Hlau yog cov tshuaj muaj npe nrov. Nws belongs rau cov hlau nrog nruab nrab reactivity. Peb yuav xav txog cov khoom thiab kev siv hlau hauv kab lus no.
Nyob hauv qhov xwm txheej
Muaj ntau cov zaub mov uas suav nrog ferrum. Ua ntej tshaj plaws, nws yog magnetite. Nws yog xya caum-ob feem pua hlau. Nws cov tshuaj formula yog Fe3O4. Cov pob zeb no tseem hu ua magnetic hlau ore. Nws muaj lub teeb grey xim, qee zaum nrog grey tsaus, mus txog rau xim dub, nrog rau xim hlau. Nws qhov kev tso nyiaj loj tshaj plaws ntawm CIS lub teb chaws nyob hauv Urals.
Cov ntxhia ntxiv nrog cov ntsiab lus hlau siab yog hematite - nws yog xya caum feem pua ntawm cov khoom no. Nws cov tshuaj formula yog Fe2O3. Nws tseem hu ua liab hlau ore. Nws muaj xim los ntawm liab-xim av mus rau liab-grey. Qhov loj tshaj plaws deposit nyob rau hauv ib ncig ntawm lub CIS lub teb chaws nyob rau hauv Krivoy Rog.
thib peb cov ntxhia hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov ntsiab lus ferrum yog limonite. Ntawm no, hlau yog rau caum feem pua ntawm tag nrho cov huab hwm coj. Nws yog crystalline hydrate, uas yog, cov dej molecules yog woven rau hauv nws cov siv lead ua lattice,nws cov tshuaj formula yog Fe2O3•H2O. Raws li lub npe implies, cov ntxhia no muaj xim daj-xim av, qee zaus xim av. Nws yog ib qho ntawm cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm ntuj ocher thiab siv los ua cov xim. Nws tseem hu ua xim av ironstone. Qhov loj tshaj plaws tshwm sim yog Crimea, Ural.
Hauv siderite, lub npe hu ua spar hlau ore, plaub caug yim feem pua ntawm ferrum. Nws cov tshuaj formula yog FeCO3. Nws cov qauv yog heterogeneous thiab muaj cov muaju ntawm cov xim sib txawv txuas ua ke: grey, daj ntseg ntsuab, grey-daj, xim av-daj, thiab lwm yam.
Qhov kawg ib txwm tshwm sim ntxhia nrog cov ntsiab lus ferrum siab yog pyrite. Nws muaj cov tshuaj formula nram qab no: FeS2. Hlau nyob rau hauv nws yog plaub caug-rau feem pua ntawm tag nrho cov loj. Vim yog sulfur atoms, cov ntxhia no muaj xim daj daj.
Ntau cov zaub mov suav tias yog siv kom tau cov hlau ntshiab. Tsis tas li ntawd, hematite yog siv nyob rau hauv kev tsim cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub los ntawm ntuj pob zeb. Pyrite suav nrog tuaj yeem pom hauv lapis lazuli cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub. Tsis tas li ntawd, hlau muaj nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej ntawm cov kab mob nyob - nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm lub cell. Cov kab no yuav tsum tau muab nkag rau tib neeg lub cev hauv qhov ntau txaus. Cov khoom kho mob ntawm cov hlau feem ntau yog vim qhov tseeb tias cov tshuaj no yog lub hauv paus ntawm hemoglobin. Yog li ntawd, kev siv ferrum muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau lub xeev ntawm cov ntshav, thiab yog li ntawd, tag nrho cov kab mob hauv lub cev tag nrho.
Iron: lub cev thiab tshuaj lom neeg
Cia peb xav txog ob nqe lus loj no hauv kev txiav txim. Lub cev lub cev ntawm hlau yog nws cov tsos, qhov ntom ntom, melting point, thiab lwm yam. Qhov ntawd yog, tag nrho cov yam ntxwv ntawm ib yam khoom uas cuam tshuam nrog lub cev. Cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg ntawm cov hlau yog nws lub peev xwm los teb nrog lwm cov tebchaw. Wb pib nrog thawj.
