Idioms, winged expressions, proverbs thiab sayings tsim ib txheej loj loj nyob rau hauv txhua yam lus, ua tsaug uas hais lus yuav nplua nuj thiab ci dua. Txwv tsis pub lawv hu ua phraseological units. Nws yog dab tsi thiab lawv yog dab tsi, peb yuav xav txog hauv kab lus no.
Definition
Phraseology yog kev kawm ntawm cov lus nug. Ib chav tsev phraseological yog ib qho kev qhia idiomatic ruaj khov hauv ib hom lus, lub ntsiab lus uas yog qhov tseeb rau txhua tus neeg hais lus. Synonyms ntawm lub tswvyim no yog cov lus phraseme, phraseologism.
Functions
chav tsev phraseological tuaj yeem ua haujlwm ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm kev hais lus. Piv txwv li, nws tuaj yeem yog:
- noun (Kazan menyuam ntsuag, aub hauv lub manger);
- verb (yuav lub thoob, hlawv lub neej, haus tus nab ntsuab);
- adjective (dunk as hell);
- adverb (head-on, nkees nkees).
Zoo li txhua yam lus tshwm sim, kab lus muaj lawv tus yam ntxwv.
- Reproducibility. Qhov no qhia tau hais tias chav tsev phraseological paub txog cov neeg hais lus feem ntau, thiab nws tsis tau tsim dua tshiab txhua zaus. Piv txwv li, "yuav lub thoob"txhais tau tias "mus ncig".
- Semantic integrity, uas yog to taub raws li ib tug tag nrho los yog ib nrab reinterpretation ntawm cov lus uas ua rau cov kab lus. Piv txwv li, lo lus "nws noj dev" txhais tau tias "muaj kev paub", thiab tsis yog qhov tseeb tias ib tug neeg noj dev.
- Kev sib cais txhais tau hais tias muaj ob lossis ntau lo lus hauv kab lus uas muaj lub ntsiab lus txawv sab nraud.
- Kev ruaj ntseg yog ib qho cim qhia tias muaj peev xwm lossis tsis tuaj yeem hloov pauv cov ntsiab lus los ntawm kev txo qis, nthuav tawm lossis hloov nws cov ntsiab lus. Ib chav tsev hais lus tsis ruaj khov tuaj yeem hloov pauv nrog:
- lexicon thaum ib lo lus hloov los ntawm lwm tus;
- qauv sau ntawv, thaum cov lus qhia raug hloov pauv hloov pauv yam tsis hloov lub ntsiab lus;
- quantitativeness, thaum lub phraseologism hloov vim qhov nthuav lossis txo cov khoom;
- txoj haujlwm thaum cov khoom sib pauv.
Kev tshuaj xyuas ntawm kev faib tawm
Ntau tus neeg hais lus tau sim cais cov kab lus, thiab cov txheej txheem sib txawv. Qee tus cia siab rau cov qauv sau ntawv thiab cov qauv, lwm tus ntawm cov qauv, thiab tseem muaj lwm tus ntawm lub ntsiab lus thiab cov ntsiab lus. Txhua qhov kev faib tawm muaj txoj cai muaj nyob, thiab hauv qab no peb yuav txiav txim siab qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws.
- Thawj qhov kev faib tawm ntawm cov lus hais lus tau thov los ntawm L. P. Smith, uas tom kawg tau muab ua pawg raws li lawv lub ntsiab lus. Piv txwv li, "kev ua haujlwm ntawm tib neeg", "natural phenomena". Lub ntsiab drawback ntawm no typology yog qhov tsis quav ntsej txog cov ntsiab lus lus.
- BTsis zoo li nws cov thawj coj, cov ntsiab lus lus tau muab tso rau hauv kev faib tawm los ntawm V. V. Vinogradov. Hom kab lus uas tau hais los ntawm nws tau muab faib raws li kev sib sau semantic - kev sib koom ua ke, kev sib koom ua ke thiab fusion.
- N. M. Shansky tau thov, ntxiv rau cov chav nyob hauv kab lus, kom tso tawm ib qho kev faib cais rau cov kab lus (hais lus, cov lus pov thawj thiab cov lus ntes).
- Qhov kev faib tawm los ntawm A. I. Smirnitsky tau ua raws li cov qauv thiab cov qauv sau ntawv.
- N. N. Amosova qhov kev faib tawm yog raws li lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov lus qhia thiab kev tshuaj xyuas ntawm lawv cov ntsiab lus.
