Dab tsi yog hom lus? Yuav ua li cas nws txawv ntawm ntau lwm yam lus streamlined lus? Ib hom lus yog ib txheej ntawm cov ntsiab lus lus. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas lawv tsis muaj nyob ntawm lawv tus kheej, tab sis muaj kev sib raug zoo rau ib leeg. Yog li, ib qho thiab ib qho system tau tsim. Txhua yam ntawm nws cov khoom muaj qhov tseem ceeb.
Kev tsim kho
Nws tsis tuaj yeem xav txog yam lus uas tsis muaj cov lus, theem, cov cim, thiab lwm yam. Tag nrho cov ntsiab lus no tau muab tso ua ke rau hauv ib qho qauv uas muaj cov hierarchy nruj. Tsawg tseem ceeb ua ke tsim cov khoom muaj feem cuam tshuam rau qib siab dua. Cov kab lus suav nrog phau ntawv txhais lus. Nws suav hais tias yog ib qho khoom muag, uas suav nrog cov khoom npaj ua tiav ntawm cov lus. Cov txheej txheem rau kev sib txuas lawv yog cov qauv sau ntawv.
Hauv ib hom lus muaj ob peb ntu uas txawv ntawm ib leeg hauv lawv cov khoom. Piv txwv li, lawv qhov systematization kuj yuav txawv. Yog li, kev hloov pauv hauv ib lub ntsiab lus ntawm phonology tuaj yeem hloov tau tag nrho cov lus tag nrho, thaum qhov no yuav tsis tshwm sim hauv cov lus. Ntawm lwm yam, lub kaw lus suav nrog qhov chaw nruab nrab thiab qhov chaw nruab nrab.
Structure concept
Ntxiv rau lo lus "lus system", lub tswv yim ntawm cov luscov qauv. Qee tus linguists xav txog lawv cov lus, qee qhov tsis. Kev txhais lus txawv, tab sis muaj cov ntawm lawv nyiam tshaj plaws. Raws li ib tug ntawm lawv, tus qauv ntawm ib hom lus yog qhia nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo ntawm nws lub ntsiab. Kev sib piv nrog cov ncej kuj nrov. Cov qauv ntawm ib hom lus tuaj yeem suav hais tias yog ib txheej ntawm kev sib raug zoo thiab kev sib txuas ntawm cov lus units. Lawv yog vim muaj xwm thiab characterize lub zog thiab originality ntawm lub system.
History
Kev sib raug zoo rau cov lus raws li lub kaw lus tau hloov zuj zus mus ntau pua xyoo. Lub tswv yim no tau muab tso tseg los ntawm cov neeg sau ntawv thaum ub. Txawm li cas los xij, hauv kev xav niaj hnub no, lo lus "lus system" tau tsim tsuas yog nyob rau niaj hnub no ua tsaug rau cov haujlwm ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb tseem ceeb xws li Ferdinand de Saussure, Wilhelm von Humboldt, Lub Yim Hli Schleicher, thiab Ivan Baudouin de Courtenay..
kawg ntawm cov lus sau saum toj no tau sau cov lus tseem ceeb tshaj plaws: phoneme, grapheme, morpheme. Saussure yog tus tsim lub tswv yim hais tias cov lus (raws li ib qho system) yog qhov txawv ntawm kev hais lus. Qhov kev qhia no yog tsim los ntawm nws cov tub ntxhais kawm thiab cov thwjtim. Qhov no yog li cas tag nrho cov kev qhuab qhia tshwm sim - structural linguistics.
Levels
Cov theem tseem ceeb yog cov theem ntawm cov kab lus (tseem hu ua subsystems). Lawv suav nrog homogeneous linguistic units. Txhua qib muaj cov txheej txheem ntawm nws tus kheej txoj cai raws li nws qhov kev faib tawm yog tsim. Nyob rau hauv ib qib, units nkag mus rau hauv kev sib raug zoo (piv txwv li, lawv tsim kab lus thiab kab lus). Tib lub sijhawm, cov ntsiab lus ntawm qib sib txawv tuaj yeem nkag mus rau hauv ib leeg. Yog li ntawd,morphemes yog tsim los ntawm phonemes, thiab cov lus yog ua los ntawm morphemes.