Lub cev muaj zog ntawm hlau
Nyob rau hauv nws daim ntawv ntshiab raws li ib txwm muaj, nws yog ib qho khoom. Nws muaj ib tug silvery-grey xim thiab ib tug pronounced metallic sheen. Cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov hlau muaj xws li qib hardness ntawm Mohs nplai. Nws yog sib npaug rau plaub (nruab nrab). Hlau muaj hluav taws xob zoo thiab thermal conductivity. Qhov kawg feature tuaj yeem hnov los ntawm kev kov cov khoom hlau hauv chav txias. Vim tias cov khoom no ua kom sov sai, nws nqus tau feem ntau ntawm koj cov tawv nqaij hauv lub sijhawm luv luv, ua rau koj txias.
Kov, piv txwv li, tsob ntoo, nws tuaj yeem raug sau tseg tias nws cov thermal conductivity qis dua. Lub cev muaj zog ntawm hlau yog nws cov ntsiab lus melting thiab boiling. Qhov thib ib yog 1539 degrees Celsius, qhov thib ob yog 2860 degrees Celsius. Nws tuaj yeem xaus lus tias cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov hlau yog qhov zoo ductility thiab fusibility. Tab sis qhov ntawd tsis yog tag nrho.
Tsis tas li, lub cev lub cev ntawm cov hlau suav nrog nws cov ferromagnetism. Nws yog dab tsi? Hlau, uas nws cov khoom sib nqus peb tuaj yeem soj ntsuam hauv cov qauv siv tau txhua hnub, tsuas yog cov hlau uas muaj xws linws txawv feature. Qhov no yog vim lub fact tias cov khoom no muaj peev xwm yuav magnetized nyob rau hauv tus ntawm ib tug magnetic teb. Thiab tom qab qhov kev txiav txim ntawm qhov kawg, hlau, cov khoom sib nqus ntawm cov uas nyuam qhuav tsim, tseem yog hlau nplaum rau lub sijhawm ntev. Qhov tshwm sim no tuaj yeem piav qhia los ntawm qhov tseeb tias hauv cov qauv ntawm cov hlau no muaj ntau cov electrons dawb uas tuaj yeem txav mus los.
Los ntawm qhov pom ntawm chemistry
Lub caij no yog cov hlau ntawm cov haujlwm nruab nrab. Tab sis cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg ntawm cov hlau yog qhov zoo rau tag nrho lwm cov hlau (tshwj tsis yog cov uas nyob rau sab xis ntawm hydrogen hauv electrochemical series). Nws muaj peev xwm ua rau muaj ntau hom tshuaj.
Pib yooj yim
Ferrum cuam tshuam nrog oxygen, nitrogen, halogens (iodine, bromine, chlorine, fluorine), phosphorus, carbon. Thawj qhov yuav tsum tau xav txog yog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog oxygen. Thaum ferrum hlawv, nws cov oxides yog tsim. Nyob ntawm cov xwm txheej ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv thiab cov proportions ntawm ob tus neeg koom, lawv tuaj yeem sib txawv. Raws li ib qho piv txwv ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam, cov kev sib npaug hauv qab no tuaj yeem muab tau: 2Fe + O2=2FeO; 4Fe + 3O2=2Fe2O3; 3Fe + 2O2=Fe3O4. Thiab cov khoom ntawm hlau oxide (ob lub cev thiab tshuaj lom neeg) tuaj yeem sib txawv, nyob ntawm nws ntau yam. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv no tshwm sim ntawm qhov kub thiab txias.
Tom ntej - cuam tshuam nrog nitrogen. Nws kuj tuaj yeem tshwm sim xwbraug cua sov. Yog tias peb noj rau moles ntawm hlau thiab ib mole ntawm nitrogen, peb tau txais ob moles ntawm hlau nitride. Cov kev sib npaug sib npaug yuav zoo li no: 6Fe + N2=2Fe3N.
