Npe yog pej xeem poetic tsim ntawm lub teb chaws. Lawv hais txog tus cwj pwm ntawm cov neeg, nws keeb kwm, nws inclinations thiab peculiarities ntawm lub neej. (Konstantin Paustovsky)
Nyob hauv peb lub neej, txij thaum yug mus txog hnub tuag, muaj ntau lub npe nyob nrog peb. Peb nyob rau sab av loj Eurasian, nyob rau hauv Russia, nyob rau hauv ib cheeb tsam los yog ib cheeb tsam, nyob rau hauv ib lub nroog, nroog, zos thiab lub zos, thiab txhua yam ntawm cov khoom teev muaj nws lub npe.
Yog li, lub npe yog lub npe ntawm cov teb chaws thiab dej hiav txwv, lub teb chaws thiab thaj chaw, lub nroog thiab txoj kev hauv lawv, dej ntws thiab pas dej, cov khoom ntuj thiab lub vaj. Lub hauv paus chiv keeb thiab cov ntsiab lus semantic, keeb kwm keeb kwm thiab kev hloov pauv hauv kev hais lus thiab kev sau cov npe ntawm cov khoom siv nyob rau ntau pua xyoo yog kawm los ntawm kev tshawb fawb tshwj xeeb - toponymy.
Dab tsi yog toponymy
Lo lus "toponymy" los ntawm ob lo lus Greek:topos yog ib qho chaw thiab onima yog ib lub npe. Qhov kev qhuab qhia kev tshawb fawb no yog ib ceg ntawm onomastics - ib ceg ntawm kev hais lus uas kawm cov npe kom raug. Toponymy yog ib qho kev tshawb fawb tseem ceeb ua haujlwm ntawm kev sib tshuam ntawm kev hais lus, thaj chaw thiab keeb kwm.
Cov npe thaj chaw tsis tshwm sim nyob rau hauv qhov "tsis muaj" qhov chaw: pom qee yam ntawm kev nyem thiab xwm txheej, cov neeg nyob ze hu ua lawv, hais txog lawv cov yam ntxwv. Sij hawm dhau mus, cov neeg uas nyob hauv ib cheeb tsam tau hloov pauv, tab sis cov npe tau khaws cia thiab siv los ntawm cov neeg hloov lawv. Lub hauv paus rau kev kawm ntawm toponymy yog lub toponym. Cov npe ntawm cov nroog thiab cov dej ntws, cov zos thiab cov zos, pas dej thiab hav zoov, teb thiab cov kwj deg - tag nrho cov no yog cov npe ntawm Russia, muaj ntau haiv neeg nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm tshwm sim thiab nyob rau hauv lawv cov kab lis kev cai thiab lus keeb kwm.
Yuav ua li cas yog lub npe
Hauv kev txhais lus los ntawm Greek, lub toponym yog "lub npe ntawm ib qho chaw", uas yog, lub npe ntawm ib qho khoom siv thaj chaw: thaj av, thaj av loj, roob thiab dej hiav txwv, hiav txwv thiab lub tebchaws., ib lub nroog thiab ib txoj kev, tej yam ntuj tso khoom. Lawv lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb yog txhim kho "kev khi" ntawm ib qho chaw tshwj xeeb ntawm lub ntiaj teb. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov npe ntawm keeb kwm kev tshawb fawb tsis yog lub npe ntawm ib qho khoom siv hauv thaj chaw xwb, tab sis muaj keeb kwm keeb kwm ntawm daim ntawv qhia, uas muaj nws tus kheej keeb kwm ntawm qhov tshwm sim, hom lus keeb kwm thiab lub ntsiab lus semantic.
Los ntawm cov txheej txheem toponyms raug cais tawm
Ib qho kev faib tawm ntawm cov npe uas yuav haum rau ob tus neeg paub lus thiab cov kws sau keeb kwm thiab keeb kwm tsis muaj nyob niaj hnub no. Toponyms raug cais raws li ntau yam kev cai, tab sis feem ntau raws li hauv qab no:
- los ntawm hom khoom siv thaj chaw (hydronyms, oronyms, dromonims thiab lwm yam);
- lus (Lavxias teb sab, Manchu, Czech, Tatar thiab lwm lub npe);
- keeb kwm (Suav, Slavic thiab lwm tus);
-
by structure:
- simple;
- derivatives;
- complex;- compound;
- by thaj chaw.
Kev faib raws thaj chaw ntawm thaj chaw
Qhov nthuav tshaj plaws yog kev faib cov npe ntawm cov npe raws li lawv thaj chaw, thaum thaj chaw cov khoom, nyob ntawm lawv qhov loj, raug faib ua macrotoponyms lossis microtoponyms.
Microtoponyms yog cov npe ntawm cov khoom me me, nrog rau cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev nyem thiab toj roob hauv pes. Lawv raug tsim los ntawm cov lus lossis hom lus ntawm cov neeg lossis haiv neeg nyob ze. Microtoponyms yog lub xov tooj ntawm tes thiab hloov tau, tab sis, raws li txoj cai, lawv raug txwv thaj chaw los ntawm thaj chaw faib khoom ntawm ib lossis lwm yam lus, lus lossis hom lus.
Macrotoponyms yog, ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, cov npe ntawm lub ntuj loj lossis ntuj tsim thiab kev tswj hwm kev sib raug zoo tsim los ntawm tib neeg kev ua haujlwm. Cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb ntawm pab pawg no yog kev tsim qauv thiab kev ruaj khov, nrog rau qhov dav ntawm kev siv.
