Russian yog ib hom lus nyuaj tshaj plaws. Yuav kom paub nws zoo kawg nkaus, koj yuav tsum ua tib zoo kawm cov cai thiab lexical cai. Cov qauv sau ntawv nyuaj tshaj plaws yog lus Lavxias.
Thawj ntu ntawm cov lus qhia hauv tsev kawm yog lub npe. Ntau tus tau ntsib qhov nyuaj ntawm kev kawm lub npe, vim hais tias ib feem ntawm kev hais lus no muaj ntau qhov sib txawv ntawm cov cai. Lawv yog cov sau los ntawm cov lus uas tsis haum rau hauv cov cai. Txhua tus yuav tsum kawm txhua qhov kev zam los ntawm lub siab.
Qhov teeb meem nyob rau hauv cov lus tsis raug thiab declension ntawm cov lus. Yuav kom daws tau qhov teeb meem no, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum xa mus rau phau ntawv txhais lus, cov ntawv xov xwm encyclopedias thiab lwm qhov chaw ntawm cov ntaub ntawv hais txog lub npe. Tau paub cov lus zoo kawg nkaus, tib neeg tuaj yeem nce qib ntawm erudition. Cov ntaub ntawv muab yuav pab koj kawm tag nrho cov subtleties thiab tricks. Nws yuav muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau txhua tus: menyuam yaus, cov menyuam kawm ntawv, cov laus, cov xibfwb, cov menyuam kawm ntawv. Txoj hauv kev yooj yim tshaj plaws los ua kom pom qhov hloov pauv ntawm cov npe los ntawm cov lej yog nrog cov piv txwv uas tuaj yeem pab koj kawm cov khoom siv.
Terminology
Noun yog ib feem ntawm kev hais lus,denoting ib yam khoom. Teb cov lus nug nram no: leej twg? dab tsi? Tus nqi ntawm ib yam khoom yuav muaj ntau lub ntsiab lus. Piv txwv li, lub npe ntawm cov khoom: lub rooj zaum, lub rooj zaum armchair, lub npe ntawm cov khoom (vinegar, mis nyuj), lub npe ntawm cov tsiaj, tib neeg thiab lwm yam ntsiab lus. Muaj ntau tshaj li ib lab lub ntsiab lus rau tej yam, yog li nws tsis tuaj yeem sau tag nrho cov piv txwv.
Kev siv cov npe tuaj yeem yog cov lus lossis ntau ntau. Piv txwv li, cov lus yog ib chav tsev, ces cov plural yog chav tsev. Koj tuaj yeem hloov cov npe raws li qhov xwm txheej.
Ntawm tus lej
Tus lej lej yog lub cim rau kev xaiv ib lossis ntau yam khoom. Tus lej suav tsuas txhais tau ib yam khoom: ib tug neeg, lub txee dai khaub ncaws, rooj zaum. Lub plural txhais tau tias ntau yam. Piv txwv li, txee, rooj, neeg.
piv txwv ntawm cov lus
Hloov lub npe los ntawm tus lej yog lub ntsiab lus yooj yim tshaj plaws los kawm. Cov lus yooj yooj yim yuav raug siv los ua piv txwv kom ua tiav qib siab ntawm kev nkag siab. Piv txwv li, ib tug magpie yog ib tug noog (ib tug), lub rooj zaum yog ib yam khoom (ib tug), luav yog ib tug tsiaj (ib tug). Nws tsim nyog nco ntsoov tias lub npe tuaj yeem muaj ntau lub ntsiab lus ntawm ib lo lus, yog li qee cov lus hauv cov lus qhia tuaj yeem qhia ntau qhov ntau. Piv txwv: nuv ntses - qhia txog ntau yam kev ua ub no, tab sis qhov kev kawm yog ib qho. Cov xib fwb piav qhia lub ntsiab lus hauv tsev kawm theem qis: hloov cov npe los ntawm tus lej (Qib 2). Nws yog nyob rau qib ob uas koj yuav tsum paub txog ntu no.npe.