Thaum cuam tshuam nrog phosphorus, phosphide tsim. Txhawm rau ua tiav cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, cov khoom hauv qab no yog qhov tsim nyog: rau peb moles ntawm ferrum - ib mole ntawm phosphorus, vim li ntawd, ib qho mole ntawm phosphide yog tsim. Qhov sib npaug tuaj yeem sau tau raws li hauv qab no: 3Fe + P=Fe3P.
Ntxiv rau, ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog cov tshuaj yooj yim, ib tus tuaj yeem paub qhov txawv ntawm kev cuam tshuam nrog sulfur. Hauv qhov no, sulfide tuaj yeem tau txais. Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus uas cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tsim cov tshuaj no tshwm sim zoo ib yam li cov lus piav qhia saum toj no. Namely, ib qho tshuaj tiv thaiv ntxiv tshwm sim. Txhua yam kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov tshuaj no xav tau cov xwm txheej tshwj xeeb, feem ntau yog qhov kub thiab txias, tsawg dua catalysts.
Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm cov hlau thiab halogens kuj muaj nyob rau hauv kev lag luam tshuaj. Cov no yog chlorination, bromination, iodination, fluorination. Raws li paub meej los ntawm cov npe ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv lawv tus kheej, qhov no yog cov txheej txheem ntawm kev ntxiv chlorine / bromine / iodine / fluorine atoms rau ferrum atoms los tsim cov tshuaj chloride / bromide / iodide / fluoride raws li. Cov tshuaj no tau siv dav hauv ntau yam kev lag luam. Tsis tas li ntawd, ferrum tuaj yeem ua ke nrog silicon ntawm qhov kub thiab txias. Vim nws muaj ntau yam tshuaj lom neeg, hlau feem ntau siv hauv kev lag luam tshuaj.
Ferrum thiab complex tshuaj
Los ntawm cov khoom yooj yim, cia peb txav mus rau cov uas nws cov molecules muaj ob lossis ntau duantau yam tshuaj. Thawj qhov yuav tsum tau hais yog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm ferrum nrog dej. Ntawm no yog cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm hlau. Thaum dej sov ua ke nrog hlau, ib qho yooj yim oxide yog tsim (nws yog hu ua li ntawd vim hais tias thaum interacting nrog tib cov dej nws tsim ib hydroxide, nyob rau hauv lwm yam lus, lub hauv paus). Yog li, yog tias koj noj ib qho mole ntawm ob qho tib si, cov khoom xws li ferrum dioxide thiab hydrogen yog tsim nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov pa nrog ib tug pungent tsw - kuj nyob rau hauv molar proportions ntawm ib tug mus rau ib tug. Qhov sib npaug ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv no tuaj yeem sau tau raws li hauv qab no: Fe + H2O=FeO + H2. Nyob ntawm cov proportions nyob rau hauv uas ob lub Cheebtsam sib tov, hlau di- los yog trioxide yuav tau. Ob leeg ntawm cov tshuaj no muaj ntau heev nyob rau hauv kev lag luam tshuaj thiab kuj siv nyob rau hauv ntau lwm yam lag luam.
Nrog cov kua qaub thiab ntsev
Txij li thaum ferrum nyob rau sab laug ntawm hydrogen nyob rau hauv electrochemical series ntawm kev ua ntawm hlau, nws muaj peev xwm tshem tawm cov khoom no los ntawm cov tebchaw. Ib qho piv txwv ntawm qhov no yog qhov hloov pauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv uas tuaj yeem pom thaum hlau ntxiv rau cov kua qaub. Piv txwv li, yog tias koj sib tov hlau thiab sulfate acid (aka sulfuric acid) nruab nrab concentration nyob rau hauv tib molar proportions, qhov tshwm sim yuav ferrous sulfate (II) thiab hydrogen nyob rau hauv tib molar proportions. Qhov sib npaug ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv zoo li no: Fe + H2SO4=FeSO4 + H 2.