Nyob ntawm chaw npe
Cov hom npe hauv qab no yog qhov txawv ntawm cov npe niaj hnub no:
| Type of toponyms | Neeg npe ntawm cov khoom | Examples |
| Astyonyms | cities | Astana, Paris, Stary Oskol |
| Oikonyms | lub zos ntawm Kumylzhenskaya, lub zos ntawm Finev Lug, lub zos ntawm Shpakovskoe | |
| Urbonyms | ntau yam kev tsis sib haum xeeb: ua yeeb yam thiab tsev cia puav pheej, vaj thiab squares, chaw ua si thiab embankments thiab lwm yam | Tver lub nroog vaj, Luzhniki chaw ntau pob, Razdolie thaj chaw |
| streets | Volkhonka, Revolution Guard Street | |
| Agoronyms | squares | Palace thiab Troitskaya hauv St. Petersburg, Manezhnaya hauv Moscow |
| Geonyms | txoj kev thiab kev tsheb | Prospect of Heroes, 1st passage of the First Nees Lakhta |
| Dromonyms | kev tsheb loj thiab txoj kev ntawm ntau hom, raws li txoj cai, hla kev nyob sab nraud | Northern Railway, BAM |
| Burinames | thaj chaw, thaj chaw, koog tsev kawm ntawv | Moldavian, Strigino |
| Pelagonyms | seas | Dawb, Tuag, B altic |
| Limnoyms | lakes | Baikal, Karas'yar, Onega, Trostenskoe |
| rivers | Volga, Nile, Ganges, Kama | |
| Gelonyms | bogs | YVasyuganskoye, Sinyavinskoye, Sestroretskoye |
| Oronyms | Pyrenees thiab Alps, Borovitskytoj, Studenaya Gora thiab Dyatlovy Roob | |
| anthropotoponyms | muab los ntawm lub xeem lossis tus kheej lub npe | Strait ntawm Magellan, lub nroog ntawm Yaroslavl, ntau lub zos thiab lub zos nrog lub npe Ivanovka |
How toponyms poob
Lo lus-toponyms muaj Slavic cov hauv paus hniav thiab xaus rau hauv -ev(o), -in(o), -ov(o), -yn(o), yav tas los suav tias yog kev coj noj coj ua. Txawm li cas los xij, nyob rau xyoo tsis ntev los no, lawv tau siv ntau dua hauv daim ntawv tsis txaus ntseeg, raws li lawv tau siv yav dhau los los ntawm cov tub rog thiab cov kws tshawb fawb txog thaj chaw.
Lub declension ntawm toponyms, xws li Tsaritsyno, Kemerovo, Sheremetyevo, Murino, Kratovo, Domodedovo, Komarovo, Medvedkovo thiab lwm yam, yog yuav tsum tau nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm Anna Akhmatova, tab sis niaj hnub no ob qho tib si inflected thiab indeclinable cov ntaub ntawv raug suav hais tias sib npaug. muaj tseeb thiab siv tau. Qhov tshwj xeeb yog cov npe ntawm cov chaw nyob, yog tias lawv siv los ua cov ntawv thov nrog lub npe generic (lub zos, zos, ua liaj ua teb, nroog, nroog, thiab lwm yam), ces nws yuav yog qhov tseeb tsis txhob incline, piv txwv li, rau thaj tsam Strigino, los ntawm thaj av Matyushino, mus rau lub nroog Pushkino. Yog tias tsis muaj lub npe zoo li no, ces ob qho tib si cuam tshuam thiab tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam tuaj yeem siv tau: los ntawm Matyushino thiab ntawm Matyushin, mus rau Knyazevo thiab los ntawm Knyazev.
Indefinable toponyms
Nyob rau hauv Lavxias niaj hnub no, muaj ntau qhov xwm txheej uas cov npe xaus rau hauv -o tsuas yog siv tau rau hauv lawv daim ntawv tsis sib xws:
- Cov npe thaj chaw cuam tshuam nrog cov npe ntawm keeb kwm tseem ceebtus kheej hu ua memorial. Yog hais tias lub npe no xaus rau hauv -o, ces nws tsis poob, piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv lub zos ntawm Repino thiab Tuchkovo, nyob rau hauv lub nroog ntawm Chapaevo.
- Nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej uas lub toponym yog ib lo lus sib xyaw ntawm ob los yog ntau qhov chaw, sau nrog ib tug hyphen thiab ob qho tib si xaus nyob rau hauv -o, ces tsuas yog qhov thib ob seem hloov nrog declension: nyob rau hauv Odintsovo-Vakhrameevo, nyob rau hauv Orekhovo -Zuyevo, hauv Ado-Tymov. Yog tias cov npe zoo li no ua ntej los ntawm cov lus nroog, lub zos, ces cov npe ntawm cov chaw nyob no tsis raug tso tseg - lub zos Ado-Tymov, Odintsovo-Vakhrameevo.
- phau ntawv txhais lus ntawm cov npe lus pom zoo kom tsis txhob cuam tshuam lawv thawj feem thaum siv cov npe txawv teb chaws nyuaj, piv txwv li, hauv Buenos Aires, hauv Alma-Ata. Ib qho kev zam rau qhov no yog thawj feem ntawm qhov chaw-lub npe "ntawm tus dej": hauv Frankfurt ib qho der Oder, los ntawm Stratford thiab der Avon.
- Nyob rau hauv rooj plaub thaum poj niam txiv neej ntawm lub npe thaj chaw thiab lub npe generic tsis sib xws, piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv lub zos ntawm Aduevo, los ntawm lub zos ntawm Chernyaevo, ntawm lub chaw nres tsheb Sinevo. Cov npe dav dav (lub zos, chaw nres tsheb, lub zos) yog poj niam, tab sis cov npe ntawm thaj chaw nrog lawv khaws daim ntawv nruab nrab.
