Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv zoo rau cov tshuaj organic, ions thiab cations ua rau nws muaj peev xwm txiav txim siab muaj ntau yam sib txuas uas siv muaj, feem ntau, txoj hauv kev yooj yim. Lawv tuaj yeem nqa tawm siv cov ntsuas, hydroxides, oxides. Cov kev tshawb fawb uas kawm txog cov khoom thiab cov qauv ntawm ntau yam tshuaj hu ua "chemistry". Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv zoo yog ib feem ntawm qhov ua tau zoo ntawm qhov kev tshawb fawb no.
Kev faib tawm ntawm cov tshuaj inorganic
Txhua yam khoom raug muab faib ua cov organic thiab inorganic. Cov qub muaj xws li cov chav kawm ntawm cov tebchaw xws li ntsev, hydroxides (bases, acids thiab amphoteric) thiab oxides, raws li zoo raws li cov yooj yim compounds (CI2, I2, H2 thiab lwm yam uas muaj xws li ib lub caij).
Cov ntsev muaj cov cation ntawm cov hlau, nrog rau cov anion ntawm cov kua qaub seem. Cov kua qaub molecules muaj xws li H + cations thiab anions ntawm acid residues. Hydroxides yog tsim los ntawm hlau cations thiab anions nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm OH- hydroxyl pawg. Cov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm oxide molecules muaj xws li atoms ntawm ob yam tshuaj, ib tug ntawm cov uas yuav tsum tau oxygen. Lawv tuaj yeem yog acidic, yooj yim thiab amphoteric. Raws li lawv lub npe implies,lawv muaj peev xwm tsim ntau cov chav kawm ntawm cov tshuaj nyob rau hauv cov chav kawm ntawm tej yam tshuaj tiv thaiv. Yog li, acidic oxides teb nrog dej los tsim cov kua qaub, thaum cov oxides yooj yim tsim cov hauv paus. Amphoteric, nyob ntawm qhov xwm txheej, tuaj yeem nthuav tawm cov khoom ntawm ob hom oxides. Cov no suav nrog cov hlau, beryllium, txhuas, tin, chromium, thiab txhuas. Lawv cov hydroxides kuj yog amphoteric. Txhawm rau txiav txim siab qhov muaj ntau yam ntawm cov tshuaj inorganic hauv cov tshuaj, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv zoo rau ions yog siv.
Ntau hom organic teeb meem
pab pawg no suav nrog cov tshuaj lom neeg, cov molecules uas yuav tsum muaj xws li carbon thiab hydrogen. Lawv kuj tseem muaj cov atom ntawm oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur thiab ntau lwm yam.
Lawv muab faib ua cov chav kawm tseem ceeb hauv qab no: alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, organic acids (nucleic, fatty, saturated, amino acids thiab lwm yam), aldehydes, proteins, rog, carbohydrates. Ntau yam kev ua tau zoo ntawm cov khoom siv organic yog ua los ntawm ntau hom hydroxides. Reagents xws li poov tshuaj permanganate, acids, oxides kuj siv tau rau qhov no.
Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv zoo rau cov tshuaj organic
Lub xub ntiag ntawm alkanes yog txiav txim siab los ntawm txoj kev tshem tawm. Yog hais tias koj ntxiv poov tshuaj permanganate, nws yuav tsis discolor. Cov tshuaj no hlawv nrog lub teeb xiav nplaim. Alkenes tuaj yeem kuaj pom los ntawm kev ntxiv dej bromine lossis potassium permanganate. Ob leeg ntawm cov tshuaj no ua tsis muaj xim thaum cuam tshuam nrog lawv. Lub xub ntiag ntawm phenolkuj tuaj yeem txiav txim siab los ntawm kev ntxiv cov tshuaj bromine. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, nws yuav discolor thiab precipitate. Tsis tas li ntawd, lub xub ntiag ntawm cov tshuaj no tuaj yeem kuaj pom siv cov tshuaj ferric chloride, uas, thaum cuam tshuam nrog nws, yuav muab cov xim violet-xim av. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv zoo rau cov khoom siv hauv chav kawm ntawm cov cawv muaj nyob rau hauv qhov sib ntxiv ntawm sodium rau lawv. Hauv qhov no, hydrogen yuav raug tso tawm. Kev kub hnyiab ntawm cawv yog nrog lub teeb xiav nplaim.
Glycerin tuaj yeem kuaj pom siv cuprum hydroxide. Hauv qhov no, glycerates yog tsim, uas muab cov tshuaj cornflower xiav xim. Lub xub ntiag ntawm aldehydes tuaj yeem txiav txim siab siv argentum oxide. Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv no, cov ntshiab argentum raug tso tawm, uas ua rau nag.
Tseem kuj muaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv zoo rau aldehydes, uas yog ua los ntawm kev siv tooj liab hydroxide. Rau nws txoj kev siv, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog los ua kom sov cov tshuaj. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nws yuav tsum hloov xim ua ntej los ntawm xiav mus rau daj, ces mus rau liab. Proteins tuaj yeem kuaj tau siv nitrate acid. Yog li ntawd, ib tug daj precipitate yog tsim. Yog tias koj ntxiv cuprum hydroxide, nws yuav yog ntshav. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv zoo rau cov organic hauv chav kawm ntawm cov kua qaub yog ua los ntawm litmus lossis ferric chloride. Hauv ob qho tib si, cov tshuaj hloov nws cov xim rau xim liab. Yog tias sodium carbonate ntxiv, carbon dioxide yuav raug tso tawm.
Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv zoo rau cations
Lawv tuaj yeem siv los txiav txim siab muaj cov hlau ions hauv kev daws teeb meem. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv zoo rau cov kua qaub yog txhawm rau txheeb xyuas cov cationH +, uas yog ib feem ntawm lawv. Qhov no tuaj yeem ua tau ob txoj hauv kev: siv litmus lossis methyl txiv kab ntxwv. Thawj nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig acidic hloov nws cov xim mus rau liab, qhov thib ob rau liab.
Lithium, sodium thiab potassium cations tuaj yeem paub qhov txawv ntawm lawv cov nplaim taws. Thawj hlawv liab, qhov thib ob - daj, qhov thib peb - violet nplaim. Calcium ions raug kuaj pom los ntawm kev ntxiv cov tshuaj carbonate, ua rau muaj xim dawb.
Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv zoo rau anions
Qhov feem ntau ntawm cov no yog kev kuaj pom ntawm OH-, raws li qhov tshwm sim uas nws tuaj yeem tshawb pom seb cov hauv paus puas muaj nyob hauv cov tshuaj. Qhov no yuav tsum tau ntsuas. Cov no yog phenolphthalein, methyl txiv kab ntxwv, litmus. Thawj nyob rau hauv xws li ib puag ncig ua crimson, qhov thib ob - daj, peb - xiav.