Thaum cuam tshuam nrog ntsev, txo cov khoom ntawm hlau tshwm. Ntawd yog, nrog kev pab ntawm nws, cov hlau tsis tshua muaj zog tuaj yeem raug cais tawm ntawm ntsev. Piv txwv li, yog tiasnoj ib mole ntawm tooj liab sulfate thiab tib tus nqi ntawm ferrum, ces koj yuav tau hlau sulfate (II) thiab ntshiab tooj liab nyob rau hauv tib molar proportions.
Vim lub cev
Ib qho tshuaj lom neeg ntau tshaj plaws hauv lub ntiaj teb pob zeb yog hlau. Peb twb tau txiav txim siab txog cov khoom ntawm cov teeb meem, tam sim no peb yuav mus txog nws los ntawm kev xav txog kev lom neeg. Ferrum ua haujlwm tseem ceeb heev hauv qib cellular thiab qib ntawm tag nrho cov kab mob. Ua ntej tshaj plaws, hlau yog lub hauv paus ntawm cov protein xws li hemoglobin. Nws yog qhov tsim nyog rau kev thauj cov pa oxygen los ntawm cov ntshav los ntawm lub ntsws mus rau tag nrho cov ntaub so ntswg, lub cev, mus rau txhua lub cell ntawm lub cev, feem ntau rau cov neurons ntawm lub hlwb. Yog li ntawd, cov txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm cov hlau tsis tuaj yeem raug overestimated.
Ntxiv rau qhov tseeb tias nws cuam tshuam rau kev tsim cov ntshav, ferrum kuj tseem ceeb rau kev ua haujlwm tag nrho ntawm cov thyroid caj pas (qhov no yuav tsum tsis yog iodine nkaus xwb, raws li qee tus ntseeg). Hlau kuj koom nrog hauv cov metabolism hauv intracellular, tswj kev tiv thaiv kab mob. Ferrum tseem muaj nyob rau hauv tshwj xeeb tshaj yog muaj ntau nyob rau hauv daim siab hlwb, raws li nws pab mus rau neutralize cov teeb meem. Nws kuj yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm ntau hom enzymes hauv peb lub cev. Kev noj zaub mov txhua hnub ntawm ib tus neeg yuav tsum muaj li ntawm kaum mus rau nees nkaum milligrams ntawm cov kab no.
Khoom noj muaj hlau
Muaj ntau yam. Lawv yog cov nroj tsuag thiab tsiaj keeb kwm. Thawj yog cereals, legumes, cereals (tshwj xeeb tshaj yog buckwheat), txiv apples, nceb (porcini), txiv hmab txiv ntoo qhuav, rosehips, pears, peaches,avocado, taub dag, almonds, hnub, txiv lws suav, broccoli, zaub qhwv, blueberries, blackberries, celery, thiab lwm yam. Qhov thib ob - daim siab, nqaij. Kev siv cov khoom noj uas muaj hlau yog qhov tseem ceeb tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum cev xeeb tub, vim tias lub cev ntawm tus menyuam hauv plab yuav tsum muaj ntau ntawm cov kab no rau kev loj hlob thiab kev loj hlob.
Cov cim qhia tias tsis muaj hlau
Cov tsos mob ntawm cov ferrum tsawg dhau mus rau hauv lub cev yog qaug zog, khov kho ntawm ob txhais tes thiab ko taw, kev nyuaj siab, cov plaub hau thiab rau tes, txo qis kev txawj ntse, kev zom zaub mov, kev ua haujlwm tsis zoo, thiab thyroid teeb meem. Yog tias koj pom ntau dua ib qho ntawm cov tsos mob no, tej zaum koj yuav xav kom cov khoom noj muaj hlau ntau ntxiv hauv koj cov zaub mov lossis yuav cov vitamins lossis tshuaj ntxiv uas muaj ferrum. Tsis tas li, nco ntsoov mus ntsib kws kho mob yog tias koj ntsib cov tsos mob no hnyav heev.
