lwm qhov txawv txav yog tias Dubois tau pom lub pob txha taub hau rau tus kws tshaj lij Fab Kis, tab sis tom qab noj hmo nws tsis nco qab nws lub hnab nrog qhov pom hauv lub tsev noj mov. Hmoov zoo, nws tau rov qab los rau nws - txwv tsis pub cov khoom pov thawj tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yuav ploj mus.
Rudolf Virchow
Anthropology yog kev tshawb fawb ntawm keeb kwm ntawm tus txiv neej, raws li kev khawb thiab tshuaj xyuas ntawm qhov pom ntawm cov pob txha thiab pob txha. Txhua qhov kev xav yog, qhov tseeb, tsuas yog kev kwv yees, yog li cov txiaj ntsig tuaj yeem ua tsis tau. Yog li, Rudolf Virchow tau los ua nto moo rau qhov tsis lees paub qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm Pithecanthropes thiab Neanderthals, tsis lees paub cov txiaj ntsig tau los ntawm lwm tus.cov kws tshawb fawb. Qhov no cuam tshuam rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm science, txawm hais tias nyob rau hauv ib qho kev xav tsis zoo. Cov kws tshawb fawb paub zoo tias ib txwm mloog lawv cov lus pom ntawm lawv cov npoj yaig, thiab Virchow cov lus tsis tuaj yeem tsis pom. Nws xav tias cov pob txha Neanderthal yog qhov seem ntawm tus neeg tsis muaj zog thiab lub hlwb tsis zoo. Pom txuam nrog pithecanthropes, nws suav hais tias lub cev pob txha ntawm ib tug gibbon. Feem ntau, nws ntseeg tias cov neeg pob txha muaj peev xwm ua tau, tab sis nws tsis tuaj yeem txiav txim siab txhua yam ntawm cov pob txha pom vim muaj hnub nyoog thiab kev hloov pauv pathological. Virchow tshuav nws lub cim hauv archaeology. Nws hu ua lub qhov tsua nrog Paleolithic paintings pom los ntawm de Sautuola txhob txwm dag, uas ua rau qeeb txoj kev kawm ntawm cov qub monument ntawm daim duab nyob rau hauv Spain tau ntau xyoo.
YGustav Koenigswald
Nws zoo kawg nkaus kom kawm paub tias tej yam me me tuaj yeem txaus los ua qhov kev tshawb pom loj rau cov kws tshawb fawb. Nws tuaj yeem yog pob txha lossis cov hniav xwb. Nws yog qhov kawg uas tau los ua lub hauv paus ntawm kev tshawb fawb ntawm German kws tshawb fawb Gustav Koenigswald. Raws li cov hniav los ntawm Tuam Tshoj cov khw muag tshuaj thiab nrhiav pom ntawm archaeologists nyob rau hauv Java, nws piav txog Meganthropus thiab Pithecanthropus. Nrog nws txoj kev tshawb fawb, nws tau nkag siab qhov kev tshawb fawb ntawm Eugene Dubois. Siv cov hniav los ntawm cov khw apothecary ntawm Hong Kong, nws tau tswj kom tsim kom muaj ib hom tshiab ntawm Sinanthropus, tsis paub txog cov kws tshawb fawb ua ntej. Ntawm lwm yam, nws tau piav txog hominids los ntawm Ngadong, thiab ua haujlwm hauv Java thiab South Tuam Tshoj. Ntxiv rau tib neeg, kuj tau kawm txog pob txha orangutan.