Cov ntsiab lus yuav pab tau cov lus pom zoo me me:
- Koj yuav tsum nug cov lus nug uas yog los txhais lub npe. Cov lus nug: leej twg? dab tsi?
- Koj tuaj yeem txhais ib tus lej nrog kev pab ntawm qhov xaus: -a; -thiab; -i.
Singular exceptions
Russian yog hom lus nyuaj grammatically. Nws muaj ntau qhov kev zam. Kev kawm yuav hloov lub npe los ntawm cov lej hauv qib 4 yuav ua li cas rov ua qhov program. Txhua lo lus hais txog kev zam yuav tsum tau kawm los ntawm lub siab. Cov no suav nrog:
- Tshuaj, cov khoom siv: hlau, hlau, qab zib, dej, roj av. Daim ntawv ntau tshaj yog ua tau thaum denoting tej yam khoom. Piv txwv li, cov roj yam tseem ceeb, dej ntsev me ntsis.
- Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom nkag siab tias ntau qhov kev zam yog nyob ntawm lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov ntsiab lus. Lub hlwb yog lub hauv paus tseem ceeb ntawm tib neeg lub cev, tsis tuaj yeem siv rau hauv ntau qhov ntau. Lub paj hlwb yog cov khoom noj los ntawm cov tsiaj nruab nrog cev (tsis muaj tus lej).
- Cov khoom uas yog pawg: cov tub ntxhais kawm, tib neeg, nplooj.
- Nouns sawv cev abstraction. Piv txwv li: npau taws, siab zoo, tub nkeeg, txias, sov. Cov plural siv tau thaum tham txog cov yam ntxwv ntawm abstraction: ncav cuag qhov siab, pob zeb tob.
- Nyob zoo. Piv txwv li, cov kwv tij Karamazov, tsev neeg Rurik.
Plural Piv txwv
Plural nouns xa mus rau ntau tshaj ib yam. Nws tuaj yeem yog pawg lossis pawg. Piv txwv li: rooj, sofas, nroj tsuag, rings. Ib lo lus uas hais txog ob lossis ntau yam yog plural.
ntau ntau hom
Plurals yog tsim nyob rau hauv ntau txoj kev:
- Nrog kev pab ntawm qhov xaus - rooj, moles.
- Kev hloov pauv - menyuam yaus, tib neeg, txiv neej.
Kev nyuaj siab
Qee cov lus zoo li nyuaj rau kev hais lus hauv ntau qhov ntau, yog li nws ua rau kev txiav txim siab los tham txog qhov raug tso ntawm kev ntxhov siab. Piv txwv li:
- Table - rooj (yuav tsum rau Y).
- Lub nra - nra (I).
- Jester - jesters (S).
- Language - lus (I).
- Order - xaj (A).
Tseem muaj cov lus uas tsis tas yuav hloov kev ntxhov siab. Nws poob ib tsab ntawv xwb. Ib qho kev xaiv zoo sib xws tuaj yeem ua tau nrog xoom xaus lossis thaum muab lub npe rau hauv rooj plaub genitive. Piv txwv li:
- Dab - poob.
- Soil - xau.
- Minus - minuses.
Txhawm rau muab cov ntaub ntawv npog, nws tau thov kom ua tiav ib txoj haujlwm me me. Tus neeg uas ua ntawv yuav tsum npaj cov npe hauv ob kab nrog cov lus thiab ntau ntau.
| Singular | Plural |
Tseem cov lus yuav tsum tau muab tso rau hauv lub rooj:
Tub, tsiaj, khoom, khoom ua si, pob, ntaub thaiv npog, rooj zaum, hlau nplaum, khob, kab.
Yog tias muaj teeb meem, hauv qab no yog cov lus teb. Nws zoo li no:
| Singular | Plural |
| Boy | Nyiaj |
| Toy | Balloons |
| Shield | pob |
| Magnet | Chairs |
| Raws | khob |
Thiab tam sim no nws tau thov kom ua haujlwm nyuaj - rau txhua lo lus koj yuav tsum khaws tus lej uas ploj lawm. Tsis pub dhau 10 feeb, koj yuav tsum ua kom tiav cov haujlwm thiab xyuas cov npe hauv qab no.