- S. G. Gavrin tau mus txog qhov kev faib tawm los ntawm qhov pom ntawm lawv qhov kev ua haujlwm thiab kev ua haujlwm nyuaj.
- A. V. Kunin ntxiv qhov kev faib tawm ntawm V. V. Vinogradov.
Kev faib tawm los ntawm V. V. Vinogradov
Nyob rau hauv kev sib sau, lo lus (phraseological unit) coincides nrog nws cov Cheebtsam, uas yog, los ntawm qhov tau hais, nws yog tseeb hais tias dab tsi yog nyob rau hauv ceg txheem ntseeg. Piv txwv li, rub lub pluaj txhais tau tias ua ib yam dab tsi ntev.
Splices - tus nqi tsis sib xws nws cov khoom siv. Piv txwv li, "yuav tuav lub thoob" - mus mess ib ncig. Hauv qee cov fusions muaj cov lus uas tau poob lawv lub ntsiab lus qub thiab tsis siv nyob rau hauv niaj hnub Lavxias. Piv txwv li, baklushi yog chocks uas tau siv rau hauv kev tsim cov diav ntoo.
Hauv kev sib txuas, lub ntsiab lus ntawm chav tsev phraseological muaj cov khoom, ib qho uas muaj kev sib txuas ua haujlwm, uas ib qho ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm chav tsev phraseological tau ua ke nrog qee qhov.cov lus, tab sis tsis ua ke nrog lwm tus. Piv txwv li, koj tuaj yeem hais tias "kev ntshai yuav siv", "sadness take" nyob rau hauv lub siab ntawm "ntshai" los yog "sad", tab sis koj tsis tuaj yeem hais tias "kev xyiv fab" nyob rau hauv lub ntsiab lus ntawm "kev lom zem".
Kev faib tawm los ntawm A. I. Smirnitsky
Qhov kev faib tawm no tau faib cov kab lus sib txuas rau hauv idioms, phrasal verbs thiab tiag phraseological units. Thawj thiab thib ob tau muab faib ua 2 pawg, uas, dhau los, tau muab faib ua pawg:
a) unimodal:
- verb-adverbial (los ntawm nuv lossis los ntawm crook);
- sib npaug rau cov lus qhia uas nws cov ntsiab lus yog nyob rau hauv qhov thib ob (yooj yim ua);
- prepositionally substantive, sib npaug rau adverbs lossis predicatives (cov kwv tij hauv siab);
b) ob- thiab ntau qhov sib tw:
- attributive-substantive, qhov sib npaug ntawm cov npe (tus nees tsaus, grey cardinal);
- verb-substantive, qhov sib npaug ntawm qhov uas yog ib qho lus qhia (noj lo lus);
- repetitions yog sib npaug rau adverbs.
- adverbial multi-vertex.
Kev faib tawm los ntawm N. N. Amosova
Nyob rau hauv typology ntawm N. N. Amosova, phraseological units tau muab faib ua idioms thiab phrasemes, txoj kev mus rau kev faib uas yog raws li nyob rau hauv cov ntsiab lus tsom xam. Kev tshuaj xyuas yog to taub raws li kev sib txuas ntawm ib lo lus semantically realizable nrog ib qho kev qhia tsawg kawg nkaus. Cov ntsiab lus zoo li no yuav raug kho lossis hloov pauv. Nrog cov ntsiab lus tas liqhov kev qhia yam tsawg kawg nkaus yog qhov tsis tu ncua thiab tsuas yog ib qho ua tau rau lub ntsiab lus ntawm lo lus semantically realizable. Piv txwv li, "dawb dag", "tawm hauv lus Askiv".
Nyob rau hauv cov ntsiab lus sib txawv, cov lus nyob rau hauv qhov ntsuas qhov tsawg kawg nkaus yuav hloov, tab sis lub ntsiab lus yuav zoo li qub. Piv txwv li, nrog lo lus "tsaus" koj tuaj yeem siv lo lus "nees" thiab "tus txiv neej" - "tus nees tsaus", "tus txiv neej tsaus" hauv lub ntsiab lus ntawm "kev zais, zais cia".
Phraseologisms nrog cov ntsiab lus tas li muab faib ua cov lus thiab cov lus.