Leakey Family
Qee lub sij hawm lub anthropology ntawm txiv neej captivates tsis yog ib tug kws tshawb fawb, tab sis tag nrho cov dynasty ntawm cov kws tshwj xeeb. Cov kwv tij Leakey, nrog rau tus poj niam ntawm ib tug ntawm lawv, cov menyuam yaus thiab cov xeeb ntxwv, yog tsev neeg ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb keeb kwm uas tau kawm Kenyan pob txha, cov seem ntawm apes thiab hominids ntawm East Africa. Louis thiab Mary ua haujlwm hauv Olduvai Gorge, thaum Richard kawm Lake Turkana. Nyob rau hauv tus account ntawm Leakey tsev neeg, ib qho kev piav qhia ntawm ntau hom ntawm tib neeg poj koob yawm txwv thiab fossil primates. Qhov kev tshawb pom tseem ceeb yog qhov kev tshawb pom ntawm Australopithecus nyob rau sab hnub tuaj Africa, nrog rau kev tshawb pom ntawm "cov neeg siv khoom." Lawv tau los ua ib qho kev sib txuas ntawm cov archanthropes thiab Paranthropus boisei, ntxiv rau cov evolutionary saw.
YMikhail Gerasimov
Anthropologist, sculptor thiab archaeologist los ntawm Russia tau ua haujlwm loj rau kev tsim kho kev tshawb fawb. Nws txoj kev kho kom rov zoo li tus neeg los ntawm nws qhov seem yog dav siv niaj hnub no. Twb yog thaum muaj hnub nyoog kaum peb, Mikhail ua haujlwm ntawm lub tsev khaws puav pheej anatomical, thiab thaum muaj 18 xyoo nws tau sau nws tsab xov xwm tshawb fawb txog Paleolithic excavations. Tau ntau xyoo ntawm nws cov haujlwm, Gerasimov tsim ntau tshaj li ob puas keeb kwm portraits-reconstructions. Ntawm chav kawm, anthropology yog kev tshawb fawb ntawm keeb kwm ntawm ib tug neeg tag nrho, tab sis cov tib neeg tshwj xeeb thiab lawv cov yam ntxwv kuj tseem nyob hauv thaj tsam ntawm nws txoj kev nyiam. Yog li ntawd, lub reconstruction ntawm lub tsos ntawm Ivan lub txaus ntshai, Yaroslav lub Wise los yog Friedrich Schiller yog li ntawd muaj nqis. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov txheej txheem tso cai rau koj los tsim cov duab ntawm cov neeg thaum ub - Australopithecus, Pithecanthropus, Neanderthals. Qhov pib ntawm kev ua haujlwm koom nrog kev sau cov ntaub ntawv tseeb. Gerasimov ua pov thawj kev sib txuas ncaj qha ntawm cov pob txha thiab cov ntaub so ntswg.cov ntaub so ntswg, nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm uas reconstructions tau tsim. Qhov zoo siab, cov npoj yaig ib zaug txiav txim siab sim Gerasimov thiab muab lub pob txha taub hau rau nws yam tsis tau qhia tias nws yog leej twg. Nws tswj kom raug tsim kom muaj lub ntsej muag ntawm Papuan, uas yuav luag zoo tib yam rau daim duab - lub pob txha taub hau raug coj thaum lub sij hawm ntoj ke mus kawm ntawm Miklouho-Maclay.
Sergey Gorbenko
Raws li tau hais los saum toj no, cov kws kho mob feem ntau yog kws kho mob, thiab tus kws tshaj lij Lavxias lub npe tsis muaj qhov tshwj xeeb. Gorbenko tau kawm hauv chav kuaj ntawm Miklukho-Maclay lub koom haum, qhov chaw uas lawv qhia Gerasimov cov txheej txheem tsim kho. Nws tiv thaiv nws Ph. D. thesis ntawm kev tsim kho ntawm Yaroslav Osmomysl. Cov kev ua tiav tseem ceeb yog kev tua ntau cov duab ntawm Fabkis cov tub rog ntawm Hnub Nyoog Nrab Hnub nyoog, King Louis lub Kaum Ib Hlis thiab lwm tus neeg nto moo ntawm keeb kwm ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd. Tam sim no koom nrog kev tshawb fawb anthropological ntawm pob txha taub hau los ntawm Cleri-Saint-André.
