Cov lus hais yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev rau kev ua neej nyob thiab kev loj hlob ntawm tus kheej. Kev mloog ntau nyob rau hauv kev kawm ntawm haiv neeg (los yog txawv teb chaws) lus yog them rau cov lus hais - qhov tseeb hais ntawm phonemes. Muaj ntau ntau lo lus uas txawv ntawm tus kheej nkaus xwb. Yog li ntawd, kev saib xyuas tshwj xeeb yog them rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub cev ntawm kev hais lus thiab suab tsim.
Sound production
Suab tsim tshwm sim los ntawm tib neeg lub hlwb thiab kev hais lus. Lub suab apparatus muaj lub diaphragm, larynx, epiglottis, pharynx, suab qaum, qhov ntswg thiab qhov ncauj kab noj hniav, uvula, palate (muab thiab tawv), alveoli, hniav, tus nplaig, daim di ncauj.
Ntxhais lus nrog daim di ncauj qis yog koom nrog hauv kev tsim suab. Cov hniav, palate, daim di ncauj sab sauv nyob twj ywm.
Kev tsim cov suab (phonemes) suav nrog:
- respiration - ua pa,
- phonation - kev siv lub larynx thiab suab folds los tsim phonemes,
- articulation - kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev hais lus app rau suab tsim.
Noisy (lag ntseg) lub suab ntawm Lavxias teb sab
Muaj 33 tus tsiaj ntawv hauv Lavxias, thiab ntau lub suab - 42. Muaj 6 lub suab suab uas muaj lub suab meej, 36 lub suab yog cov lus.
Nyob rau hauv kev tsim ntawm 16 lub suab lus, tsuas yog lub suab nrov koom nrog, uas yog tsim los ntawm kev kov yeej qee yam kev cuam tshuam los ntawm cov pa exhaled, uas yog cuam tshuam nrog lub cev hais lus.
[k,], [p,], [c,], [t,], [f,], [x,], [h,], [u,], [k], [p], [s], [t], [f], [x], [q], [w] - lag ntseg consonants.
Yuav kom kawm paub txiav txim siab lub suab lus twg yog lag ntseg, koj yuav tsum paub lawv cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb: yuav ua li cas thiab qhov twg lawv tsim, lub suab folds koom nrog hauv lawv cov khoom, seb puas muaj palatalization thaum lub sij hawm hais.
Tsim cov suab nrov nrov
Nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm tsim lag ntseg consonant phonemes, kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm ntau yam hauv nruab nrog cev ntawm cov cuab yeej hais lus tshwm sim. Lawv tuaj yeem kaw nrog ib leeg lossis tsim qhov sib txawv.
Cov lus lag ntseg tau yug los thaum lub tshuab nqus pa tawm dhau cov teeb meem no. Nyob ntawm seb hom teeb meem, lag ntseg phonemes muab faib ua:
- occlusive plosives [k, , p, , t, , k, p, t];
- occlusive fricatives (affricates) [c, h,];
- slotted (fricative) [s, , , , x, , w, , s, f, x, w].
Nyob ntawm qhov chaw uas muaj kev cuam tshuam, ntawm cov lag ntseg xov tooj lawv paub qhov txawv:
- labial-labial [n, , n];
- labio-dental [f, , f];
- anterior lingual dental [s, , s, t, , t, c];
- anterior-lingual palatine-tooth [h, , w, , sh];
- posterior lingual posterior palatals [k, , x, , k, x].
Lub suab folds ib txwm so thaum lub suab tsis muaj suab npe. Tsis muaj lub suab tsim, phonemes yog suab nrov.
| Los ntawm txoj kev tsim khoom | Raws li qhov chaw tsim khoom | ||||||
| Labial | Kev sib tw | Raws-lus | |||||
|
Lubno- labials |
Labio-dental | Dental | Mib palatal | ||||
| Slotted | w, , w | x, | x | ||||
| Nres | Explosive | t, , t | k | ||||
| c | h, | ||||||
Palatalization thiab velarization
Noisy phonemes raug cais raws li qib ntawm kev nro nyob nruab nrab ntawm cov lus. Thaum, nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm lub suab tsim, lub anterior thiab nruab nrab cheeb tsam ntawm tus nplaig nce mus rau lub zog palate, ib tug palatalized consonant (mos) lag ntseg suab yog yug los. Velarized (nyuaj) phonemes yog tsim los ntawm kev tsa lub hauv paus ntawm tus nplaig mus rau sab nraum qab ntawm qhov muagpalate.