Kev siv ferrum hauv kev lag luam
Kev siv thiab cov khoom ntawm cov hlau muaj ze ze. Vim nws cov ferromagnetism, nws yog siv los ua cov hlau nplaum - ob qho tib si tsis muaj zog rau lub hom phiaj hauv tsev (khoom plig fridge hlau nplaum, thiab lwm yam), thiab muaj zog - rau kev lag luam. Vim lub fact tias cov hlau nyob rau hauv nqe lus nug muaj siab zog thiab hardness, nws tau siv txij li thaum ancient sij hawm rau zus tau tej cov riam phom, armor thiab lwm yam tub rog thiab tsev neeg cov cuab yeej. Los ntawm txoj kev, txawm nyob rau hauv ancient Egypt, meteorite hlau twb paub, lub zoguas yog superior rau cov zoo tib yam hlau. Tsis tas li ntawd, xws li ib tug tshwj xeeb hlau tau siv nyob rau hauv ancient Rome. Lawv tau tsim riam phom tseem ceeb los ntawm nws. Tsuas yog ib tug neeg nplua nuj thiab muaj koob meej heev thiaj muaj daim thaiv npog lossis ntaj ua los ntawm cov hlau meteorite.
Feem ntau, cov hlau uas peb tab tom txiav txim siab hauv kab lus no yog cov khoom siv tau zoo tshaj plaws ntawm txhua yam ntawm pawg no. Ua ntej tshaj plaws, hlau thiab cam khwb cia hlau yog tsim los ntawm nws, uas yog siv los tsim txhua yam khoom tsim nyog ob qho tib si hauv kev lag luam thiab hauv lub neej txhua hnub.
cam khwb cia hlau yog cov hlau alloy thiab carbon, uas qhov thib ob yog tam sim no los ntawm 1.7 mus rau 4.5 feem pua. Yog tias qhov thib ob tsawg dua 1.7 feem pua, ces cov hlau no yog hu ua hlau. Yog hais tias muaj li ntawm 0.02 feem pua carbon nyob rau hauv cov muaj pes tsawg leeg, ces qhov no yog ib tug zoo tib yam kev kawm hlau. Lub xub ntiag ntawm carbon nyob rau hauv lub alloy yog tsim nyog los muab nws ntau zog, tshav kub tsis kam, thiab xeb kuj.
Tsis tas li ntawd, cov hlau tuaj yeem muaj ntau lwm yam tshuaj raws li impurities. Qhov no yog manganese, thiab phosphorus, thiab silicon. Tsis tas li ntawd, chromium, npib tsib xee, molybdenum, tungsten thiab ntau lwm yam tshuaj tuaj yeem muab ntxiv rau cov hlau no kom muab qee yam zoo. Hom hlau uas muaj ntau ntawm silicon tam sim no (kwv yees li plaub feem pua) yog siv los ua cov hlau hloov pauv. Cov uas muaj manganese ntau (txog li kaum ob lossis kaum plaub feem pua) pom lawv daim ntawv thov hauv kev tsim cov khoomKev tsheb ciav hlau, zeb, crushers thiab lwm yam cuab yeej uas hnav cov khoom sai sai.
Molybdenum tau nkag mus rau hauv cov khoom sib xyaw ntawm cov hlau ua kom nws ruaj khov dua - cov hlau no yog siv los ua cov cuab yeej steel. Tsis tas li ntawd, kom tau txais kev paub zoo thiab feem ntau siv cov hlau tsis muaj hlau nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm riam thiab lwm yam cuab yeej hauv tsev, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tau ntxiv chromium, npib tsib xee thiab titanium rau cov hlau. Thiab txhawm rau kom tau txais kev poob siab-tiv taus, muaj zog, muaj zog hlau, nws txaus los ntxiv vanadium rau nws. Thaum nkag mus rau hauv cov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm niobium, nws muaj peev xwm ua tau siab tiv thaiv corrosion thiab cov teebmeem ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg.