Kev faib tawm los ntawm S. G. Gavrin
S. G. Gavrin tau cais cov chav nyob ntawm cov kab lus los ntawm ib sab ntawm kev ua haujlwm-semantic complexity. Yog li, nws qhov kev faib tawm ntawm cov chav nyob phraseological suav nrog kev ruaj khov thiab sib txawv-ruaj khov ua ke ntawm cov lus. Cov kev tshawb fawb ntawm S. G. Gavrin nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm phraseology yog raws li nyob rau hauv cov hauj lwm ntawm V. V. Vinogradov thiab N. M. Shansky thiab txuas ntxiv kev loj hlob ntawm 4 hom phraseological units.
Classification los ntawm A. V. Kunin
Kev faib tawm ntawm cov chav tsev hais lus sau los ntawm A. V. Kunin ntxiv cov kev faib tawm ntawm V. V. Vinogradov. Nws suav nrog phraseological units:
- Ib leeg-vertex ntawm ib qho tseem ceeb thiab ob lossis ntau qhov tsis tseem ceeb lexemes.
- Nrog cov qauv ntawm kev sib koom tes lossis kab lus subordinating.
- Nrog cov qauv ua piv txwv ib nrab.
- Nrog cov lus qhia tsis kawg lossis tsis txaus ntseeg.
- Nrog cov qauv ntawm kab lus yooj yim lossis nyuaj.
Los ntawm qhov pomsemantics A. V. Kunin faib cov lus hais saum toj no ua plaub pawg:
- nrog ib feem, uas yog, denoting ib yam khoom, ib tug tshwm sim - lawv yog hu ua nominative; pab pawg no suav nrog 1, 2, 3 thiab 5 hom kab lus, tshwj tsis yog cov uas nyuaj;
- tsis muaj lub ntsiab lus ntawm lub ntsiab lus, qhia kev xav - cov lus no yog hu ua interjectional thiab modal;
- nrog cov qauv kab lus, uas yog hu ua kev sib txuas lus - pab pawg no suav nrog cov lus hais, cov lus pov thawj thiab cov kab lus ntes;
- 4 pawg yog hais txog kev sib txuas lus.
Cov ntsiab lus hauv Lavxias
phraseological units ntawm Lavxias teb sab lus tuaj yeem yog:
- keeb kwm Russian;
- khaw.
Lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm haiv neeg Lavxias tau txuas nrog lub neej txhua hnub, kev hais lus thiab kev ua haujlwm.
Piv txwv ntawm cov chav nyob hauv kab lus:
- tsev neeg - lub hom phiaj zoo li tus falcon, dai koj lub qhov ntswg, coj mus rau qhov nrawm;
- dialect - qhov chaw siab tshaj, pa taws rocker;
- professional - carve walnut (suab ntoo), rub lub gimp (weaving), play the first violin (sician).
Liv cov lus hais lus tuaj rau Lavxias los ntawm Lub Tsev Teev Ntuj Qub Slavonic, ancient mythology thiab lwm yam lus.
Piv txwv qiv los ntawm:
- Old Slavic - txwv tsis pub txiv hmab txiv ntoo, daim tawv muag liab, dej tsaus hauv huab;
- ancient mythology - ntaj ntawm Damocles, Tantalum hmoov, Pandora lub thawv, cov kua ntawm kev tsis sib haum xeeb, tog rau hauv oblivion;
- lwm yam lus - xiav stocking (English), loj (German), tawm ntawm qhov chaw(Fabkis).
Lawv lub ntsiab lus tsis yog ib txwm sib luag nrog lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov lus uas lawv muaj thiab qee zaum xav tau kev paub ntau dua li kev nkag siab lub ntsiab lus ntawm lexemes.
phraseological expressions
phraseological kab lus thiab phraseological units ntawm cov lus yog sib sau ua ke los ntawm qhov tseeb hais tias lawv yog cov kab lus ruaj khov, thiab tus neeg hais lus tau yooj yim dua lawv. Tab sis nyob rau hauv thawj qhov chaw, lub Cheebtsam ntawm kev hais lus yuav siv tau ntawm nws tus kheej thiab raws li ib feem ntawm lwm cov kab lus. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv cov kab lus "kev hlub yog submissive rau txhua lub hnub nyoog", "tseem ceeb thiab ntev", "khoom muag thiab khw muag khoom", txhua lo lus siv tau nyias.
Nws tsim nyog sau cia tias tsis yog txhua tus neeg kawm lus Askiv kawm cov lus hais lus nrog cov khoom suav tias nws tuaj yeem suav nrog hauv phau ntawv txhais lus.
Catchwords yog cov lus qiv los ntawm cov ntawv nyeem, xinesmas, ua yeeb yam thiab lwm yam kev hais lus. Lawv feem ntau siv hauv kev hais lus niaj hnub, ob qho tib si hais lus thiab sau ntawv. Piv txwv li, "Zoo siab teev tsis pom", "tag nrho cov hnub nyoog yog submissive rau kev hlub".