6 mos thiab 6 lub suab nrov nrov lag ntseg ua khub, tus so tsis muaj khub.
paired voiceless consonants - [k, -k], [p, -p], [s, -s], [t, - t], [f, - f], [x, -x]; [c, h, , sh, u, ] - voiceless unpaired consonants.
kev sib cav
Kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm txhua txoj haujlwm ntawm tus kheej lub cev ntawm cov khoom siv hais lus koom nrog hauv kev hais lus ntawm phonemes hu ua articulation.
Yuav kom hais tau lus nkag siab, ib tug yuav tsum hais kom meej suab, lus, kab lus. Txhawm rau ua qhov no, koj yuav tsum tau cob qhia koj lub cuab yeej hais lus, ua haujlwm tawm suab ntawm phonemes.
Tau nkag siab tias cov lus lag ntseg tsim li cas, yuav ua li cas thiaj li hais tau raug, tus menyuam lossis tus neeg laus yuav txawj hais lus sai dua.
Sounds [k - k, , x - x,
Txo qhov kawg ntawm tus nplaig, me ntsis txav deb ntawm qhov incisors ntawm lub puab tsaig qis. Qhib qhov ncauj. Tsa lub nraub qaum ntawm tus nplaig kom nws nkag mus rau hauv kev sib cuag nrog thaj tsam ciam teb ntawm cov tsaj muag muag thiab tawv palate. Los ntawm ib tug ntse exhalation, huab cua overcomes lub barrier - [k].
Nias lub ntsis ntawm koj tus nplaig tawm tsam koj cov hniav hauv qab. Nqa nruab nrab thiab sab nraum qab ntawm tus nplaig los ze zog mus rau nruab nrab-posterior cheeb tsam ntawm lub palate nyuaj. Exhale - [k,].
In the production of phonemes [x - x,] lub cev ntawm kev hais lus raug teeb tsa zoo sib xws. Tsuas yog nruab nrab ntawm lawv tseem tsis yog hneev, tab sis qhov sib txawv.
Sound [p - p,
Kaw koj daim di ncauj, tso koj tus nplaig dawb los dag, nws lub ntsis me ntsistxav deb ntawm qhov qis incisors. Exhalation. Lub dav hlau dav hlau tawg los ntawm daim di ncauj - [p].
daim di ncauj ib yam. Nias qhov kawg ntawm tus nplaig tawm tsam cov incisors ntawm lub puab tsaig qis. Tsa nruab nrab ntawm tus nplaig mus rau lub palate nyuaj. Lub zog thawb ntawm huab cua kov yeej lub labial barrier - [п,].
Sounds [s - s,
daim di ncauj stretch, cov hniav yuav luag. Kov qhov kawg ntawm tus nplaig mus rau pem hauv ntej cov hniav ntawm lub puab tsaig sab. Khoov tus nplaig, nqa nruab nrab rov qab mus rau lub palate. Nws cov npoo sab nraud yog nias tawm tsam sab sauv cov hniav. Cov cua ntws dhau los ntawm qhov zawj tsim nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm tus nplaig. Overcomes qhov sib txawv ntawm lub alveolar arch thiab anterior rov qab ntawm tus nplaig - [c].
Phoneme [с,] hais tau zoo ib yam. Tsuas yog nruab nrab ntawm tus nplaig nce siab, thiab pem hauv ntej arches ntau dua (qhov zawj ploj lawm).
Sounds [t - t,
Qhib koj daim di ncauj. So qhov kawg ntawm tus nplaig tawm tsam incisors ntawm lub puab tsaig sab sauv, tsim ib hneev. Lub dav hlau ntawm exhaled cua tawg los ntawm lub barrier nrog quab yuam - [t].
txoj hauj lwm ntawm daim di ncauj yog tib yam. Nias lub ntsis ntawm tus nplaig tawm tsam lub incisors qis. Kov lub alveolar sab sauv nrog rau pem hauv ntej ntawm tus nplaig, tsim ib tug hneev. Nyob rau hauv lub siab ntawm lub dav hlau huab cua, ib qho kev cuam tshuam tau kov yeej - [t,].
Sound [f - f,
Tshem tawm ntawm daim di ncauj me ntsis thiab nias lub incisors sab sauv tawm tsam nws. Tsa lub nraub qaum ntawm tus nplaig mus rau sab nraum qab ntawm lub palate. Ntawm exhalation, huab cua dhau los ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm daim di ncauj thiab cov hniav - [f].
daim di ncauj thiab cov hniav nyob rau hauv tib txoj hauj lwm. Txav qhov kawg ntawm tus nplaig mus rau hauv qab incisors. Tsa qhov nruab nrab ntawm tus nplaig mus rau lub palate. Cov huab cua ntws nkag los ntawm lub labio-dental fissure - [f,].