Cov ntxhia pob zeb magnetite, uas tau hais thaum pib ntawm tsab xov xwm, xav tau rau kev tsim cov hard drives, nco phaib thiab lwm yam khoom siv ntawm hom no. Vim nws cov khoom sib nqus, hlau tuaj yeem pom nyob rau hauv kev tsim kho ntawm transformers, motors, cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, thiab lwm yam. Tsis tas li ntawd, ferrum tuaj yeem muab ntxiv rau lwm cov hlau alloys kom lawv muaj zog dua thiab kev ruaj ntseg. Cov sulfate ntawm cov khoom no yog siv rau hauv horticulture rau tshuaj tua kab (nrog rau tooj liab sulfate).
Iron chlorides yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev lim dej. Tsis tas li ntawd, magnetite hmoov yog siv rau hauv cov tshuab luam ntawv dub thiab dawb. Kev siv tseem ceeb ntawm pyrite yog kom tau txais sulfuric acid los ntawm nws. Cov txheej txheem no tshwm sim hauv chav kuaj hauv peb theem. Hauv thawj theem, ferrum pyrite raug hlawv los tsim cov hlau oxide thiab sulfur dioxide. Cov kauj ruam thib ob yog kev hloov pauv ntawm cov dioxidesulfur rau nws trioxide nrog kev koom tes ntawm oxygen. Thiab nyob rau theem kawg, cov txiaj ntsig tau dhau los ntawm dej vapor nyob rau hauv muaj cov catalysts, yog li tau txais sulfuric acid.
Ntxhais hlau
Cov hlau no tsuas yog mined los ntawm nws ob lub ntsiab minerals: magnetite thiab hematite. Qhov no yog ua los ntawm kev txo cov hlau los ntawm nws cov tebchaw nrog carbon nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm coke. Qhov no yog ua nyob rau hauv blast furnaces, qhov kub thiab txias nyob rau hauv uas mus txog ob txhiab degrees Celsius. Tsis tas li ntawd, muaj ib txoj hauv kev los txo cov ferrum nrog hydrogen. Qhov no tsis tas yuav muaj qhov cub tawg. Txhawm rau siv txoj kev no, cov av nplaum tshwj xeeb yog muab sib xyaw nrog cov ore crushed thiab kho nrog hydrogen nyob rau hauv lub qhov cub taws.
Zoo kawg
Cov khoom thiab kev siv hlau muaj ntau yam. Tej zaum qhov no yog cov hlau tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv peb lub neej. Tau dhau los ua neeg paub, nws tau coj qhov chaw ntawm tooj liab, uas nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd yog cov khoom siv tseem ceeb rau kev tsim txhua yam cuab yeej, nrog rau riam phom. Hlau thiab cam khwb cia hlau yog nyob rau hauv ntau txoj kev superior rau tooj liab-tin alloy nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm lawv lub cev zog, tsis kam mus rau mechanical stress.
Tsis tas li ntawd, hlau muaj ntau dua hauv peb lub ntiaj teb dua li ntau lwm yam hlau. Nws loj feem nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb crust yog yuav luag tsib feem pua. Nws yog qhov thib plaub uas muaj tshuaj lom neeg ntau tshaj plaws hauv qhov xwm txheej. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov tshuaj no tseem ceeb heev rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub cev ntawm cov tsiaj thiab cov nroj tsuag, feem ntau vim hemoglobin yog tsim los ntawm nws lub hauv paus. Hlau yog ib qho tseem ceeb micronutrientsuas yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau kev noj qab haus huv thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub cev. Ntxiv rau qhov saum toj no, nws tsuas yog cov hlau uas muaj cov khoom sib nqus tshwj xeeb. Nws tsis yooj yim sua xav txog peb lub neej tsis muaj ferrum.