Teb:
- Tub - tub.
- Khoj - toys.
- Shield - ntaub thaiv npog.
- Magnet - hlau nplaum.
- Raws - rows.
- Nyob - tsiaj.
- pob - pob.
- pob - pob.
- Chair - rooj zaum.
- khob - khob.
Txhim kho xoom txiav
Null xaus - xaus tsis muaj suab lossis ntawv. Kev txiav tawm tsis muaj peev xwm ua tau nyob rau ntau qhov xwm txheej:
- Yog hais tias ib lub npe muaj qhov xaus rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv nominative hauv cov lus, ces qhov kawg tshwm nyob rau hauv ntau ntau. Tsev - tsev, steppe - steppe.
- Yog tias thawj daim ntawv ntawm lo lus muaj qhov tsis yog xoom xaus, ces qhov genitive hauvplural muaj ib tug xoom xaus. Qhov chaw - tsis muaj chaw. Pear - tsis muaj pears.
- Yog hais tias tus nouns yog txiv neej, raws li ib tug ruaj khov consonant, ces ob tug zauv yuav muaj ib tug xoom xaus. Ib tug gypsy - ntau gypsies. Ib tug tub rog - ob peb tug tub rog.
Kev zam rau txoj cai
Tus plural muaj ntau qhov kev zam. Raws li txoj cai, lub ntsiab lus feem ntau muab tso rau hauv cov ntawv nyeem thiab hu ua zoo li no: hloov lub npe ntawm cov npe los ntawm cov lej (Qib 3). Kev xyaum qhia tau hais tias cov me nyuam kawm tau zoo, vim tsis muaj ntau qhov kev zam. Cov npe no tsuas yog siv tau hauv ntau qhov ntau. Lawv suav nrog pawg xws li:
- Cov ntaub ntawv tsis yooj yim, cov khoom sib xyaw ua ke: txiab, dab tshos, ris tsho.
- Npe ntawm kev ua si: nkaum thiab nrhiav.
- Cov khoom qhia txog lub sijhawm: twilight, day.
- Khoom-sib sau ua ke: naj hoom, number case, spaghetti.
- Cov npe zoo (npe ntawm thaj chaw thaj chaw) - Carpathians, Alps.
Memo
Nyob rau hauv xaus, hauv qab no yog thawj daim memo, uas leej twg tuaj yeem kawm tau qhov kev zam ntawm cov kev hloov pauv ntawm lub npe ntawm tus lej. Lub rooj "Hloov cov npe los ntawm tus lej" nrog cov piv txwv zoo li no:
| Muaj ob yam lus thiab ntau ntau | Lawv tsuas muaj daim ntawv ntawm cov units | Lawv tsuas muaj ntau daim ntawv. tus lej |
|
80% ntawm tag nrho cov npe. Kitten - kittens. Thaiv - blocks. Tsev nyob hauv tsev. Pob zeb - pob zeb. Jacket - Jackets |
Lub Tebchaws Lub Npe: Russia, Macedonia. Cov xwm txheej: khiav, hlawv. Collective nature: me nyuam kawm ntawv, humanity. Khoom: tooj liab, nyiaj |
pairs: ris tsho hnav, tsom iav. Khoom siv: naj hoom. Pawg thaj chaw: Carpathians, Alps. Games: nkaum thiab nrhiav. Lub sijhawm: tsaus ntuj, hnub. |
Zoo kawg
Nyob rau hauv xaus, nws yuav tsum tau hais tias lub npe muaj peev xwm hloov tau lawv daim ntawv vim qhov kev hloov ntawm cov zauv. Kuj tseem muaj cov lus uas siv tib tus lej xwb. Piv txwv li, kas fes tsuas yog ib qho lus xwb. Cov khoom noj kaus poom - plural nkaus xwb.
Tom qab nyeem cov ntaub ntawv saum toj no thiab ua cov lus qhia, txhua tus tub ntxhais kawm yuav tuaj yeem rov ua cov cai yooj yim ntsig txog cov lej ntawm cov npe.