Sound [c]
Suab yog tsim nyob rau hauv ob kauj ruam:
- Txhob me ntsis daim di ncauj. Nias qhov kawg ntawm tus nplaig mus rau pem hauv ntej cov hniav. Nce tus nplaig rau pem hauv ntej, kaw nrog lub palate nyuaj (tsuas yog qab lub alveolar arch).
- Cua ntws nkag rau hauv qhov ncauj. Khoov tus nplaig me ntsis - tsa qhov nruab nrab, txo qis nraub qaum, nias cov npoo sab nraud rau cov hniav zom. Hneev tig mus rau hauv qhov sib txawv thiab huab cua tawm - [c].
Sound [h,
Kev tsim ntawm lub xov tooj muaj ob theem:
- Nyob puag ncig thiab protrude daim di ncauj. Nias qhov kawg thiab pem hauv ntej ntawm tus nplaig tawm tsam qhov tawv palate thiab alveolar arch, tsim ib qho thaiv.
- thawb tawm cua: ntawm qhov chaw sib txuas ntawm tus nplaig thiab lub palate, koj yuav tau txais qhov sib txawv. Tib lub sijhawm, yuav tsum tsa nruab nrab tus nplaig - [h,].
Sound [sh]
Tias tawm me ntsis daim di ncauj. Tsa qhov kawg ntawm tus nplaig los ua ib qho kev nqaim nrog lub palate thiab alveolar arch (1st kis). Txo qhov nruab nrab ntawm tus nplaig, tsa nws nraub qaum (qhov thib 2). Nias cov npoo rau cov hniav zom, ua ib lub tais. Exhale smoothly - [w].
Sound [w,
daim di ncauj me ntsis thawb thiab puag ncig. Tsa qhov kawg ntawm tus nplaig mus rau alveolar arch, tsis nias, kom muaj qhov sib txawv. Lusnqa mus rau lub palate nyuaj (tshwj tsis yog rau sab pem hauv ntej), nrog cov npoo nias tawm tsam cov molars ntawm lub puab tsaig sab sauv. Exhale maj mam. Qhov nruab nrab ntawm tus nplaig mus rau hauv qab, tsim ib qho zawj uas cov cua ntws mus. Tus nplaig nruj - [w,].
Nyob rau hauv cov kwj hais lus, cov suab tsis muaj suab sib txuas nrog lwm cov xov tooj (vowels thiab consonants). Yog hais tias lub suab nrov nrov yog ua raws li lub suab, daim di ncauj txav mus rau hauv txoj hauj lwm los qhia qhov kawg.
Kev sib piv ntawm lub suab nrov lag ntseg thiab lub suab hu tau
Voiced yog phonemes, tsim los ntawm ob lub suab thiab suab nrov koom nrog (lub tom kawg prevails). Qee lub suab tau muab suab los ntawm cov lag ntseg.
pair voiceless consonants and voiced: [k - r], [k, - r,], [p - b], [p, - b,], [t - d], [t, - d, ], [s - s], [s, - s, ], [f - c], [f, - c, ], [w - f].
Suab thiab lub suab tsis sib xws:
- [th, l, , m, , n, , p, , l, m, n, r] - voiced (sonorous);
- [x, , h, , w,, x, q] - neeg lag ntseg nrov.
Denoting nrov nrov phonemes nrog tsiaj ntawv
Kev muaj peev xwm sau tau raug yog qhov tseem ceeb xws li hais lus. Kev paub sau ntawv yog qhov nyuaj dua, vim qee lub suab ntawm daim ntawv tuaj yeem sau nrog cov ntawv sib txawv lossis cov ntawv sib txuas.
Voiceless consonants kis tau thaum sau ntawvCov ntawv zoo sib xws yog tias lawv nyob hauv txoj haujlwm muaj zog.
Raws li lag ntseg-lub suab: ua ntej ib lub suab, suab lus, [hauv - hauv,], lwm yam suab nrov (tseem siv rau cov lag ntseg lag ntseg!).
Los ntawm hardness-softness: ua ntej ib tug vowel, [b, m, g, k, n, x, b, , m, , g, , k, , ,, x, ] - rau suab [s, s, , t, t, ], tom kawg ntawm ib lo lus.
Hauv lwm qhov xwm txheej, txhawm rau txiav txim siab tsab ntawv raug (lossis ua ke ntawm cov ntawv) rau lub suab tsis muaj suab npe, qee cov cai ntawm Lavxias yuav tsum raug siv. Thiab qee zaum koj tsuas yog yuav tsum nco ntsoov cov lus sau raug raug (dictionary).