Cov theem tseem ceeb ntawm cov kab lus yog ib feem ntawm txhua hom lus. Linguists paub ntau yam xws li: morphemic, phonemic, syntactic (hais txog kab lus) thiab lexical (uas yog, hais lus). Ntawm lwm tus, muaj cov lus siab dua. Lawv qhov txawv feature yog nyob rau hauv "ob-sided units", uas yog, cov linguistic units uas muaj lub tswv yim ntawm cov ntsiab lus thiab qhia. Xws li qib siab dua, piv txwv li, yog qhov semantic.
Nyob ntawm qib
Qhov tshwm sim tseem ceeb rau kev tsim cov kab lus yog qhov segmentation ntawm kev hais lus ntws. Nws qhov pib yog xaiv cov kab lus lossis nqe lus. Lawv ua lub luag haujlwm ntawm kev sib txuas lus. Hauv kev hais lus, kev hais lus ntws sib raug rau qib syntactic. Qhov thib ob theem ntawm segmentation yog segmentation ntawm nqe lus. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, cov ntaub ntawv lo lus raug tsim. Lawv ua ke heterogeneous functions - txheeb ze, derivational, nominative. Cov ntaub ntawv lo lus raug txheeb xyuas cov lus lossis lexemes.
Raws li tau hais los saum toj no, cov txheej txheem ntawm kev qhia lus kuj tseem muaj qib lexical. Nws yog tsim los ntawm cov lus. Cov theem tom ntej ntawm segmentation yog txuam nrog kev xaiv ntawm qhov tsawg tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv cov lus kwj. Lawv hu ua morphs. Ib txhia ntawm lawv muaj zoo tib yam grammatical thiab lexical lub ntsiab lus. Xws li morphs tau muab tso ua ke rau hauv morphemes.
Segmentation ntawm kev hais lus ntws xaus nrog kev xaiv ntawm me me ntu ntawm kev hais lus - suab. Lawv txawv ntawm lawv lub cev. Tab sis lawv txoj haujlwm(lub ntsiab lus) yog tib yam. Cov suab raug txheeb xyuas nyob rau hauv ib hom lus. Nws yog hu ua phoneme - qhov tsawg tshaj plaws ntawm ib hom lus. Nws tuaj yeem xav tias yog ib qho me me (tab sis tseem ceeb) cib nyob rau hauv ib qho chaw loj heev. Nrog kev pab los ntawm lub kaw lus ntawm lub suab, lub phonological theem ntawm cov lus yog tsim.
Language units
Cia saib seb cov chav nyob ntawm cov lus sib txawv ntawm nws cov ntsiab lus li cas. Vim lawv yog indestructible. Yog li ntawd, qhov no rung yog qis tshaj nyob rau hauv cov lus ntaiv. Cov chav nyob muaj ntau yam kev faib tawm. Piv txwv li, lawv muab faib los ntawm lub xub ntiag ntawm lub plhaub suab. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, units xws li morphemes, phonemes thiab lo lus poob rau hauv ib pawg. Lawv raug suav hais tias yog cov khoom siv, vim lawv txawv ntawm lub suab nrov tas li. Hauv lwm pab pawg muaj cov qauv ntawm cov qauv ntawm cov kab lus, cov lus thiab kab lus. Cov chav no yog hu ua cov khoom siv, raws li lawv lub ntsiab lus tsim tau dav dav.
Lwm qhov kev faib tawm yog tsim raws li seb ib feem ntawm lub kaw lus muaj nws tus nqi. Nov yog lub cim tseem ceeb. Cov khoom siv ntawm cov lus tau muab faib ua ib sab (cov uas tsis muaj lawv lub ntsiab lus) thiab ob sab (tau txais txiaj ntsig). Lawv (lus thiab morphemes) muaj lwm lub npe. Cov chav no yog lub npe hu ua cov lus siab dua.
Txoj kev kawm ntawm cov lus thiab nws cov khoom tsis nyob twj ywm. Niaj hnub no, muaj ib qho kev sib txawv raws li cov ntsiab lus ntawm "units" thiab "elements" tau dhau los ua qhov sib cais. Qhov tshwm sim no yog qhov tshiab. Txoj kev xav tias tusraws li lub hom phiaj ntawm cov ntsiab lus thiab ib txoj kev qhia, cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov lus tsis muaj kev ywj pheej. Nov yog qhov lawv txawv ntawm units.
Dab tsi lwm yam nta ua tus yam ntxwv ntawm cov lus? Cov chav kawm lus txawv ntawm ib leeg ua haujlwm, zoo thiab ntau. Vim li no, tib neeg thiaj li paub txog kev sib sib zog nqus tob tob thiab muaj ntau haiv neeg.