Paj Lug thiab cov lus yog cov lus qhia uas muaj cov ntsiab lus qhia thiab tuaj yeem siv tau rau ntau qhov xwm txheej. Tsis zoo li cov kab lus nrov, lawv tsis muaj tus sau, txij li lawv tau tsim los ntawm cov neeg tau ntau pua xyoo thiab dhau los ntawm qhov ncauj mus rau qhov ncauj, thiab tau nqis los rau peb lub sijhawm hauv lawv thawj daim ntawv. Piv txwv li, "Cov qaib raug suav rau lub caij nplooj zeeg" txhais tau hais tias cov txiaj ntsig ntawm rooj plaub tuaj yeem txiav txim siab tom qab ua tiav.
BTsis zoo li ib zaj lus piv txwv, ib lo lus yog ib qho piv txwv, kev xav xim xim. Piv txwv li, cov lus hais tias "Thaum mob qog noj ntshav rau lub roob" txhais tau hais tias qee qhov kev ua tsis zoo yuav ua tiav.
Paj Lug thiab cov lus hais yog ib qho kev xav txog qhov muaj nuj nqis thiab kev loj hlob ntawm sab ntsuj plig ntawm tib neeg. Los ntawm lawv nws yog ib qho yooj yim kom pom dab tsi tib neeg nyiam thiab pom zoo ntawm, thiab dab tsi tsis yog. Piv txwv li, "Yog tsis muaj kev ua haujlwm koj tsis tuaj yeem rub tus ntses tawm ntawm lub pas dej", "Kev ua haujlwm pub rau ib tus neeg, tab sis kev ua tub nkeeg ua rau", lawv hais txog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev ua haujlwm.
Txoj Kev Txhim Kho
Ntawm txhua pawg lus, cov lus yog qhov hloov pauv ntau tshaj plaws, vim nws yog qhov cuam tshuam ncaj qha ntawm kev hloov pauv hauv zej zog.
Hnub no, cov lexical cov lus ntawm Lavxias teb sab tab tom muaj kev cuam tshuam neological. Vim li cas?
Thawj qhov laj thawj yog kev hloov pauv hauv kev sib raug zoo, kev lag luam, kev nom kev tswv thiab sab ntsuj plig hauv Russia hauv 90s. Qhov thib ob yog kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev tshaj xov xwm thiab Is Taws Nem, uas ua rau muaj kev ywj pheej ntawm kev hais lus thiab kev qiv nyiaj txawv teb chaws ntau. Qhov thib peb yog kev txhim kho sai ntawm cov cuab yeej technology, uas ua rau muaj kev tshwm sim ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tshiab thiab cov lus. Cov xwm txheej zoo li no tsis tuaj yeem cuam tshuam lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov lus - lawv poob lawv lub ntsiab lus qub, lossis tau txais lwm tus. Cov ciam teb ntawm cov lus sau kuj nthuav dav - niaj hnub no nws yog qhib rau cov lus hais, cov lus hais, cov lus slang thiab cov chav nyob hauv cov lus. Hais txog qhov kawg, nws tsim nyog sau cia tias qhov peculiarity ntawm niaj hnub phraseological units tsis yog lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov lus, tab sis lawv ua ke. Piv txwv li, "kev ua lag luam qus", "kev kho mob poob siab", "ze rau txawv teb chaws lub teb chaws","Cov khaub ncaws txias", "kev lag luam so".
Mini test
Thiab tam sim no peb caw koj los sim koj qhov kev lees paub. Cov chav phraseological txhais li cas:
- nod off;
- no koj tus nplaig;
- txhua yam hauv tes yog hluav taws;
- run headlong;
- cua ntsawj ntshab;
- qhib qhov muag;
- suav crows;
- tws ntawm tus nplaig;
- lie nrog peb lub thawv.
Saib nrog cov lus teb kom raug. Tus nqi (hauv kev txiav txim):
- xav pw;
- shut up;
- ib tug neeg ua tej yam yooj yim thiab zoo nkauj;
- khiav nrawm heev;
- nco ib yam tseem ceeb;
- ib tug neeg los ntawm ntau yam ntawm qee yam xaiv tsis tau ib yam;
- dabble;
- tus neeg xav nco txog tej yam uas paub zoo, tab sis ua tsis tau;
- cog lus lossis dag.