System Properties
Cov neeg txhawb nqa ntawm cov qauv kev ntseeg ntseeg hais tias cov lus ntawm Lavxias teb sab lus (zoo li lwm yam) yog qhov txawv ntawm ntau yam - kev nruj, kev sib raug zoo thiab kev tsis sib haum xeeb. Kuj tseem muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov pom. Nws yog sawv cev los ntawm cov comparativists. Lawv ntseeg hais tias cov lus ua ib hom lus muaj zog thiab qhib rau kev hloov. Cov tswv yim zoo li no tau txais kev txhawb nqa dav dav hauv cov lus qhia tshiab ntawm kev paub lus Askiv.
Tab sis txawm tias cov neeg txhawb nqa ntawm txoj kev xav ntawm lub zog thiab kev hloov pauv ntawm cov lus tsis tsis lees paub qhov tseeb tias txhua qhov kev hais lus txhais tau tias muaj kev ruaj ntseg. Nws yog tshwm sim los ntawm cov khoom ntawm cov qauv, uas ua raws li txoj cai ntawm kev sib txuas ntawm ntau hom lus. Variability thiab stability yog dialectical. Lawv tawm tsam kev xav. Ib lo lus hauv kab lus hloov pauv nyob ntawm seb tus twg muaj feem cuam tshuam.
Ntseeg ntawm units
Lwm qhov tseem ceeb rau kev tsim cov kab lus yog cov khoom ntawm cov lus. Lawv qhov xwm txheej tshwm sim thaum sib cuam tshuam nrog ib leeg. Qee zaum linguists hais txog cov khoom ua haujlwm ntawm lub subsystem lawvdaim ntawv. Cov yam ntxwv no tau muab faib ua sab nraud thiab sab hauv. Qhov kawg yog nyob ntawm kev sib raug zoo thiab kev sib txuas uas tsim los ntawm cov chav nyob lawv tus kheej. Cov khoom sab nraud yog tsim los ntawm kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov lus nrog lub ntiaj teb sab nraud, kev muaj tiag, tib neeg txoj kev xav thiab kev xav.
Units tsim ib qho system vim lawv cov kev sib txuas. Cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov kev sib raug zoo no txawv. Qee qhov cuam tshuam rau kev sib txuas lus ntawm cov lus. Lwm tus qhia txog kev sib txuas ntawm cov lus nrog cov txheej txheem ntawm tib neeg lub hlwb - lub hauv paus ntawm nws tus kheej lub neej. Feem ntau ob qhov kev pom no tau nthuav tawm raws li daim duab nrog kab rov tav thiab ntsug.
Kev sib raug zoo ntawm qib thiab units
Ib lub subsystem (los yog theem) ntawm ib hom lus yog singled tawm yog tias, ntawm qhov tod tes, nws muaj tag nrho cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm cov lus system. Nws tseem yuav tsum tau ua raws li cov kev cai ntawm constructability. Nyob rau hauv lwm yam lus, units ntawm qib yuav tsum tau koom nyob rau hauv lub koom haum ntawm lub tier nyob rau hauv ib kauj ruam siab dua. Txhua yam nyob rau hauv ib hom lus yog interconnected, thiab tsis muaj ib feem ntawm nws muaj peev xwm nyob sib cais los ntawm tus so ntawm lub cev.
Cov khoom ntawm lub subsystem txawv ntawm lawv qhov zoo los ntawm cov khoom ntawm cov koog uas tsim nws ntawm qib qis. Lub sijhawm no tseem ceeb heev. Cov khoom ntawm ib theem tsuas yog txiav txim los ntawm cov units ntawm cov lus uas ncaj qha ib feem ntawm nws. Cov qauv no muaj qhov tseem ceeb. Cov kev sim ntawm cov lus qhia los nthuav qhia cov lus raws li kev sib koom ua ke yog kev sim los tsim ib lub tswv yim uas txawv ntawm qhov kev txiav txim zoo. Zoo li lub tswv yimtuaj yeem hu ua utopian. Cov qauv theoretical txawv qhov txawv ntawm qhov kev coj ua tiag tiag. Txawm hais tias txhua yam lus muaj kev sib koom siab, nws tsis sawv cev rau qhov zoo tshaj plaws symmetrical thiab kev sib haum xeeb. Yog vim li cas hauv kev hais lus muaj ntau qhov kev zam rau cov cai uas txhua tus paub los ntawm tsev kawm.
